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CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians 2004Oncology has always coexisted with therapies offered outside of conventional cancer treatment centers and based on theories not found in biomedicine. These alternative... (Review)
Review
Oncology has always coexisted with therapies offered outside of conventional cancer treatment centers and based on theories not found in biomedicine. These alternative cancer cures have often been described as "unproven," suggesting that appropriate clinical trials have not been conducted and that the therapeutic value of the treatment is unknown. Contrary to much popular and scientific writing, many alternative cancer treatments have been investigated in good quality clinical trials, and they have been shown to be ineffective. In this article, clinical trial data on a number of alternative cancer cures including Livingston-Wheeler, Di Bella Multitherapy, antineoplastons, vitamin C, hydrazine sulfate, Laetrile, and psychotherapy are reviewed. The label "unproven" is inappropriate for such therapies; it is time to assert that many alternative cancer therapies have been "disproven."
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Complementary Therapies; Humans; Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 15061600
DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Jan 2014In the title compound, C12H11Cl3N2O4, the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring and the hydrazine (NH-N=C) grouping is 52.2 (3)°. The butanedioate groups exhibit...
In the title compound, C12H11Cl3N2O4, the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring and the hydrazine (NH-N=C) grouping is 52.2 (3)°. The butanedioate groups exhibit planar conformations. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond links the N-H group of the hydrazine to one of the meth-oxy groups of the butane-dioate moiety. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions are also observed [centroid-centroid separation = 3.535 (1) Å].
PubMed: 24526964
DOI: 10.1107/S160053681303242X -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Sep 2010The title compound, C(5)H(6)ClN(3), was synthesized by the reaction of 2,3-dichloro-pyridine and hydrazine hydrate. An intra-molecular N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bond results in...
The title compound, C(5)H(6)ClN(3), was synthesized by the reaction of 2,3-dichloro-pyridine and hydrazine hydrate. An intra-molecular N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bond results in the formation of a planar (mean deviation 0.038 Å) five-membered ring. In the crystal, inter-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into a three-dimensional network.
PubMed: 21587576
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810036950 -
ENeurologicalSci Jun 2022Nodding Syndrome (NS) has occurred among severely food-stressed communities in northern Uganda and several other East African populations that, with their forced... (Review)
Review
Nodding Syndrome (NS) has occurred among severely food-stressed communities in northern Uganda and several other East African populations that, with their forced physical displacement, have resorted to nutritional support from available wild plants and fungi, some of which have neurotoxic potential. Among the latter is an agaric mushroom with an unknown content of hydrazine-generating agaritine, namely , the unusually wide consumption of which may relate to the low serum levels of vitamin B6 in Ugandan NS subjects relative to controls. Hydrazine-related compounds induce patterns of DNA damage that promote neuropathological changes (tauopathy) reminiscent of those associated with established NS. While the cause of this childhood brain disease is unknown, we encourage increased attention to the role of malnutrition and B6 hypovitaminosis in the etiology of this devastating brain disease.
PubMed: 35480298
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2022.100401 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Jul 2023The syntheses of two benzyl-idenehydrazine derivatives, namely, ()-'-(4-chloro-3-nitro-benzyl-idene)acetohydrazide, CHClNO, and...
The syntheses of two benzyl-idenehydrazine derivatives, namely, ()-'-(4-chloro-3-nitro-benzyl-idene)acetohydrazide, CHClNO, and ()-2-(4-chloro-benzyl-idene)-1-(quinolin-8-yl)hydrazine, CHClN, are reported. The mol-ecules have been characterized using IR, H NMR, C NMR and mass spectro-scopic and elemental analysis techniques, and their structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
PubMed: 37601392
DOI: 10.1107/S2056989023006412 -
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics :... Feb 2022Herein we report a combined experimental and computational investigation unravelling the hydrazine hydrate decomposition reaction on metal-free catalysts. The study...
Herein we report a combined experimental and computational investigation unravelling the hydrazine hydrate decomposition reaction on metal-free catalysts. The study focuses on commercial graphite and two different carbon nanofibers, pyrolytically stripped (CNF-PS) and high heat-treated (CNF-HHT), respectively, treated at 700 and 3000 °C to increase their intrinsic defects. Raman spectroscopy demonstrated a correlation between the initial catalytic activity and the intrinsic defectiveness of carbonaceous materials. CNF-PS with higher defectivity (/ = 1.54) was found to be the best performing metal-free catalyst, showing a hydrazine conversion of 94% after 6 hours of reaction and a selectivity to H of 89%. In addition, to unveil the role of NaOH, CNF-PS was also tested in the absence of alkaline solution, showing a decrease in the reaction rate and selectivity to H. Density functional theory (DFT) demonstrated that the single vacancies (SV) present on the graphitic layer are the only active sites promoting hydrazine decomposition, whereas other defects such as double vacancy (DV) and Stone-Wales (SW) defects are unable to adsorb hydrazine fragments. Two symmetrical and one asymmetrical dehydrogenation pathways were found, in addition to an incomplete decomposition pathway forming N and NH. On the most stable hydrogen production pathway, the effect of the alkaline medium was elucidated through calculations concerning the diffusion and recombination of atomic hydrogen. Indeed, the presence of NaOH helps the extraction of H species without additional energetic barriers, as opposed to the calculations performed in a polarizable continuum medium. Considering the initial hydrazine dissociative adsorption, the first step of the dehydrogenation pathway is more favourable than the scission of the N-N bond, which leads to NH as the product. This first reaction step is crucial to define the reaction mechanisms and the computational results are in agreement with the experimental ones. Moreover, comparing two different hydrogen production pathways (with and without diffusion and recombination), we confirmed that the presence of sodium hydroxide in the experimental reaction environment can modify the energy gap between the two pathways, leading to an increased reaction rate and selectivity to H.
PubMed: 35037926
DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05179b -
RSC Advances Jun 2021Hydrazine is a vital precursor used in several pharmaceuticals and pesticide industries and upon exposure can cause severe health hazards. Herein, a new AIEgen,...
Hydrazine is a vital precursor used in several pharmaceuticals and pesticide industries and upon exposure can cause severe health hazards. Herein, a new AIEgen, tetraphenylethylene phthalimide (TPE-PMI), is synthesized in a one-step solvent-free mechanochemical approach exploiting the simple condensation between TPE-NH and phthalic anhydride and used for the selective and sensitive detection of hydrazine. TPE-PMI with an AIE-active TPE-moiety is non-emissive in the solid phase by design. Hydrazine performs the cleavage of TPE-PMI in a typical "Gabriel synthesis" pathway to release AIE-active TPE-NH in an aqueous solution to emit blue fluorescence. A gradual rise in fluorescence intensity at 462 nm was due to the increasing hydrazine concentration and TPE-PMI showed a linear relationship with hydrazine in the concentration range from 0.2 to 3 μM. The selectivity study confirmed that the probe is inert to amines, amino acids, metal anions, anions and even common oxidants and reductants. The detection limit is 6.4 ppb which is lower than the US Environmental Protection Agency standard (10 ppb). The practical utilities of TPE-PMI were successfully demonstrated through quantitative detection of hydrazine vapour on solid platforms like paper strips and TLC plates. Furthermore, on-site detection of hydrazine in the solid phase was demonstrated by spiking the soil samples with measured quantities of hydrazine and quantitation through image analysis. This cost-effective sensing tool was successfully utilized in detection of hydrazine in live HeLa cells.
PubMed: 35478840
DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03563k -
ACS Omega Dec 2022Nitric oxide (NO) represents a valuable target to design antitrypanosomal agents by its high toxicity against trypanosomatids and minimal side effects on host...
Synthesis and Antitrypanosomal and Mechanistic Studies of a Series of 2-Arylquinazolin-4-hydrazines: A Hydrazine Moiety as a Selective, Safe, and Specific Pharmacophore to Design Antitrypanosomal Agents Targeting NO Release.
Nitric oxide (NO) represents a valuable target to design antitrypanosomal agents by its high toxicity against trypanosomatids and minimal side effects on host macrophages. The progress of NO-donors as antitrypanosomal has been restricted by the high toxicity of their agents, which usually is based on NO-heterocycles and metallic NO-complexes. Herein, we carried out the design of a new class of NO-donors based on the susceptibility of the hydrazine moiety connected to an electron-deficient ring to be reduced to the amine moiety with release of NO. Then, a series of novel 2-arylquinazolin-4-hydrazine, with the potential ability to disrupt the parasite folate metabolism, were synthesized. Their in vitro evaluation against and parasites and mechanistic aspects were investigated. The compounds displayed significant leishmanicidal activity, identifying three potential candidates, that is, , , and , for further assays by their good antiamastigote activities against , low toxicity, non-mutagenicity, and good ADME profile. Against parasites, derivatives , , and displayed interesting levels of activities and selectivities. Mechanistic studies revealed that the 2-arylquinazolin-4-hydrazines act as either antifolate or NO-donor agents. NMR, fluorescence, and theoretical studies supported the fact that the quinazolin-hydrazine decomposed easily in an oxidative environment via cleavage of the N-N bond to release the corresponding heterocyclic-amine and NO. Generation of NO from axenic parasites was confirmed by the Griess test. All the evidence showed the potential of hydrazine connected to the electron-deficient ring to design effective and safe NO-donors against trypanosomatids.
PubMed: 36570252
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06455 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Based on the scaffolds widely used in drug design, a series of novel tryptophan derivatives containing 2,5-diketopiperazine and acyl hydrazine moieties have been...
Based on the scaffolds widely used in drug design, a series of novel tryptophan derivatives containing 2,5-diketopiperazine and acyl hydrazine moieties have been designed, synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their biological activities. The bioassay results showed that the target compounds possessed moderate to good antiviral activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), among which compounds , , , , and showed higher inactivation, curative, and protection activities in vivo than that of ribavirin (39 ± 1, 37 ± 1, 39 ± 1 at 500 mg/L) and comparable to that of ningnanmycin (58 ± 1, 55 ± 1, 57 ± 1% at 500 mg/L). Thus, these compounds are a promising candidate for anti-TMV development. Most of these compounds showed broad-spectrum fungicidal activities against 13 kinds of phytopathogenic fungi and selective fungicidal activities against , , and . Additionally, some of these compounds exhibited larvicidal activities against , , , , , and .
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Diketopiperazines; Drug Design; Fungicides, Industrial; Hydrazines; Insecticides; Molecular Structure; Moths; Ribavirin; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tobacco Mosaic Virus; Tryptophan
PubMed: 36144506
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185758