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Advanced Biomedical Research 2014Several evidences have been reported so far in terms of the relationship between obesity and glycemic index and glycemic load in children. However, the number of review... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Several evidences have been reported so far in terms of the relationship between obesity and glycemic index and glycemic load in children. However, the number of review studies that have dealt with recent findings is quite low. The purpose of present study is to review the existing evidences in this regard.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
FIRST OF ALL, THE PHRASES: "Glycaemic index", "Glycaemic load", "Glycemic index" OR "Glycemic load" accompanied by one of the words: "Adolescent", "Young", "Youth" "Children" OR "Child" were searched in texts of articles existing in ISI and PUBMED databases which were obtained out of 1001 articles. Among these, some articles, which reviewed the relationship of obesity with glycemic index and glycemic load, were selected. Finally, 20 articles were studied in current review study.
RESULTS
The majority of cross-sectional studies have found children's obesity directly linked with glycemic index and glycemic load; however, cohort studies found controversial results. Also, the intervention studies indicate the negative effect of glycemic index and glycemic load on obesity in children.
CONCLUSION
Published evidences reported inconsistent results. It seems that existing studies are not sufficient and more studies are needed in this regard.
PubMed: 24627855
DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.125757 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022Diabetes and obesity are associated with the excessive intake of high-glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates, increased glycemic load (GL) foods, and inactive lifestyles.... (Review)
Review
Diabetes and obesity are associated with the excessive intake of high-glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates, increased glycemic load (GL) foods, and inactive lifestyles. Carbohydrate-rich diets affect blood glucose levels. GI is an indicator of the impact of a specific food on blood glucose, while GL represents the quantity and quality of carbohydrates in the overall diet and their interactions. There are in vitro and in vivo methods for estimating GI and GL. These values are useful human health markers for conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and pregnancy. Potato is a major starchy vegetable, which is consumed widely and is the fourth most important crop globally. However, the GI of diets rich in starchy vegetables such as potatoes has not been studied in detail. The GI values in potatoes are affected by external and internal factors, such as methods of cooking, methods of processing, resistant starches, cultivation methods, mixed meals and food additions, and hormone levels. This review summarizes how these factors affect the GI and GL associated with diets containing potatoes. Understanding the impacts of these factors will contribute to the development of new and improved potato varieties with low GI values. The consumption of low-GI foods will help to combat obesity. The development of low-GI potatoes may contribute to the development of meal plans for individuals living with diabetes and obesity.
PubMed: 35954067
DOI: 10.3390/foods11152302 -
Nutrients Mar 2018The increasing prevalence of diabetes in the United Kingdom and worldwide calls for new approaches to its management, and diets with low glycaemic index have been... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The increasing prevalence of diabetes in the United Kingdom and worldwide calls for new approaches to its management, and diets with low glycaemic index have been proposed as a useful means for managing glucose response. However, there are conflicting reports and differences in the results of studies in terms of their effectiveness. Furthermore, the impact of low-glycaemic index diets and their long-term use in patients with type 2 diabetes remains unclear.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of low-glycaemic index diets in patients with type 2 diabetes.
METHODS
Search methods: Randomised controlled studies were selected from a number of databases (EBSCOHost with links to Health Research databases, PubMed, and grey literature) based on the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes and Study designs (PICOS) framework. The search terms included synonyms and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and involved the use of Boolean operators (AND/OR) which allowed the combination of words and search terms.
SELECTION CRITERIA
As per the selection criteria, the following types of articles were selected: studies on randomised controlled trials, with year of publication between 2008 and 2018, including patients with type 2 diabetes. Thus, studies involving patients with gestational and type 1 diabetes were excluded, as were observational studies. Nine articles which met the inclusion criteria were selected for the systematic review, whereas only six articles which met the criteria were included in the meta-analysis.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Studies were evaluated for quality and risk of bias. In addition, heterogeneity, meta-analysis, and sensitivity tests of the extracted data were carried out using Review Manager 5.3 (Review Manager, 2014).
RESULTS
The findings of the systematic review showed that the low-glycaemic index (low-GI) diet resulted in a significant improvement (<0.05) in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in two studies: low-GI diet Δ = -0.5% (95% CI, -0.61% to -0.39%) vs. high-cereal fibre diet Δ = -0.18% (95% CI, -0.29% to -0.07%); and low-GI legume diet Δ = -0.5% (95%, -0.6% to -0.4%) vs. high-wheat fibre diet Δ = -0.3% (95% Cl, -0.4 to -0.2%). There was a slight improvement in one study (low glycaemic response = 6.5% (6.3-7.1) vs. control = 6.6% (6.3-7.0) and no significant difference ( > 0.05) in four studies compared with the control diet. Four studies showed improvements in fasting blood glucose in low-GI diets compared to higher-GI diets or control: low-GI diet = 150.8 ± 8.7 vs. higher-GI diet = 157.8 ± 10.4 mg/dL, mean ± SD = 0.43; low-GI diet = 127.7 vs. high-cereal fibre diet = 136.8 mg/dL, = 0.02; low-GI diet = 6.5 (5.6-8.4) vs. standard diabetic diet = 6.7 (6.1-7.5) mmol/L, median and interquartile range > 0.05; and low-GI diet = 7.3 ± 0.3 vs. conventional carbohydrate exchange diet = 7.7 ± 0.4 mmol/L, mean ± SEM (Standard Error of Mean) < 0.05. The results of the meta-analysis and sensitivity tests demonstrated significant differences ( < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively) between the low-GI diet and the higher-GI diet or control diet in relation to glycated haemoglobin. Differences between the low-GI diet and higher-GI diet or control were significant ( < 0.05) with respect to the fasting blood glucose following meta-analysis.
CONCLUSION
The low-GI diet is more effective in controlling glycated haemoglobin and fasting blood glucose compared with a higher-GI diet or control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Chi-Square Distribution; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Diabetic; Glycated Hemoglobin; Glycemic Index; Glycemic Load; Humans; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29562676
DOI: 10.3390/nu10030373 -
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A,... Apr 2015Although evidence indicates that Type II Diabetes is related to abnormal brain aging, the influence of elevated blood glucose on long-term cognitive change is unclear....
BACKGROUND
Although evidence indicates that Type II Diabetes is related to abnormal brain aging, the influence of elevated blood glucose on long-term cognitive change is unclear. In addition, the relationship between diet-based glycemic load and cognitive aging has not been extensively studied. The focus of this study was to investigate the influence of diet-based glycemic load and blood glucose on cognitive aging in older adults followed for up to 16 years.
METHODS
Eight-hundred and thirty-eight cognitively healthy adults aged ≥50 years (M = 63.1, SD = 8.3) from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging were studied. Mixed effects growth models were utilized to assess overall performance and change in general cognitive functioning, perceptual speed, memory, verbal ability, and spatial ability as a function of baseline blood glucose and diet-based glycemic load.
RESULTS
High blood glucose was related to poorer overall performance on perceptual speed as well as greater rates of decline in general cognitive ability, perceptual speed, verbal ability, and spatial ability. Diet-based glycemic load was related to poorer overall performance in perceptual speed and spatial ability.
CONCLUSION
Diet-based glycemic load and, in particular, elevated blood glucose appear important for cognitive performance/cognitive aging. Blood glucose control (perhaps through low glycemic load diets) may be an important target in the detection and prevention of age-related cognitive decline.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Dietary Carbohydrates; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glycemic Index; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Sweden
PubMed: 25149688
DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu135 -
Nutrients Jun 2022Previous studies have highlighted links between a high-glycemic-load (GL) diet and Alzheimer's disease in apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) carriers. However, the impact of...
Previous studies have highlighted links between a high-glycemic-load (GL) diet and Alzheimer's disease in apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) carriers. However, the impact of high-GL diet on plasma amyloid-β (Aβ), an Alzheimer's disease hallmark that can be detected decades before clinical symptomatology, is unknown. This study examined the association between plasma Aβ peptides (Aβ, Aβ concentration and Aβ/Aβ ratio) and GL. The influence of the GL of four meal types (breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack, and dinner) was also determined. From the prospective Three-City study, 377 participants with plasma Aβ measurements, and who completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire, were selected. The association between plasma Aβ and GL was tested using an adjusted linear regression model. Lunch GL was associated with a lower plasma Aβ concentration (β = -2.2 [CI = -4.27, -0.12], = 0.038) and lower Aβ/Aβ ratio (β = -0.009 [CI = -0.0172, -0.0007], = 0.034) in the model adjusted for center, age, sex, education level, APOE4 status, energy intake, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, and Mediterranean-like diet. No significant association was found with the GL of the other meal types. These results suggest that dietary GL may independently modulate the plasma Aβ of the APOE4 status. The mechanism underlying diet, metabolic response, and Aβ peptide regulation must be elucidated.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Apolipoprotein E4; Biomarkers; Diet; Glycemic Load; Humans; Peptide Fragments; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35745215
DOI: 10.3390/nu14122485 -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Aug 2022Epidemiological studies on the relationship between dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality yielded conflict results....
BACKGROUND
Epidemiological studies on the relationship between dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality yielded conflict results. We aimed to assess these associations in Chinese.
METHODS
We conducted this study based on two prospective cohort studies in Shanghai. Dietary information was collected using validated cohort-specific food frequency questionnaires. We used Cox regression model to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) for mortality associated with GI and GL.
RESULTS
After median follow-up periods of 12.8 years for 59,770 men and 18.2 years for 74,735 women, 8,711 deaths in men and 10,501 deaths in women were documented. After we controlled the potential confounders, dietary GI, GL, and carbohydrate intake were associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (P values for trend = 0.025, 0.001, and 0.001). Dietary GI was associated with lower risk of total and cause-specific mortality in men in the second quartile (Q) (all-cause mortality: HR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.84, 0.95). Dietary GL was associated with lower risk of cancer mortality but higher risk of CVD mortality in men. In women, dietary GI was associated with mortality due to all-cause (HR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.04, 1.06), cancer (HR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.02, 1.23), and CVD (HR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.22).
CONCLUSIONS
The present study indicates that diet with higher GI and GL was associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality in Chinese adults. The association may vary for men and women, which need further investigating in other Asian populations.
Topics: Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; China; Cohort Studies; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Female; Glycemic Index; Glycemic Load; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35105945
DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01083-9 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2020Epidemiologic studies investigating the association between dietary carbohydrates as well as glycemic index and glycemic load (markers of carbohydrate quality) and...
Epidemiologic studies investigating the association between dietary carbohydrates as well as glycemic index and glycemic load (markers of carbohydrate quality) and bladder cancer risk have yielded inconsistent results. The aim of the present meta-analysis is to summarize the evidence on this association. A comprehensive literature search of articles published by December 2019 was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Twelve observational studies were included in the final analysis. There was no evidence of an association between consumption of carbohydrates and bladder cancer risk (pooled OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.92-1.17). No statistically significant association between glycemic load and bladder cancer was likewise found (pooled OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.85-1.42). However, there was a significant positive association between glycemic index and bladder cancer risk (pooled OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.11-1.41). In the dose-response analysis, the pooled OR (95% CI) per 10 units of glycemic index per day was 1.02 (95% CI, 1.01-1.04). In this meta-analysis, glycemic index showed a positive linear association with bladder cancer risk.
PubMed: 33072566
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.530382 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Sep 2022The present study is aimed to develop the database on glycemic carbohydrates, glycemic index and glycemic load of commonly consumed breakfast foods of South India....
The present study is aimed to develop the database on glycemic carbohydrates, glycemic index and glycemic load of commonly consumed breakfast foods of South India. Twenty-three varieties of commonly consumed breakfast foods of South India were tested. The data on glycemic carbohydrates were developed by using a modified method of anthrone followed by glycemic index and glycemic load by using FAO/WHO method. The results of glycemic carbohydrates among the commonly consumed breakfast foods range from 49.63% (vada sambar) to 71.84% (vegetable biryani). The results of the glycemic index among the commonly consumed breakfast foods were shown highest of 79.69 (onion dosa) and lowest of 36.89 (vada sambar). The results of the glycemic load of commonly consumed breakfast foods tested were shown highest of 39.69 (plain dosa) and lowest of 18.44 (vada sambar) respectively. The glycemic carbohydrates, glycemic indices and glycemic loads among the breakfast foods tested were almost similar except for vada sambar. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report glycemic carbohydrate, glycemic index and glycemic load of commonly consumed breakfast foods of South India and found to be higher in rice-based breakfast foods than that of legume-based breakfast foods.
PubMed: 35875218
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05368-6 -
The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic... Sep 2008Diet plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the role of diet in the development of...
Diet plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the role of diet in the development of common skin conditions such as acne and rosacea. The association of diet and acne has been controversial and unclear. Historically, it was thought that diet did not cause acne; however, recent studies reveal a potential role of diet in the pathogenesis of acne. Individuals that have a diet with a high glycemic load or increased milk consumption are reported to have a greater likelihood of having acne. This effect may be mediated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) since IGF-1 levels increase with milk consumption and with a high glycemic load and are known to contribute to the formation of acne. In contrast to acne, the association of diet and rosacea is much more accepted and established. There are a variety of foods that aggravate rosacea, including spicy foods, alcoholic beverages, and hot, caffeinated drinks. Patients are advised to avoid these triggers. Interestingly, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids may be beneficial in the treatment of rosacea, although further investigation is necessary. Understanding the etiologic role of diet in acne and rosacea may help in the prevention and treatment of these conditions.
PubMed: 21203358
DOI: No ID Found -
Nutrients Oct 2019Diets high in glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been related to an increased risk of selected cancers, but additional quantification is required. We... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Diets high in glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been related to an increased risk of selected cancers, but additional quantification is required. We updated a systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2015 to May 2019 to provide quantitative information on GI/GL and cancer risk. Relative risks (RR) and the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for the highest versus the lowest categories of GI and GL were extracted from selected studies and pooled using random-effects models. Twenty reports (>22,000 cancer cases) have become available after January 2015, and 15 were added to the meta-analyses by cancer sites, which considered a total of 88 investigations. The five additional reports were reviewed, but not included in the meta-analyses, since data were inadequate to be pooled. For hormone-related cancers, summary RRs for the highest versus lowest GI and GL intakes were moderately increased. They ranged from 1.04 (breast) to 1.12 (endometrium) for GI and from 1.03 (prostate) to 1.22 (ovary) for GL, of borderline significance. High GI was associated with small increased risks of colorectal (summary RR for GI: 1.20, 95% CI, 1.07-1.34-GL: 1.09, 95% CI, 0.97-1.22, 19 studies), bladder (GI: 1.25, 95% CI, 1.11-1.41-GL: 1.10, 95% CI, 0.85-1.42, four studies) and kidney cancers (GI: 1.16, 95% CI, 1.02-1.32-GL: 1.14, 95% CI, 0.81-1.60, five studies). GL was not significantly related to those cancer sites. Stomach, prostate and lung cancers were not associated with GI and GL. The present analysis, based on an updated comprehensive evaluation of the epidemiological literature, indicates moderate unfavorable effects of high versus low GI on colorectal, and possibly bladder and kidney cancers, and a possible moderate positive association between GL and endometrial cancer.
Topics: Diet; Female; Glycemic Index; Glycemic Load; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31581675
DOI: 10.3390/nu11102342