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Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine Jan 2020In our daily life, arm activities, whether supported or unsupported play a major role. Both simple and complex activities require the muscles, namely trapezius,...
INTRODUCTION
In our daily life, arm activities, whether supported or unsupported play a major role. Both simple and complex activities require the muscles, namely trapezius, pectoralis minor, scalene, and intercostals, to participate in arm positioning. These muscles also enact as the accessory respiratory muscles. Therefore, arm elevation increases the load on these muscles and they fail to perform dual activities, resulting in arm fatigue and a feeling of dyspnoea in healthy individuals as well as in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Various upper limb exercise tests were designed to measure this impairment, one of them being the six-minute peg board and ring test. The aim of the study is to derive a reference value for the six-minute peg board and ring test among healthy Indian population (Mangalore) from the age of 20-70 years of either gender. Also, to find a correlation among the number of rings and body mass index, arm length, arm and forearm circumference, the strength of shoulder and elbow flexors-extensors, grip strength of both sides and level of physical activity.
METHODS
Participants performed two tests, thirty minutes apart. They were asked to load as many rings as possible in 6 minutes. Arm length, arm and forearm circumference were measured with a measuring tape. Shoulder and elbow flexors-extensors were assessed using a handheld push-pull dynamometer. Grip strength was measured with the Jamar hand-held dynamometer. Level of physical activity was assessed using International Physical Activity Questionnairelong form.
RESULTS
The samples consisted of 450 healthy individuals between the age of 20-70 years. Reference values for each age group for both genders were reported. We found that age was correlated with the six-minute peg board and ring test score (<0.05). We also found a correlation between the strength variables and the test results (=0.001). However, no correlation was found between the arm length, arm and forearm circumference and the level of physical activity with the number of rings.
CONCLUSION
In this study, we derived a reference value for the six-minute peg board and ring test. There was a correlation among age, strength variables and the number of rings.
PubMed: 32549984
DOI: 10.4081/mrm.2020.670 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2022Hand grip strength (HGS) is a fast, useful, and inexpensive outcome predictor of nutritional status and muscular function assessment. Numerous demographic and...
Hand grip strength should be normalized by weight not height for eliminating the influence of individual differences: Findings from a cross-sectional study of 1,511 healthy undergraduates.
BACKGROUND
Hand grip strength (HGS) is a fast, useful, and inexpensive outcome predictor of nutritional status and muscular function assessment. Numerous demographic and anthropometric factors were reported to be associated with HGS, while which one or several factors produce greater variations in HGS has not been discussed in detail. This is important for answering how should HGS be normalized for eliminating the influence of individual differences in clinical practice.
AIMS
To compare the contribution of age, sex, height, weight, and forearm circumference (FCF) to variations in HGS based on a large-scale sample.
METHODS
We enrolled 1,511 healthy undergraduate students aged 18-23 years. Age, weight, height, and sex were obtained. HGS was measured using a digital hand dynamometer, and FCF was measured at the point of greatest circumference using a soft ruler in both hands. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated with data of women and men separated and mixed for comparison. Partial correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression were used to compare the effect of variables on HGS.
RESULTS
Analysis results confirmed the correlates of higher HGS include higher height, heavier weight, being men and dominant hand, and larger FCF. The correlation between HGS and FCF was the highest, and the bivariate correlation coefficient between weight and HGS was largerata of women and men were mixed, than that between height and HGS. When data of women and men were mixed, there were moderate correlations between HGS and height and weight ( = 0.633∼0.682). However, when data were separated, there were weak correlations ( = 0.246∼0.391). Notably, partial correlation analysis revealed no significant correlation between height and HGS after eliminating the weight effect, while the correlation between weight and HGS was still significant after eliminating the height effect. Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed sex was the most significant contributor to the variation in HGS (Beta = -0.541 and -0.527), followed by weight (Beta = 0.243 and 0.261) and height (Beta = 0.102 and 0.103).
CONCLUSION
HGS and FCF reference values of healthy college students were provided. Weight was more correlate with hand grip strength, at least among the healthy undergraduates.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=165914, identifier ChiCTR2200058586.
PubMed: 36741997
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1063939 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2021This case-control study aimed to investigate the interrelations of body measurements and selected biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We recruited 98...
This case-control study aimed to investigate the interrelations of body measurements and selected biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We recruited 98 patients with T2DM and 98 controls from 2016 to 2018 in Taiwan. Body measurements were obtained using a three-dimensional body surface scanning system. Four biomarkers related to insulin resistance, adipokines, and inflammation were assayed. A multiple logistic regression model was used to perform multivariable analyses. Four body measurements, namely waist circumference (odds ratio, OR = 1.073; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.017-1.133), forearm circumference (OR = 1.227; 95% CI = 1.002-1.501), thigh circumference (OR = 0.841; 95% CI = 0.73-0.969), and calf circumference (OR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.076-1.451), were significantly associated with T2DM. Leptin (OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.036-1.146) and adiponectin (OR = 0.982; 95% CI = 0.967-0.997) were significantly associated with T2DM. Six body measurement combinations, namely body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-thigh ratio, forearm-to-thigh ratio, and calf-to-thigh ratio (CTR), were significantly associated with T2DM. CTR had the strongest linear association with T2DM. Moderating effects of significant biomarkers, namely leptin and adiponectin, were observed. Participants with high leptin-to-adiponectin ratios and in the fourth CTR quartile were 162.2 times more prone to develop T2DM. We concluded that a combination of leptin and adiponectin modulated the strength of the association between body measurements and T2DM while providing clues for high-risk group identification and mechanistic conjectures of preventing T2DM.
Topics: Adiponectin; Anthropometry; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Leptin; Taiwan; Waist Circumference
PubMed: 34368053
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.678681 -
Journal of Research in Medical Sciences... 2019An excessive accumulation of the adipose tissue in women's organism is a frequent and important medical problem which should be monitored. The aim of this study was to...
BACKGROUND
An excessive accumulation of the adipose tissue in women's organism is a frequent and important medical problem which should be monitored. The aim of this study was to explore correlations between the selected parameters of body composition assessed using DXA and anthropometric methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study group consisted of 50 women aged 51-85. Both adipose mass and fat-free mass were assessed with the DXA method, and the nutritional status of the participants was evaluated with the anthropometric methods.
RESULTS
The mean body mass index (BMI) value assessed with the DXA method amounted to 28.4 (±5.12). The Spearman's Rho correlation indicated the presence of a moderate association (0.27-0.50) between: (1) right arm lean and the circumference of the arm ( = 0.020), forearm ( = 0.011), and transverse cross-section of the arm ( = 0.020), (2) right leg fat and circumference of the thigh ( = 0.003), shin ( = 0.009), and also the musculature index of the lower extremity ( = 0.034), (3) visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and BMI ( = 0.050), Waist to HeightRatio (WtHR) ( = 0.031), (4) Android fat and WHtR ( = 0.044), and (5) gynoid fat and Škerlj index ( = 0.025).
CONCLUSION
The selected parameters assessed with DXA were significantly correlated with the selected parameters assessed with anthropometric methods. WHtR anthropometric parameter is significantly correlated with DXA parameters: VAT mass, gynoid region % fat and android region % fat.
PubMed: 31523256
DOI: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_1021_18 -
JBMR Plus May 2023The association between obesity and fracture risk is complex and may vary by definition of obesity, skeletal site, and sex. We aimed to evaluate the relationships...
The association between obesity and fracture risk is complex and may vary by definition of obesity, skeletal site, and sex. We aimed to evaluate the relationships between obesity, defined using body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC), and fracture incidence at any site and by skeletal site (i.e., major osteoporotic fractures [MOFs], distal lower limb fractures [tibia, ankle, feet], and distal upper limb fractures [forearm/elbow, wrist]). The secondary aim was to assess the aforementioned relationships by sex. We used CARTaGENE, a large population-based cohort of individuals aged 40-70 years from Quebec, Canada, who were assessed in 2009-2010. Incident fractures were identified via linkage with healthcare administrative databases over a 7-year period. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for several potential confounders were used to estimate the relationships, with exposures treated as continuous variables. Results are reported as adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals. We identified 19 357 individuals (mean ± standard deviation: age 54 ± 8 years, BMI 27 ± 5 kg/m, WC 94 ± 14 cm; 51.6% women). During follow-up, 497 women and 323 men sustained a fracture. There was a linear relationship between fracture incidence and WC, while cubic splines best fitted the relationship for BMI. Greater WC was associated with an increased risk of fracture at the distal lower limbs in the whole cohort and in the subgroup of women: aHR for each 10 cm increased in WC of 1.12 (1.03, 1.21) and 1.12 (1.01, 1.24), respectively. In men, WC was not significantly associated with any fracture outcome. Higher BMI was also significantly associated with distal lower limb fracture risk in the whole cohort ( = 0.018). No significant relationships were found between either WC or BMI and the risk of any fracture, MOFs, and distal upper limb fractures. In middle-aged individuals, obesity, and mainly abdominal obesity, was associated with distal lower limb fracture risk. © 2023 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
PubMed: 37197317
DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10730 -
BMJ Open Nov 2016To determine the diagnostic accuracy of different methods of blood pressure (BP) measurement compared with reference standards for the diagnosis of hypertension in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To determine the diagnostic accuracy of different methods of blood pressure (BP) measurement compared with reference standards for the diagnosis of hypertension in patients with obesity with a large arm circumference.
DESIGN
Systematic review with meta-analysis with hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic models. Bland-Altman analyses where individual patient data were available. Methodological quality appraised using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS2) criteria.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, DARE, Medion and Trip databases were searched.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Cross-sectional, randomised and cohort studies of diagnostic test accuracy that compared any non-invasive BP tests (upper arm, forearm, wrist, finger) with an appropriate reference standard (invasive BP, correctly fitting upper arm cuff, ambulatory BP monitoring) in primary care were included.
RESULTS
4037 potentially relevant papers were identified. 20 studies involving 26 different comparisons met the inclusion criteria. Individual patient data were available from 4 studies. No studies satisfied all QUADAS2 criteria. Compared with the reference test of invasive BP, a correctly fitting upper arm BP cuff had a sensitivity of 0.87 (0.79 to 0.93) and a specificity of 0.85 (0.64 to 0.95); insufficient evidence was available for other comparisons to invasive BP. Compared with the reference test of a correctly fitting upper arm cuff, BP measurement at the wrist had a sensitivity of 0.92 (0.64 to 0.99) and a specificity of 0.92 (0.85 to 0.87). Measurement with an incorrectly fitting standard cuff had a sensitivity of 0.73 (0.67 to 0.78) and a specificity of 0.76 (0.69 to 0.82). Measurement at the forearm had a sensitivity of 0.84 (0.71 to 0.92) and a specificity 0.75 of (0.66 to 0.83). Bland-Altman analysis of individual patient data from 3 studies comparing wrist and upper arm BP showed a mean difference of 0.46 mm Hg for systolic BP measurement and 2.2 mm Hg for diastolic BP measurement.
CONCLUSIONS
BP measurement with a correctly fitting upper arm cuff is sufficiently sensitive and specific to diagnose hypertension in patients with obesity with a large upper arm circumference. If a correctly fitting upper arm cuff cannot be applied, an incorrectly fitting standard size cuff should not be used and BP measurement at the wrist should be considered.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Arm; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Body Size; Humans; Hypertension; Middle Aged; Obesity; Sensitivity and Specificity; Wrist
PubMed: 27810973
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012429 -
International Angiology : a Journal of... Feb 2017Women treated for breast cancer are facing a life-time risk of developing lymphedema in up to 40% of this population. In advanced cases of lymphedema main lymphatics are...
BACKGROUND
Women treated for breast cancer are facing a life-time risk of developing lymphedema in up to 40% of this population. In advanced cases of lymphedema main lymphatics are obstructed and tissue fluid accumulates in the interstitial spaces forming fluid "lakes"and "channels". The only solution for fluid drainage would be creating artificial channel for flow away to the non-obstructed regions. The aim of this study was to form artificial pathways for edema fluid flow by subcutaneous implantation of silicone tubes into the swollen limb.
METHODS
Implantation was carried out in ten patients with lymphedema after mastectomy, axillary lymphadenectomy and radiotherapy, stage II and III. Tubes were placed from hand dorsum, through forearm and arm to scapular region. Implantation was followed by routine arm sleeve compression. Prophylactic long term penicillin was administered. The follow-up is at present 10 months.
RESULTS
We observed: implanted tubes brought about fast evacuation of excess tissue fluid; most decrease in circumference, volume and stiffness occurred within first two weeks; less limb heaviness and easier hand grip; lymphoscintigraphy tracer accumulated in tubes and around them; free fluid was seen on ultrasonography at both ends of tubes and in between; no postoperative complications.
CONCLUSIONS
We propose a multimodality method including implantation, limb compression to generate fluid pressure gradient for flow and prevention of inflammation by administration of long-term penicillin. Simplicity of surgical procedure and lack of reaction to implant make the method worth applying in advanced stages of lymphedema in large cohorts of patients.
Topics: Aged; Axilla; Breast Cancer Lymphedema; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Hand Strength; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Lymphatic Vessels; Lymphoscintigraphy; Mastectomy; Middle Aged; Poland; Postoperative Complications; Prostheses and Implants; Radiotherapy; Silicones; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 26603434
DOI: 10.23736/S0392-9590.16.03630-0 -
Journal of Clinical Hypertension... Sep 2017Metabolic syndrome (MetS) causes autonomic alteration and vascular dysfunction. The authors investigated whether impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is the main cause of...
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) causes autonomic alteration and vascular dysfunction. The authors investigated whether impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is the main cause of vascular dysfunction via elevated sympathetic tone in nondiabetic patients with MetS. Pulse wave velocity, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), and forearm vascular resistance was measured in patients with MetS divided according to fasting glucose levels: (1) MetS+IFG (blood glucose ≥100 mg/dL) and (2) MetS-IFG (<100 mg/dL) compared with healthy controls. Patients with MetS+IFG had higher pulse wave velocity than patients with MetS-IFG and controls (median 8.0 [interquartile range, 7.2-8.6], 7.3 [interquartile range, 6.9-7.9], and 6.9 [interquartile range, 6.6-7.2] m/s, P=.001). Patients with MetS+IFG had higher MSNA than patients with MetS-IFG and controls, and patients with MetS-IFG had higher MSNA than controls (31±1, 26±1, and 19±1 bursts per minute; P<.001). Patients with MetS+IFG were similar to patients with MetS-IFG but had higher forearm vascular resistance than controls (P=.008). IFG was the only predictor variable of MSNA. MSNA was associated with pulse wave velocity (R=.39, P=.002) and forearm vascular resistance (R=.30, P=.034). In patients with MetS, increased plasma glucose levels leads to an adrenergic burden that can explain vascular dysfunction.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Female; Glucose Intolerance; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Prediabetic State; Prospective Studies; Pulse Wave Analysis; Risk Factors; Sympathetic Nervous System; Vascular Resistance; Vascular Stiffness; Waist Circumference
PubMed: 28868764
DOI: 10.1111/jch.13060 -
Journal of Physical Therapy Science Nov 2021[Purpose] The physical functions related to swimming should be evaluated to enhance competitive performance and prevent sports injuries. This study aimed to determine...
[Purpose] The physical functions related to swimming should be evaluated to enhance competitive performance and prevent sports injuries. This study aimed to determine the physique, range of motion, and gross muscle strength of the limbs among hemiplegic para swimmers. [Participants and Methods] Three male para swimmers with hemiplegia and five male para swimmers with impaired vision were included in the study. The limb circumference, range of motion, quadriceps flexibility, and gross muscle strength were evaluated. The hemiplegic swimmers and swimmers with impaired vision were compared using an unpaired t-test. [Results] The maximum values of the upper and forearm circumferences; the range of motion for shoulder flexion, external rotation, ankle dorsiflexion on the paretic side; and the single-leg sit-to-stand test of the dominant limb were significantly lower in hemiplegic swimmers than in swimmers with impaired vision. [Conclusion] Hemiplegic swimmers had decreased upper limb circumferences on the paretic limb; the range of motion for shoulder flexion, external rotation, and ankle dorsiflexion on the paretic limb; and muscle strength on the dominant lower limb.
PubMed: 34776618
DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.832 -
PloS One 2017The primary aim of this study is to determine the principal somatic and motor determinants for elite climbers.
PURPOSE
The primary aim of this study is to determine the principal somatic and motor determinants for elite climbers.
METHODS
Twenty climbers were examined [age: 28.5±6.1 years].The runners were divided into two groups based on their climbing level, according to the International Rock Climbing Research Association (IRCRA). Elite climbers represented a 8b-8c Rotpunkt (RP) climbing level (n = 6), and advanced climbers represented an 7c+-8a RP level (n = 14). The following measurements were assessed: height, weight, lean body mass, upper limb length, arm span, and forearm, arm, thigh and calf circumference. The BMI, Rohrer ratio, and Ape Index were also measured. The following motor tests were assessed: a specific test for finger strength, an arm strength test, and a test of muscle endurance (hanging from 2.5 and 4 cm ledges). In addition, pull ups were used to measure muscle resistance to fatigue.
RESULTS
Elite climbers recorded significantly higher values for finger strength than advanced climbers (129.08 vs. 111.54 kg; t(18) = 2.35, p = 0.03) and arm endurance (33.17 vs. 25.75 pull ups; t(18) = 2.54, p = 0.02). In addition, the calf circumference was significantly lower in elite climbers than that in advanced climbers (34.75 vs. 36.93 cm; t(18) = 3.50, p = 0.003).
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that elite climbers have greater finger strength and arm endurance than advanced climbers.
Topics: Achievement; Adult; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Hand Strength; Humans; Male; Motor Activity; Mountaineering; Physical Endurance
PubMed: 28771525
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182026