-
Clinical and Experimental Immunology Feb 1973Increased titres of heterophile antibodies to rat erythrocytes occurred in twelve of twenty-seven patients after renal transplantation. In seven of these twelve patients...
Increased titres of heterophile antibodies to rat erythrocytes occurred in twelve of twenty-seven patients after renal transplantation. In seven of these twelve patients the titre rise appeared to be associated with rejection. Heterophile antibody formation showed no consistent kinetic pattern after transplantation and no definite relationship between rise in antibody titre and rejection can be claimed. Patients with very high heterophile antibody titres were however prone to rejection. Heterophile antibodies to rat erythrocytes cross-reacted with human and monkey kidney cells and a subpopulation of these antibodies also with human B erythrocytes. The antibodies were not of the Forssman or Paul-Bunnel-type and their appearance could not be related to ABO or HL-A incompatibility. The heterophile antibodies, primarily of IgM class, are suggested to be produced in response to B-substance related antigens in Gram-negative bacteria and non-HL-A isoantigens. Approximately 35% of transplantation sera or sera from patients with kidney disease had IgG antibodies reacting with human and monkey kidney cells, human thyroid cells and A and B erythrocytes. Anti-kidney IgG antibodies in certain sera cross-reacted with rat erythrocytes. One-third of the patients with renal disorders had increased heterophile antibody titres.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Antibodies, Heterophile; Antibody Formation; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacteria; Cross Reactions; Erythrocytes; Female; Graft Rejection; Hemadsorption; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Immunosuppression Therapy; Isoantigens; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Transplantation; Macaca; Male; Nephritis; Rats; Thyroid Gland; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 4571211
DOI: No ID Found -
Cardiology and Therapy Dec 2018In this case report, we describe a young athletic male with a family history of early sudden cardiac death who presented with atypical chest pain and was found to have a...
In this case report, we describe a young athletic male with a family history of early sudden cardiac death who presented with atypical chest pain and was found to have a positive serum troponin. Although his symptoms resolved without intervention, workup revealed hypertension, hyperlipidemia, mild left ventricular hypertrophy, non-obstructive coronary artery disease, and the presence of serum heterophile antibodies. Ultimately, it was concluded that his rigorous exercise regimen as well as the presence of heterophile antibodies may have contributed to his positive serum troponin. This case serves as a reminder of the nonspecific diagnostic value of modern troponin assays, and that the results of these tests should always be incorporated into the clinical context.
PubMed: 30367446
DOI: 10.1007/s40119-018-0120-3 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Microbial infections are associated with the occurrence of autoimmune diseases, but the mechanisms of microbial infection inducing autoimmune diseases are not fully...
INTRODUCTION
Microbial infections are associated with the occurrence of autoimmune diseases, but the mechanisms of microbial infection inducing autoimmune diseases are not fully understood. The existence of heterophilic antigens between microorganisms and human tissues may explain part of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Here, we investigate the distribution of heterophilic antigens and its relationship with autoimmune diseases.
METHODS
Monoclonal antibodies against a variety of microorganisms were prepared. The titer, subclass and reactivity of antibodies with microorganisms were identified, and heterophilic antibodies that cross-reacted with human tissues were screened by human tissue microarray. The reactivity of these heterophilic antibodies with different individuals and different species was further examined by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS
In this study, 21 strains of heterophilic antibodies were screened. The results showed that these heterophilic antibodies were produced due to the existence of heterophilic antigens between microorganism and human body and the distribution of heterophilic antigens had individual, tissue and species differences.
CONCLUSION
Our study showed that heterophilic antigens exist widely between microorganisms and human body, and the heterophilic antigens carried by microorganisms may break the immune tolerance of the body through carrier effect and initiate immune response, which may be one of the important mechanisms of infection inducing autoimmune diseases.
Topics: Humans; Antigens, Heterophile; Autoimmune Diseases; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Heterophile; Immunohistochemistry
PubMed: 38022676
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275658 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Sep 2022Heterophile antibodies can cause falsely elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which is illustrated in this case report with two patient cases. In the...
Heterophile antibodies can cause falsely elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which is illustrated in this case report with two patient cases. In the first case, the falsely elevated PSA resulted in thorough and unnecessary examinations with multiple transrectal biopsies causing psychological distress and a risk of infection. In the second case, a patient was diagnosed with prostate cancer, and falsely rising levels of PSA possibly resulted in prolonged treatment with medical castration. These cases underline the importance of suspecting interference, when clinical findings and PSA levels do not match.
Topics: Antibodies, Heterophile; Biopsy; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 36178179
DOI: No ID Found -
Transplantation May 2011This study compares the pathologic condition of delayed xenograft rejection in Gal-positive and Gal-knockout cardiac xenografts after pig-to-baboon heterotopic cardiac... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
This study compares the pathologic condition of delayed xenograft rejection in Gal-positive and Gal-knockout cardiac xenografts after pig-to-baboon heterotopic cardiac xenotransplantation when the induced anti-Gal antibody response is unregulated, blocked, or absent.
METHODS
Baboon recipients of Gal-positive, CD46 pig hearts were treated with an αGal polymer (group 1; n=11) or Gal-specific immunoapheresis (group 2; n=8) to block anti-Gal antibody. Gal-knockout cardiac xenografts recipients (group 3; n=5) received no anti-Gal therapy. Perioperative and interim biopsies were examined and antibody responses were determined.
RESULTS
No hyperacute rejection was seen and histologic findings were similar across the groups. All groups showed vascular antibody deposition in perioperative and interim biopsies and in explant samples. A prominent antibody response was detected only in group 2. Complement activation was evident by C3d deposition but deposition of C5b and C5b-9 was limited. Earliest evidence of myocardial injury was myocyte vacuolization in the absence of microvascular thrombosis or coagulative necrosis that developed later. Histology of explanted hearts exhibited mainly microvascular thrombosis and coagulative necrosis with little evidence of interstitial hemorrhage or edema.
CONCLUSIONS
The histology of rejection seemed independent of the anti-Gal or non-Gal immune response. Myocyte vacuolization seems to be an early feature of delayed xenograft rejection presaging more classic pathologic features.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Heterophile; Galactosyltransferases; Gene Knockout Techniques; Graft Rejection; Heart Transplantation; Microvessels; Myocytes, Cardiac; Necrosis; Papio; Swine; Thrombosis; Transplantation, Heterologous; Trisaccharides
PubMed: 21403591
DOI: 10.1097/TP.0b013e318212c7fe -
Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry... Apr 2019The practice of medicine depends on the accuracy of biochemical assays. The high prevalence of incidental masses on imaging necessitates a correct biochemical diagnosis...
The practice of medicine depends on the accuracy of biochemical assays. The high prevalence of incidental masses on imaging necessitates a correct biochemical diagnosis before proceeding to radiological studies. Hormonal assays, tumour markers, and markers of cardiac injury are particularly susceptible to heterophile antibody interference which may lead to inaccurate and misleading results, inappropriate investigation and/or treatment, patient concern and potential harm. A case of heterophile antibody interference in the measurement of ACTH in a patient with Cushing's syndrome resulting in unnecessary invasive investigation is presented. Close collaboration and communication between laboratory and clinical staff is essential where laboratory results and the clinical picture are not congruent.
PubMed: 31093000
DOI: 10.1007/s12291-018-0770-x -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Oct 1999The transplantation of organs from other species into humans is considered to be a potential solution to the shortage of human donor organs. Organ transplantation from... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The transplantation of organs from other species into humans is considered to be a potential solution to the shortage of human donor organs. Organ transplantation from pig to human, however, results in hyperacute rejection, initiated by the binding of human natural antidonor antibody and complement. The major target antigen of this natural antibody is the terminal disaccharide Galalphal,3Gal, which is synthesized by Galbeta1,4GlcNAc alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase. Here we review our current knowledge of this key enzyme. A better understanding of structure, enzyme properties, and expression pattern of alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase has opened up several novel therapeutic approaches to prevent hyperacute vascular rejection. Cloning, and expression in vitro of the corresponding cDNA, has allowed to develop strategies to induce immune tolerance, and deplete or neutralize the natural xenoreactive antibody. Elucidation of the genomic structure has led to the production of transgenic animals that are lacking alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase activity. A detailed knowledge of the enzyme properties has formed the basis of approaches to modify donor organ glycosylation by intracellular competition. Study of the expression pattern of alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase has helped to understand the mechanism of hyperacute rejection in discordant xenotransplantation, and that of complement-mediated, natural immunity against interspecies transmission of retroviruses.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Heterophile; Antigens, Heterophile; Carbohydrate Sequence; DNA, Complementary; Endothelium, Vascular; Epitopes; Evolution, Molecular; Galactosyltransferases; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Graft Rejection; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Polysaccharides; Species Specificity; Swine; Transplantation, Heterologous
PubMed: 10571028
DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(99)00056-3 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2024Knowledge of factors associated with semen quality may help in investigations of the aetiology and pathophysiology. We investigated the correlation between biomarkers...
Knowledge of factors associated with semen quality may help in investigations of the aetiology and pathophysiology. We investigated the correlation between biomarkers for testicular cell function (anti-müllerian hormone, AMH, Inhibin B, testosterone, free androgen-index (testosterone/sex-hormone binding globulin), insulin like peptide 3, INSL-3), alkaline phosphate (ALP), canine prostate-specific esterase (CPSE), and heterophilic antibodies with dog variables, semen quality, and fertility. Blood and semen were collected from 65 Bernese Mountain Dogs. We evaluated total sperm count, motility and morphological parameters. The semen quality ranged from poor to excellent, with an average total sperm count of 1.1 × 10 and 50% morphologically normal spermatozoa (MNS). Age and abnormal testicular consistency correlated with decreased motility and MNS. Higher ALP correlated with higher total sperm count. AMH could not be detected in seminal plasma. AMH in blood correlated with head defects and high AMH concentration correlated with a severe decline in several semen parameters. Testosterone was negatively and CPSE positively correlated with age. No correlations were found for INSL-3, inhibin B, or heterophilic antibodies. Our findings contribute to the understanding of factors associated with semen quality in dogs, particularly related to Sertoli cell function.
Topics: Male; Dogs; Animals; Semen Analysis; Semen; Anti-Mullerian Hormone; Body Fluids; Peptide Hormones; Testosterone; Antibodies, Heterophile; Esterases
PubMed: 38184699
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51242-0 -
Endocrinologia Japonica Dec 1991To develop a homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) for a hormone of a small or rare animal often meets difficulty in collecting a large amount of purified antigen required...
To develop a homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) for a hormone of a small or rare animal often meets difficulty in collecting a large amount of purified antigen required for antibody production. On the other hand, to employ a heterologous RIA to estimate the hormone often gives poor sensitivity. To overcome this difficulty, a "hetero-antibody" RIA was studied. In a hetero-antibody RIA system, a purified preparation of a hormone is used for radioiodination and standardization and a heterologous antibody to the hormone is used for the first antibody. Canine motilin and rat LH were selected as examples, and anti-porcine motilin and anti-hCG, anti-hCG beta or anti-ovine LH beta was used as the heterologous antibody. The sensitivities of the hetero-antibody RIAs were much higher than those of heterologous RIAs in any case, showing that these hetero-antibody RIA systems were suitable for practical use. To clarify the principle of hetero-antibody RIA, antiserum to porcine motilin was fractionated on an affinity column where canine motilin was immobilized. The fraction bound had greater constants of affinity with both porcine and canine motilins than the rest of the antibody fractions. This fraction also reacted with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence common to porcine and canine motilins in a competitive binding test with labeled canine motilin. These results suggest that an antibody population having high affinity and cross-reactivity is present in polyclonal antiserum and indicate that the population can be used in hetero-antibody RIA at an appropriate concentration.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Animals; Antibodies, Heterophile; Antibody Specificity; Binding, Competitive; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Chromatography, Affinity; Cross Reactions; Dogs; Immune Sera; Immunohistochemistry; Luteinizing Hormone; Molecular Sequence Data; Motilin; Radioimmunoassay; Rats; Species Specificity; Swine
PubMed: 1823035
DOI: 10.1507/endocrj1954.38.673 -
Journal of Immunological Methods Aug 2009Immunoassays have made it possible to measure dozens of individual proteins and other analytes in human samples for help in establishing the diagnosis and prognosis of... (Review)
Review
Immunoassays have made it possible to measure dozens of individual proteins and other analytes in human samples for help in establishing the diagnosis and prognosis of disease. In too many cases the results of those measurements are misleading and can lead to unnecessary treatment or missed opportunities for therapeutic interventions. These cases stem from problems inherent to immunoassays performed with human samples, which include a lack of concordance across platforms, autoantibodies, anti-reagent antibodies, and the high-dose hook effect. Tandem mass spectrometry may represent a detection method capable of alleviating many of the flaws inherent to immunoassays. We review our understanding of the problems associated with immunoassays on human specimens and describe methodologies using tandem mass spectrometry that could solve some of those problems. We also provide a critical discussion of the potential pitfalls of novel mass spectrometric approaches in the clinical laboratory.
Topics: Antibodies, Heterophile; Artifacts; Autoantibodies; Biomarkers; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; Humans; Immunoassay; Medical Errors; Predictive Value of Tests; Quality Control; Reproducibility of Results; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Thyroglobulin
PubMed: 19538965
DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.06.003