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Chemical Senses Jan 2022Individuals vary in saliva composition, which could in turn influence variability of oral sensations. This study was designed to investigate associations among saliva's...
Individuals vary in saliva composition, which could in turn influence variability of oral sensations. This study was designed to investigate associations among saliva's ability to emulsify an oil/water mixture, fatty sensations, and diet. Participants (N = 62) gave sensory ratings for a white chocolate substitute with 0, 0.1, and 1% added linoleic acid. Discrimination sorting tasks were performed using the chocolate substitute with/without linoleic acid and with high/low-fat salad dressing. Participants swished and expectorated an oil/water mixture, and the size of the emulsified layer of this spat-out sample was measured. This novel technique was used to estimate the emulsifying ability of saliva, as oral swishing caused the fat to disperse into the water, stabilized by saliva. Estimated macronutrient intake was assessed by 3-day dietary recalls. Results indicate that people who correctly sorted the chocolate substitute with/without linoleic acid had saliva that better emulsified the oil/water mixture and rated the 1% linoleic acid sample as fattier. Those who incorrectly sorted the chocolate samples rated the 1% linoleic acid sample as more bitter. The same pattern for fattiness and bitterness of 1% linoleic acid samples was observed for those who correctly/incorrectly sorted the high/low-fat salad dressings. Regarding dietary data, the only observed relationship was higher dietary protein intake associated with less saliva emulsion stability over time. Overall, the results indicate relationships among how saliva influences dispersions of fat and fatty sensations, but the role of diet should be reexamined with larger and more tightly controlled groups.
Topics: Diet; Dietary Proteins; Fats; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Saliva; Sensation
PubMed: 35809054
DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac013 -
PloS One 2019The main pheromone compound of Chilecomadia valdiviana (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) has been recently identified as (7Z,10Z)-7,10-hexadecadienal. The biosynthesis of this...
Linoleic acid and stearic acid are biosynthetic precursors of (7Z,10Z)-7,10-hexadecadienal, the major component of the sex pheromone of Chilecomadia valdiviana (Lepidoptera: Cossidae).
The main pheromone compound of Chilecomadia valdiviana (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) has been recently identified as (7Z,10Z)-7,10-hexadecadienal. The biosynthesis of this pheromone compound showing attributes of both Type I and Type II lepidopteran pheromones was studied by the topical application of isotope-labeled fatty acids to the pheromone gland and subsequent analysis of the gland contents (pheromone compounds and fatty acyl compounds) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The deuterium label of D11-linoleic acid was incorporated into the pheromone compound and its putative acyl precursor (7Z,10Z)-7,10-hexadecadienoate, demonstrating that the pheromone compound is biosynthesized from linoleic acid by chain-shortening and further functional group transformation. Furthermore, the deuterium label of D3-stearic acid was also incorporated into the pheromone compound, which indicates that the pheromone can be synthesized de novo by C. valdiviana, as is the case for Type I lepidopteran pheromone compounds.
Topics: Alkadienes; Animals; Female; Linoleic Acid; Moths; Scent Glands; Sex Attractants; Stearic Acids
PubMed: 31013309
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215769 -
Journal of Dairy Science Mar 2017Oxylipids are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in cellular membranes and the relative abundance or balance may contribute to disease pathogenesis....
Oxylipids are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in cellular membranes and the relative abundance or balance may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Previous studies documented unique oxylipid profiles from cows with either coliform or Streptococcus uberis mastitis, suggesting that lipid mediator biosynthesis may be dependent on the type of microbial-derived agonist. Changing the fatty acid content of peripheral blood leukocytes also may be critical to the relative expression of oxylipid profiles and the outcome of bacterial infection. No information is available in dairy cows describing how changing cellular PUFA content will modify oxylipids in the context of a microbial agonist challenge. Therefore, the hypothesis for the current study was that PUFA supplementation would change bovine leukocyte fatty acid content and respective oxylipid profiles from ex vivo microbial agonist-challenged leukocytes. Fatty acid content of leukocytes and plasma was quantified in (1) samples from cows not supplemented with PUFA, (2) cows supplemented with linoleic acid (LnA), and (3) cows supplemented with α-linolenic acid (ALA). Plasma oxylipids were assessed after S. uberis or lipopolysaccharide exposure and was compared with unstimulated oxylipid profiles. Fatty acid supplementation with ALA significantly increased ALA content of blood leukocytes and plasma relative to LnA. Fatty acid supplementation affected several S. uberis-induced oxylipids, but only S. uberis-induced 15-oxoETE was greater with ALA supplementation compared with LnA. Notably, only LPS-induced 5,6 LXA was altered with fatty acid supplementation, but no significant effect of LnA vs. ALA treatment was identified. Future studies are needed to understand how leukocyte activation and membrane PUFA availability collectively contribute to differential oxylipid profiles.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Eicosanoids; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Linoleic Acid; alpha-Linolenic Acid
PubMed: 28109600
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11599 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Sep 2022Atrial fibrillation significantly increases the risk of thromboembolism and stroke. Wenxin Keli (WXKL) is a widely used Chinese patent medicine against arrhythmia but if...
Atrial fibrillation significantly increases the risk of thromboembolism and stroke. Wenxin Keli (WXKL) is a widely used Chinese patent medicine against arrhythmia but if it has antithrombotic activity is unknown. Since platelet activation is a critical factor in thrombosis and the key target for many antithrombotic drugs, this study aims to demonstrate the antithrombotic efficacy of WXKL. In vitro platelet activation experiments showed that WXKL significantly inhibited platelet adhesion and aggregation. The potential active monomers in WXKL were screened by in silico prediction and in vitro platelet aggregation/adhesion assays. From WXKL chemical fractions and more than 40 monomers, linoleic acid (LA) was identified as the strongest antiplatelet compound. Oral administration of WXKL (1.2 g/kg/day) and LA (50 mg/kg/day) for 7 days significantly improved FeCl3-induced carotid thrombus formation in ICR mice without prolonging bleeding time. Flow cytometry showed that both WXKL and LA inhibited the release of p-selectin after platelet activation. ELISA showed that WXKL and LA also inhibited the expression of 6-Keto-PGF1α in plasma of mice with thrombus, but had no obvious effect on the expression of TXB2. WXKL inhibited platelet activation by broadly inhibiting the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phospholipase C (PLC) β3. In contrast, LA only inhibited the phosphorylation of PLCβ3. In conclusion, WXKL and its active component LA showed good antiplatelet and antithrombotic efficacy in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, the multicomponent Chinese medicine WXKL acts on multiple targets in the platelet activation pathway whereas its active monomer linoleic acid acts specifically on phospholipase C β3.
Topics: Animals; Atrial Fibrillation; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Fibrinolytic Agents; Linoleic Acid; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; P-Selectin; Platelet Activation; Platelet Aggregation; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Thrombosis
PubMed: 36076567
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113453 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jan 2019The health benefits of substituting dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for saturated fatty acids are well known. However, limited information exists on how the... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
The health benefits of substituting dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for saturated fatty acids are well known. However, limited information exists on how the response to dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) is modified by polymorphisms in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that the FADS1 rs174550 genotype modifies the effect of dietary LA intake on the fatty acid composition of plasma lipids, fasting glucose, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP).
METHODS
Associations were investigated between genotype, plasma PUFAs, fasting glucose, and hsCRP concentrations in the cross-sectional, population-based Metabolic Syndrome in Men cohort (n = 1337). In addition, 62 healthy men from the cohort who were homozygotes for the TT or CC genotype of the FADS1 rs174550 were recruited to a 4-wk intervention (FADSDIET) with an LA-enriched diet. The fatty acid composition of plasma PUFAs and concentrations of plasma fasting glucose, serum hsCRP, and plasma lipid mediators (eicosanoids and related analogs) were measured at the beginning and end of the 4-wk intervention period.
RESULTS
In the FADSDIET trial, the plasma LA proportion increased in both genotype groups in response to an LA-enriched diet. Responses in concentrations of serum hsCRP and plasma fasting glucose and the proportion of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) in plasma phospholipids and cholesteryl esters differed between genotype groups (interaction of diet × genotype, P < 0.05). In TT homozygous subjects, plasma eicosanoid concentrations correlated with the arachidonic acid proportion in plasma and with hsCRP (r = 0.4-0.7, P < 0.05), whereas in the CC genotype there were no correlations.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings show that the FADS1 genotype modifies metabolic responses to dietary LA. The emerging concept that personalized dietary counseling should be modified by the FADS1 genotype needs to be tested in larger randomized trials. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02543216.
Topics: Aged; Blood Glucose; C-Reactive Protein; Cross-Sectional Studies; Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase; Diet; Fasting; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Finland; Genotype; Homozygote; Humans; Inflammation; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 30624587
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy287 -
Circulation Journal : Official Journal... 2013
Topics: 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; Animals; Calcium Signaling; Cyclic AMP; Endothelial Cells; Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors; Linoleic Acid
PubMed: 24077059
DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-1155 -
BioMed Research International 2016Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid involved in a number of health aspects. In humans, CLA production is performed by...
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid involved in a number of health aspects. In humans, CLA production is performed by gut microbiota, including some species of potential probiotic bifidobacteria. 128 strains of 31 Bifidobacterium species were screened with a spectrophotometric assay to identify novel CLA producers. Most species were nonproducers, while producers belonged to B. breve and B. pseudocatenulatum. GC-MS revealed that CLA producer strains yielded 9cis,11trans-CLA and 9trans,11trans-CLA, without any production of other isomers. Hydroxylated forms of LA were absent in producer strains, suggesting that the myosin-cross-reactive antigen (MCRA) protein that exerts hydratase activity is not involved in LA isomerization. Moreover, both CLA producer and nonproducer species bear a MCRA homologue. The strain B. breve WC 0421 was the best CLA producer, converting LA into 68.8% 9cis,11trans-CLA and 25.1% 9trans,11trans-CLA. Production occurred mostly during the lag and the exponential phase. For the first time, production and incorporation of CLA in biomass were assessed. B. breve WC 0421 stored CLA in the form of free fatty acids, without changing the composition of the esterified fatty acids, which mainly occurred in the plasmatic membrane.
Topics: Bifidobacterium; Biomass; Cell Membrane; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Isomerism; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid
PubMed: 27429985
DOI: 10.1155/2016/8654317 -
International Journal of Clinical and... 2015Hidden blood loss typically occurs following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and is thought to be related to free fatty acid (FFA). To...
Hidden blood loss typically occurs following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and is thought to be related to free fatty acid (FFA). To study the effect of linoleic acid on red blood cells and to examine the pathogenesis of hidden blood loss in vivo, we generated an animal model by injecting linoleic acid into the tail veins of rats. We collected blood samples and determined red blood cell count (RBC) and levels of hemoglobin (Hb), as well as the oxidation and reducing agents in the blood, including glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and ferryl hemoglobin (Fe4+=O2-), which is generated by the oxidation of Hb. Hidden blood loss occurred when linoleic acid was administered at a concentration of 60 mmol/L; RBC and Hb levels were significantly reduced by 24 h post-injection. This was followed by erythrocyte deformation, reduced activity of GSH-PX and T-SOD, and decreased levels of H2O2. This was accompanied by an increase in ferryl species, which likely contributes to oxidative stress in vivo. Our findings suggest that linoleic acid enhances acute red blood cell injury. Hb and RBC began to increase by 72 h, potentially resulting from linoleic acid metabolism. Thus, elevated levels of linoleic acid in the blood cause acute oxidative damage to red blood cells, eventually leading to partial acute anemia. These findings highlight the pathophysiology underlying hidden blood loss.
Topics: Anemia; Animals; Biomarkers; Erythrocyte Deformability; Erythrocytes; Glutathione Peroxidase; Hemoglobins; Hydrogen Peroxide; Injections, Intravenous; Linoleic Acid; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superoxide Dismutase; Time Factors
PubMed: 26191198
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Neuroscience Apr 2017In this paper we present a mechanistic model that integrates subneuronal structures, namely ion channels, membrane fatty acids, lipid rafts, G proteins and the... (Review)
Review
In this paper we present a mechanistic model that integrates subneuronal structures, namely ion channels, membrane fatty acids, lipid rafts, G proteins and the cytoskeleton in a dynamic system that is finely tuned in a healthy brain. We also argue that subtle changes in the composition of the membrane's fatty acids may lead to down-stream effects causing dysregulation of the membrane, cytoskeleton and their interface. Such exquisite sensitivity to minor changes is known to occur in physical systems undergoing phase transitions, the simplest and most studied of them is the so-called Ising model, which exhibits a phase transition at a finite temperature between an ordered and disordered state in 2- or 3-dimensional space. We propose this model in the context of neuronal dynamics and further hypothesize that it may involve quantum degrees of freedom dependent upon variation in membrane domains associated with ion channels or microtubules. Finally, we provide a link between these physical characteristics of the dynamical mechanism to psychiatric disorders such as major depression and antidepressant action.
Topics: Brain; Linoleic Acid; Models, Neurological; Mood Disorders
PubMed: 28420346
DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0356-1 -
Journal of Lipid Research Apr 2013The objective of this study was to examine the mechanism by which conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces body fat. Young male mice were fed three combinations of fatty...
The objective of this study was to examine the mechanism by which conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces body fat. Young male mice were fed three combinations of fatty acids at three doses (0.06%, 0.2%, and 0.6%, w/w) incorporated into AIN76 diets for 7 weeks. The types of fatty acids were linoleic acid (control), an equal mixture of trans-10, cis-12 (10,12) CLA plus linoleic acid, and an equal isomer mixture of 10,12 plus cis-9, trans-11 (9,11) CLA. Mice receiving the 0.2% and 0.6% dose of 10,12 CLA plus linoleic acid or the CLA isomer mixture had decreased white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and increased incorporation of CLA isomers in epididymal WAT and liver. Notably, in mice receiving 0.2% of both CLA treatments, the mRNA levels of genes associated with browning, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), UCP1 protein levels, and cytochrome c oxidase activity, were increased in epididymal WAT. CLA-induced browning in WAT was accompanied by increases in mRNA levels of markers of inflammation. Muscle cytochrome c oxidase activity and BAT UCP1 protein levels were not affected by CLA treatment. These data suggest a linkage between decreased adiposity, browning in WAT, and low-grade inflammation due to consumption of 10,12 CLA.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, White; Adiposity; Animals; Fatty Acids; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Immunoblotting; Inflammation; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Liver; Male; Mice; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Triglycerides
PubMed: 23401602
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M030924