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The International Journal of... Mar 2017The last decade has seen a proliferation of tissue clearing methods that render large biological samples transparent and allow unprecedented three-dimensional views of... (Review)
Review
The last decade has seen a proliferation of tissue clearing methods that render large biological samples transparent and allow unprecedented three-dimensional views of enormous volumes of tissue. For a scientist wondering whether these methods will be useful to address their research problems, it can be bewildering to sort through the ever-increasing number of papers introducing new clearing methods. Here, I provide a concise summary for the novice describing what tissue clearing is, which research problems it can be applied to, how to decide on a clearing method, and where the field is headed in the future.
Topics: Animals; Histological Techniques; Hydrogels; Solutions; Solvents; Staining and Labeling; Tissue Embedding
PubMed: 28082099
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.12.009 -
Brain Structure & Function Jul 2023Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide a bridge between histological observations and the in vivo anatomy of the human brain. Approaches aimed at the... (Review)
Review
Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide a bridge between histological observations and the in vivo anatomy of the human brain. Approaches aimed at the co-registration of data derived from the two techniques are gaining interest. Optimal integration of the two research fields requires detailed knowledge of the tissue property requirements for individual research techniques, as well as a detailed understanding of the consequences of tissue fixation steps on the imaging quality outcomes for both MRI and histology. Here, we provide an overview of existing studies that bridge between state-of-the-art imaging modalities, and discuss the background knowledge incorporated into the design, execution and interpretation of postmortem studies. A subset of the discussed challenges transfer to animal studies as well. This insight can contribute to furthering our understanding of the normal and diseased human brain, and to facilitate discussions between researchers from the individual disciplines.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Brain; Histological Techniques
PubMed: 37365411
DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02675-2 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology May 1965
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Fatty Acids; Glycerides; Histocytochemistry; Histological Techniques; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lipid Metabolism; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Sclerema Neonatorum
PubMed: 14290303
DOI: No ID Found -
Diagnosis (Berlin, Germany) Aug 2019The toughest challenge OMICs face is that they provide extremely high molecular resolution but poor spatial information. Understanding the cellular/histological context... (Review)
Review
The toughest challenge OMICs face is that they provide extremely high molecular resolution but poor spatial information. Understanding the cellular/histological context of the overwhelming genetic data is critical for a full understanding of the clinical behavior of a malignant tumor. Digital pathology can add an extra layer of information to help visualize in a spatial and microenvironmental context the molecular information of cancer. Thus, histo-genomics provide a unique chance for data integration. In the era of a precision medicine, a four-dimensional (4D) (temporal/spatial) analysis of cancer aided by digital pathology can be a critical step to understand the evolution/progression of different cancers and consequently tailor individual treatment plans. For instance, the integration of molecular biomarkers expression into a three-dimensional (3D) image of a digitally scanned tumor can offer a better understanding of its subtype, behavior, host immune response and prognosis. Using advanced digital image analysis, a larger spectrum of parameters can be analyzed as potential predictors of clinical behavior. Correlation between morphological features and host immune response can be also performed with therapeutic implications. Radio-histomics, or the interface of radiological images and histology is another emerging exciting field which encompasses the integration of radiological imaging with digital pathological images, genomics, and clinical data to portray a more holistic approach to understating and treating disease. These advances in digital slide scanning are not without technical challenges, which will be addressed carefully in this review with quick peek at its future.
Topics: Genomics; Histological Techniques; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Neoplasms; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 30827078
DOI: 10.1515/dx-2018-0064 -
Archives of Oral Biology Jul 2021Histological techniques have long been an integral part of dental research. Especially the processing of complex tissues poses specific challenges, however, literature...
OBJECTIVE
Histological techniques have long been an integral part of dental research. Especially the processing of complex tissues poses specific challenges, however, literature offers only few technical references. Objectives of this study were therefore to optimize histological staining methods and compile detailed protocols for preparation and staining of dental tissues.
METHODS
Human teeth were collected and fixed with 4 % formaldehyde solution after extraction. Subsequently, teeth were decalcified in 17 % EDTA or Morse's solution over a period of 28 days. The extent of decalcification was determined by weight loss and radiography. After sectioning, histological staining methods were optimized for their use on teeth. These included hematoxylin-eosin, Masson trichrome, Masson-Goldner trichrome and May-Gruenwald-Giemsa staining. Nerve fibres were visualized by luxol fast blue staining and Bodian silver staining. In addition, specific methods like TRAP, modified Brown and Brenn as well as picrosirius red staining with light polarization or fluorescence were applied and optimized.
RESULTS
Preparation of an artificial access to the pulp chamber was essential to ensure prompt penetration of the chemicals. Decalcification with Morse's solution took at least two weeks but was more efficient than 17 % ETDA, where thorough demineralization was achieved only after three weeks. The staining methods exhibited differences not only regarding their ability to display specific structures of interest, but also in terms of reproducibility.
CONCLUSION
High-quality histology of teeth can only be achieved after optimal tissue preparation and accurate staining. A complementary use of staining techniques is necessary to answer specific research questions.
Topics: Formaldehyde; Histological Techniques; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Staining and Labeling; Tooth
PubMed: 34044318
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105136 -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Jan 2010Regeneration of hyaline cartilage has been the focus of an increasing number of research groups around the world. One of the most important outcome measures in... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Regeneration of hyaline cartilage has been the focus of an increasing number of research groups around the world. One of the most important outcome measures in evaluation of its success is the histological quality of cartilaginous tissue. Currently, a variety of histological scoring systems is used to describe the quality of osteoarthritic, in vivo repaired or in vitro engineered tissue. This review aims to provide an overview of past and currently used histological scoring systems, in an effort to aid cartilage researchers in choosing adequate and validated cartilage histological scoring systems.
METHODS
Histological scoring systems for analysis of osteoarthritic, tissue engineered and in vivo repaired cartilage were reviewed. The chronological development as well as the validity and practical applicability of the scoring systems is evaluated.
RESULTS
The Histological-Histochemical Grading System (HHGS) or a HHGS-related score is most often used for evaluation of osteoarthritic cartilage, however the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) Osteoarthritis Cartilage Histopathology Assessment System seems a valid alternative. The O'Driscoll score and the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) II score may be used for in vivo repaired cartilage. The 'Bern score' seems most adequate for evaluation of in vitro engineered cartilage.
CONCLUSION
A great variety of histological scoring systems exists for analysis of osteoarthritic or normal, in vivo repaired or tissue-engineered cartilage, but only few have been validated. Use of these validated scores may considerably improve exchange of information necessary for advances in the field of cartilage regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Histological Techniques; Humans; Osteoarthritis; Reproducibility of Results; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 19747584
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.009 -
Romanian Journal of Morphology and... 2012A sequence of technically reproducible procedures is mandatory to guarantee a proper preservation of tissues and to build up the basis for sound diagnoses. However,... (Review)
Review
A sequence of technically reproducible procedures is mandatory to guarantee a proper preservation of tissues and to build up the basis for sound diagnoses. However, while the goal of these procedures was, until recently, to assure only structural (histological and cytological) preservation, an appropriate preservation of antigenic properties and of nucleic acid integrity is now additionally requested, in order to permit pathologists to provide the biological information necessary for the adoption of personalized therapies. The present review analyses the sequence of technical steps open to critical variations. Passages such as dehydration, paraffin embedding, sectioning and staining are relatively well standardized and allow adoption of dedicated (automatic) apparatuses, while other pre-analytical steps, i.e. time and modalities of transfer of surgical specimens from the surgical theatre to the pathology laboratory (s.c. "ischemia time") and the type and length of fixation are not standardized and are a potential cause of discrepancies in diagnostic results. Our group is involved in European-funded projects tackling these problems with the concrete objective of implementing a model of effective tumors investigations by high performance genetic and molecular methodologies. The problem of the discrepant quality level of histopathological and cytological preparations involved five European countries and exploiting the potential of "virtual slide technology". Concrete issues, techniques and pitfalls, as well as proposed guidelines for processing the tissues are shown in this presentation.
Topics: Histological Techniques; Humans; Preservation, Biological; Tissue Fixation
PubMed: 22732791
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Nov 2017This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye anatomy of...
This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include traditional histological techniques optimized for work on ant eyes and adapted to work in concert with other techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These techniques, although vastly useful, can be difficult for the novice microscopist, so great emphasis has been placed in this article on troubleshooting and optimization for different specimens. We provide information on imaging techniques for the entire specimen (photo-microscopy and SEM) and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We highlight the technique used in determining lens diameters for the entire eye and discuss new techniques for improvement. Lastly, we discuss techniques involved in preparing samples for LM and TEM, sectioning, staining, and imaging these samples. We discuss the hurdles that one might come across when preparing samples and how best to navigate around them.
Topics: Animals; Ants; Compound Eye, Arthropod; Histological Techniques; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 29286364
DOI: 10.3791/56339 -
The Journal of Histochemistry and... Oct 2006
Topics: Animals; Histological Techniques; Histology; Humans
PubMed: 16980508
DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6E7059.2006 -
Romanian Journal of Morphology and... 2019In childhood and in adolescence, primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are the second most common malignancy after leukemia. The most common entities are... (Review)
Review
In childhood and in adolescence, primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are the second most common malignancy after leukemia. The most common entities are gliomas, craniopharyngiomas and embryonal tumors, including primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the CNS, such as medulloblastoma. Proper management of malignancies requires a histological diagnosis, especially in childhood, since diagnostic errors have a significant negative influence on the treatment and subsequently on the patient's care. Experimental research conducted in the last years regarding the genomic and epigenetic landscape of pediatric brain tumors has provided considerable help in understanding their pathogenesis. New mutations and new signaling pathways have been associated with pediatric neoplasia, according to recent studies. Current therapeutic protocols recommend triple therapy, consisting in the surgical resection of the tumor, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the success of the therapy depends on the precociousness of establishing the diagnosis and initiating the treatment, age of the child, type of surgery (total∕partial), result of the histological examination, chemotherapy protocols and type of radiotherapy. Although immunotherapy and gene therapy continue to be a challenge, extensive studies are needed in order to confirm their promising role in the management of pediatric brain tumors.
Topics: Adolescent; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Histological Techniques; Humans
PubMed: 31912084
DOI: No ID Found