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British Medical Journal Dec 1968
Topics: Adult; Anemia; Child; Hookworm Infections; Humans
PubMed: 5702292
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2024Despite integrated prevention and control measures, the prevalence of hookworm is still high in Ethiopia. The re-infection rates and predictors are poorly addressed....
BACKGROUND
Despite integrated prevention and control measures, the prevalence of hookworm is still high in Ethiopia. The re-infection rates and predictors are poorly addressed. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the patterns of hookworm re-infection rates and predictors among schoolchildren in northwest Ethiopia.
METHODS
A prospective follow-up study was conducted among 86 schoolchildren from May to December 2022. Data on predictors was collected using a questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and processed via Kato-Katz, McMaster, and spontaneous tube sedimentation techniques. All hookworm-infected children were treated with albendazole and followed for six months. The re-infection rates of hookworm were checked in the 4th and 6th months. Data was entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and analysed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were used to compute the re-infection rate. The associations of predictors with hookworm re-infection rates were calculated by logistic regression. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Of the 86, 81 schoolchildren completed the study. The prevalence of hookworm re-infection in the 4th and 6th months was 23.5% and 33.3%, respectively. Living with family members greater than five (p = .017), poor utilization of latrine (p = .008), infrequent shoe wear (p = .039), and participating in irrigation (p = .020) were the predictors significantly associated with hookworm re-infections.
CONCLUSIONS
The re-infection rate was high during the fourth and sixth months. Participating in irrigation, infrequent shoe wear, and poor latrine utilization were predictors of hookworm re-infection. Therefore, mass drug administration, regular shoe wearing, and health education should be advocated.
Topics: Humans; Ethiopia; Child; Male; Female; Hookworm Infections; Prospective Studies; Albendazole; Prevalence; Reinfection; Adolescent; Feces; Follow-Up Studies; Anthelmintics; Ancylostomatoidea; Schools; Animals
PubMed: 38805475
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303502 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Mar 2014The Sabin Vaccine Institute Product Development Partnership is developing a Pan-anthelmintic vaccine that simultaneously targets the major soil-transmitted nematode... (Review)
Review
The Sabin Vaccine Institute Product Development Partnership is developing a Pan-anthelmintic vaccine that simultaneously targets the major soil-transmitted nematode infections, in other words, ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection. The approach builds off the current bivalent Human Hookworm Vaccine now in clinical development and would ultimately add both a larval Ascaris lumbricoides antigen and an adult-stage Trichuris trichiura antigen from the parasite stichosome. Each selected antigen would partially reproduce the protective immunity afforded by UV-attenuated Ascaris eggs and Trichuris stichosome extracts, respectively. Final antigen selection will apply a ranking system that includes the evaluation of expression yields and solubility, feasibility of process development and the absence of circulating antigen-specific IgE among populations living in helminth-endemic regions. Here we describe a five year roadmap for the antigen discovery, feasibility and antigen selection, which will ultimately lead to the scale-up expression, process development, manufacture, good laboratory practices toxicology and preclinical evaluation, ultimately leading to Phase 1 clinical testing.
Topics: Ancylostomatoidea; Animals; Anthelmintics; Antigens, Helminth; Ascariasis; Ascaris lumbricoides; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Protozoan Vaccines; Soil; Trichuriasis; Trichuris
PubMed: 24392641
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.872035 -
British Medical Journal Jun 1962
Topics: Ancylostomiasis; Emigration and Immigration; England; Hookworm Infections; Humans
PubMed: 14473999
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5293.1661 -
The Indian Medical Gazette May 1951
Topics: Ancylostomiasis; Biometry; Hookworm Infections
PubMed: 14880229
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 2010Predisposition to heavy or light human hookworm infection is consistently reported in treatment-reinfection studies. A significant role for host genetics in determining...
BACKGROUND
Predisposition to heavy or light human hookworm infection is consistently reported in treatment-reinfection studies. A significant role for host genetics in determining hookworm infection intensity has also been shown, but the relationship between host genetics and predisposition has not been investigated.
METHODS
A treatment-reinfection study was conducted among 1302 individuals in Brazil. Bivariate variance components analysis was used to estimate heritability for pretreatment and reinfection intensity and to estimate the contribution of genetic and household correlations between phenotypes to the overall phenotypic correlation (ie, predisposition).
RESULTS
Heritability for hookworm egg count was 17% before treatment and 25% after reinfection. Predisposition to heavy or light hookworm infection was observed, with a phenotypic correlation of 0.34 between pretreatment and reinfection intensity. This correlation was reduced to 0.23 after including household and environmental covariates. Genetic and household correlations were 0.41 and 1, respectively, and explained 88% of the adjusted phenotypic correlation.
CONCLUSIONS
Predisposition to human hookworm infection in this area results from a combination of host genetics and consistent differences in exposure, with the latter explained by household and environmental factors. Unmeasured individual-specific differences in exposure did not contribute to predisposition.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Family Health; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Parasite Egg Count; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 20681887
DOI: 10.1086/655813 -
Tropical Medicine & International... Aug 2008To investigate the relationship between hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides infection and performance on three subsets of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children -...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides infection and performance on three subsets of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - third edition (WISC-III) (Digit Span, Arithmetic and Coding) and Raven Colored Progressive Matrices.
METHODS
Cross-sectional study of 210 children between the ages of 6 and 11 years in Americaninhas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Separate proportional odds models were used to measure the association between the intensity of helminth infections and poor performance on each of the four cognitive tests.
RESULTS
After adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status and other helminth infections, moderate-to-high-intensity hookworm infection was associated with poor performance on the WISC-III Coding subtest [OR = 3.20; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.43-7.17], low intensity of hookworm infection was associated with poor performance on the WISC-III Coding subtest [odds ratio (OR) = 3.71; 95% CI = 1.80-7.66] and moderate-to-high-intensity A. lumbricoides infection was associated with poor performance on the Raven test (OR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.04-3.99), all in comparison with uninfected children. Children co-infected with A. lumbricoides infection and hookworm infection had greater odds of poor performance on some WISC-III subtests than children with only A. lumbricoides infection.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that hookworm infection may be associated with poorer concentration and information processing skills, as measured on the WISC-III Coding subtest, and that A. lumbricoides infection may be associated with poorer general intelligence, as measured through the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices. This study also presents evidence that polyparasitized children experience worse cognitive outcomes than children with only one helminth infection.
Topics: Animals; Ascariasis; Ascaris lumbricoides; Brazil; Child; Child Development; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Cross-Sectional Studies; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Necator americanus; Parasite Egg Count; Regression Analysis; Rural Health
PubMed: 18627581
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02103.x -
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases May 2024Human hookworm has been proposed as a treatment for ulcerative colitis (UC). This pilot study assessed the feasibility of a full-scale randomized control trial examining... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Human hookworm has been proposed as a treatment for ulcerative colitis (UC). This pilot study assessed the feasibility of a full-scale randomized control trial examining hookworm to maintain clinical remission in patients with UC.
METHODS
Twenty patients with UC in disease remission (Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index [SCCAI] ≤4 and fecal calprotectin (fCal) <100 ug/g) and only on 5-aminosalicylate received 30 hookworm larvae or placebo. Participants stopped 5-aminosalicylate after 12 weeks. Participants were monitored for up to 52 weeks and exited the study if they had a UC flare (SCCAI ≥5 and fCal ≥200 µg/g). The primary outcome was difference in rates of clinical remission at week 52. Differences were assessed for quality of life (QoL) and feasibility aspects including recruitment, safety, effectiveness of blinding, and viability of the hookworm infection.
RESULTS
At 52 weeks, 4 of 10 (40%) participants in the hookworm group and 5 of 10 (50%) participants in the placebo group had maintained clinical remission (odds ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.11-3.92). Median time to flare in the hookworm group was 231 days (interquartile range [IQR], 98-365) and 259 days for placebo (IQR, 132-365). Blinding was quite successful in the placebo group (Bang's blinding index 0.22; 95% CI, -0.21 to 1) but less successful in the hookworm group (0.70; 95% CI, 0.37-1.0). Almost all participants in the hookworm group had detectable eggs in their faeces (90%; 95% CI, 0.60-0.98), and all participants in this group developed eosinophilia (peak eosinophilia 4.35 × 10^9/L; IQR, 2.80-6.68). Adverse events experienced were generally mild, and there was no significant difference in QoL.
CONCLUSIONS
A full-scale randomized control trial examining hookworm therapy as a maintenance treatment in patients with UC appears feasible.
Topics: Humans; Male; Double-Blind Method; Female; Pilot Projects; Colitis, Ulcerative; Adult; Middle Aged; Quality of Life; Hookworm Infections; Feces; Animals; Mesalamine; Remission Induction; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; Treatment Outcome; Feasibility Studies
PubMed: 37318363
DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad110 -
African Health Sciences Sep 2019Hookworm infection is a common parasitic infection in sub-Saharan Africa. The prevalence of hookworm infection is influenced by different determinant factors. This study...
BACKGROUND
Hookworm infection is a common parasitic infection in sub-Saharan Africa. The prevalence of hookworm infection is influenced by different determinant factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hookworm infection and determinant factors among school age children in North West Ethiopia.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2016 to August 2016. Children were selected by systematic random sampling and Formoleether concentration technique was used to identify hookworm infection. We conducted descriptive and logistic regression analysis for categorical variables. The adjusted odds ratio was calculated at 95% confidence interval.
RESULTS
Among 333 children, 49 (14.7%) were infected with hookworm parasites. Eating raw vegetables, not wearing shoes, absence of regular wearing of shoes and hand washing habit, absence of proper utilization of latrines, absence of deworming were significantly associated (p<0.05) with hookworm infection.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of hookworm infection was high among school age children. Walking with bare foot, hand washing habit, and absence of proper latrine utilization are the major determinant factors for the high prevalence of hookworm infection. Therefore, community mobilization and health education should be done to decrease hookworm infection among school age children in Jawe district.
Topics: Adolescent; Ancylostomatoidea; Animals; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Female; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Prevalence; Sanitation
PubMed: 32127815
DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i3.18 -
British Medical Journal Nov 1964
Topics: Ancylostomatoidea; Ancylostomiasis; Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Animals; Anthelmintics; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Iron; Tropical Medicine
PubMed: 14204532
DOI: No ID Found