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Nutrients Jul 2018Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in a range of key biochemical pathways. Several magnesium supplements are present on the market and their degree of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in a range of key biochemical pathways. Several magnesium supplements are present on the market and their degree of bioavailability differs depending on the form of magnesium salt used. Aquamin-Mg is a natural source of magnesium, containing 72 additional trace minerals derived from the clean waters off the Irish coast. However, the in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Aquamin-Mg in comparison with other supplement sources of magnesium has yet to be tested. Aquamin-Mg, magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) and magnesium oxide (MgO) were subjected to gastrointestinal digestion according to the harmonized INFOGEST in vitro digestion method and in vitro bioavailability tested using the Caco-2 cell model. Magnesium concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Magnesium recovery from both Aquamin-Mg and MgCl₂ was greater than for MgO. Magnesium from all three sources was transported across the epithelial monolayer with Aquamin-Mg displaying a comparable profile to the more bioavailable MgCl₂. Our data support that magnesium derived from a marine-derived multimineral product is bioavailable to a significantly greater degree than MgO and displays a similar profile to the more bioavailable MgCl₂ and may offer additional health benefits given its multimineral profile.
Topics: Caco-2 Cells; Cell Polarity; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Enterocytes; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Ireland; Magnesium; Magnesium Chloride; Magnesium Oxide; Minerals; Models, Biological; Nutritive Value; Osmolar Concentration; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrophotometry, Atomic
PubMed: 30018220
DOI: 10.3390/nu10070912 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... May 2013Magnesium maintenance therapy is one of the types of tocolytic therapy used after an episode of threatened preterm labour (usually treated with an initial dose of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Magnesium maintenance therapy is one of the types of tocolytic therapy used after an episode of threatened preterm labour (usually treated with an initial dose of tocolytic therapy) in an attempt to prevent the onset of further preterm contractions.
OBJECTIVES
To assess whether magnesium maintenance therapy is effective in preventing preterm birth after the initial threatened preterm labour is arrested.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (31 January 2013).
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials of magnesium therapy given to women after threatened preterm labour.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The review authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and carried out data extraction. We checked data entry.
MAIN RESULTS
We included four trials involving 422 women. Three trials had high risk of bias and none included any long-term follow-up of infants. No differences in the incidence of preterm birth or perinatal mortality were seen when magnesium maintenance therapy was compared with placebo or no treatment; or alternative therapies (ritodrine or terbutaline). The risk ratio (RR) for preterm birth (less than 37 weeks) for magnesium compared with placebo or no treatment was 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80 to 1.40 (two trials, 99 women); and 0.99, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.72 (two trials, 100 women) for magnesium compared with alternative therapies. The RR for perinatal mortality for magnesium compared with placebo or no treatment was 5.00, 95% CI 0.25 to 99.16 (one trial, 50 infants); and 5.00, 95% CI 0.25 to 99.16 (one trial, 50 infants) for magnesium compared with alternative treatments.Women taking magnesium preparations were less likely to report side effects (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.96, three trials, 237 women), including palpitations or tachycardia (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.52, three trials, 237 women) than women receiving alternative therapies. Women receiving magnesium were however, more likely to experience diarrhoea (RR 6.79, 95% CI 1.26 to 36.72, three trials, 237 women).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is not enough evidence to show any difference between magnesium maintenance therapy compared with either placebo or no treatment, or alternative therapies (ritodrine or terbutaline) in preventing preterm birth after an episode of threatened preterm labour.
Topics: Female; Humans; Magnesium Chloride; Magnesium Compounds; Magnesium Oxide; Magnesium Sulfate; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Ritodrine; Terbutaline; Tocolysis; Tocolytic Agents
PubMed: 23728634
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000940.pub3 -
Nucleic Acids Research May 2021We used stopped-flow to monitor hypochromicity for 43 oligonucleotide duplexes to study nucleic acid kinetics and extract transition-state parameters for association and...
We used stopped-flow to monitor hypochromicity for 43 oligonucleotide duplexes to study nucleic acid kinetics and extract transition-state parameters for association and dissociation. Reactions were performed in 1.0 M NaCl (for literature comparisons) and 2.2 mM MgCl2 (PCR conditions). Dissociation kinetics depended on sequence, increased exponentially with temperature, and transition-state parameters inversely correlated to thermodynamic parameters (r = -0.99). Association had no consistent enthalpic component, varied little with temperature or sequence, and poorly correlated to thermodynamic parameters (r = 0.28). Average association rates decreased 78% in MgCl2 compared to NaCl while dissociation was relatively insensitive to ionic conditions. A nearest-neighbour kinetic model for dissociation predicted rate constants within 3-fold of literature values (n = 11). However, a nearest-neighbour model for association appeared overparameterized and inadequate for predictions. Kinetic predictions were used to simulate published high-speed (<1 min) melting analysis and extreme (<2 min) PCR experiments. Melting simulations predicted apparent melting temperatures increase on average 2.4°C when temperature ramp rates increased from 0.1 to 32°C/s, compared to 2.8°C reported in the literature. PCR simulations revealed that denaturation kinetics are dependent on the thermocycling profile. Simulations overestimated annealing efficiencies at shorter annealing times and suggested that polymerase interactions contribute to primer-template complex stability at extension temperatures.
Topics: Cluster Analysis; Computer Simulation; DNA; Kinetics; Magnesium Chloride; Models, Chemical; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Nucleic Acid Denaturation; Nucleic Acids; Oligonucleotides; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sodium Chloride; Temperature; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 33823552
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab205 -
Chemosphere Oct 2020The recycling of nutrients from wastewater and their recovery in the form of valuable products is an effective strategy to accelerate the circular economy concept....
Crystallization kinetics and growth of struvite crystals by seawater versus magnesium chloride as magnesium source: towards enhancing sustainability and economics of struvite crystallization.
The recycling of nutrients from wastewater and their recovery in the form of valuable products is an effective strategy to accelerate the circular economy concept. Phosphorus recovery from wastewater by struvite crystallization (MgNHPO·6HO) is one of the most applied techniques to compensate for the increasing demand and to slow down the depletion rate of phosphate rocks. Using low-cost magnesium sources, such as seawater, improves the financial sustainability of struvite production. In this study, the potential of seawater for struvite crystallization versus the commonly used magnesium source, MgCl, was tested by crystal growth and kinetic experiments. The impact of ammonium concentration, magnesium concentration and pH on the growth kinetics of struvite in synthetic and real reject water were studied. The results showed that simultaneous precipitation of calcium phosphate was insignificant when using seawater, while presence of struvite seeds diminished it further. Among the supersaturation regulators, pH had the most significant effect on the struvite growth with both MgCl and seawater, while high N:P molar ratios further improved the struvite crystal growth by seawater. The N:P molar ratios higher than 6 and Mg:P molar ratios higher than 0.2 are recommended to improve the crystal growth kinetics. It was concluded that seawater is a promising alternative magnesium source and the control of supersaturation regulators (i.e., Mg:P, N:P and pH) is an effective strategy to control the reaction kinetics and product properties.
Topics: Calcium Phosphates; Crystallization; Kinetics; Magnesium; Magnesium Chloride; Magnesium Compounds; Minerals; Models, Chemical; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Recycling; Seawater; Struvite; Wastewater
PubMed: 32428738
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126968 -
Journal of Food Protection Jul 2008A quantitative investigation on the individual effects of sodium (NaCl), potassium (KCl), calcium (CaCl2), and magnesium (MgCl2) chloride salts against Lactobacillus...
A quantitative investigation on the individual effects of sodium (NaCl), potassium (KCl), calcium (CaCl2), and magnesium (MgCl2) chloride salts against Lactobacillus pentosus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two representative microorganisms of table olives and other fermented vegetables, was carried out. In order to assess their potential activities, both the kinetic growth parameters and dose-response profiles in synthetic media (deMan Rogosa Sharpe broth medium and yeast-malt-peptone-glucose broth medium, respectively) were obtained and analyzed. Microbial growth was monitored via optical density measurements as a function of contact time in the presence of progressive chloride salt concentrations. Relative maximum specific growth rate and lag-phase period were modeled as a function of the chloride salt concentrations. Moreover, for each salt and microorganism tested, the noninhibitory concentrations and the MICs were estimated and compared. All chloride salts exerted a significant antimicrobial effect on the growth cycle; particularly, CaCl2 showed a similar effect to NaCl, while KCl and MgCl2 were progressively less inhibitory. Microbial susceptibility and resistance were found to be nonlinearly dose related.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Calcium Chloride; Colony Count, Microbial; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fermentation; Food Microbiology; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Lactobacillus; Magnesium Chloride; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Olea; Potassium Chloride; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 18680941
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.7.1412 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Nov 2022To investigate the effect of a novel mineral containing toothpaste in comparison to a fluoride toothpaste in children with white spot lesions. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of a novel mineral containing toothpaste in comparison to a fluoride toothpaste in children with white spot lesions.
METHODS
The clinical study was conducted from 2016 to 2018 at Marmara University Department of Pediatric Dentistry Clinic after approval from the ethics review committee of Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey and comprised children of either gender aged 4-5 years having white spot lesions. They were randomly allocated into two groups. The FT (Fluoridated Toothpaste) group was given a 500ppm fluoridated toothpaste, while the Mineral Containing Toothpaste (MCT) group was given toothpaste containing calcium glycerophosphate, magnesium chloride, and 12% xylitol. The white spot lesions were examined using Laser Fluorescence (LF) at baseline and after a month of usage. The two readings were compared. Stimulated saliva was collected for measuring the salivary potential of hydrogen, buffering capacity, and streptococcus mutans. Data was analysed using SPSS 19.
RESULTS
Of the 26 children, 10(38%) were girls and 16(62%) were boys. The overall mean age was 4.77±0.54 years. There were 13(50%) subjects in each of the two groups. Of the 381 measurements done, 198(52%) were in the MCT group and 183(48%) in the FT group. LF scores decreased in both the groups (p=0.001). The remineralising potential was not significantly different (p=0.866), while salivary buffering capacity and potential of hydrogen increased in both the groups but the change was not significant (p>0.05). The number of children positive for streptococcus mutans decreased in both the groups (p>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The toothpaste containing calcium glycerophosphate, magnesium chloride and 12% xylitol had the remineralization properties needed for the prevention of gwhite spot lesions in children.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Fluorides; Glycerophosphates; Magnesium Chloride; Minerals; Streptococcus mutans; Toothpastes; Xylitol
PubMed: 37013280
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.2409 -
Magnesium Research 2014The differing bioavailability of magnesium salts remains an open question, both at the cellular and systemic level. However, this issue is relevant for identifying the...
The differing bioavailability of magnesium salts remains an open question, both at the cellular and systemic level. However, this issue is relevant for identifying the most effective magnesium supplement. We compared the effects of three widely used magnesium salts: MgSO4, MgCl2 and Mg pidolate, on the proliferation of four human cell types: promyelocytic leukaemia HL60, osteoblast-like Saos-2 and U-2 OS, and endothelial cells from the umbilical vein. The three magnesium salts had no effect on endothelial and leukemic cell growth, but magnesium pidolate impaired cell growth in osteoblast-like cells. In particular, in Saos-2 cells, 1 mM pidolate induced a slight accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and, in parallel, an early rise in intracellular calcium and a late decrease in intracellular magnesium content. Interestingly, when cultured in 5 mM magnesium pidolate, Saos-2 cells grew as fast as the controls. Moreover, intracellular magnesium and calcium concentrations did not vary. These results suggest a lower bioavailability of magnesium pidolate in osteoblast-like cells.
Topics: Biological Availability; Calcium; Cell Cycle; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Magnesium; Magnesium Chloride; Magnesium Sulfate; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid; Salts; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 24776097
DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2014.0359 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Apr 2007Mortality and morbidity from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remain high. Intravenous magnesium started early after the onset of AMI is thought to be a promising... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Mortality and morbidity from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remain high. Intravenous magnesium started early after the onset of AMI is thought to be a promising adjuvant treatment. Conflicting results from earlier trials and meta-analyses warrant a systematic review of available evidence.
OBJECTIVES
To examine the effect of intravenous magnesium versus placebo on early mortality and morbidity.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2006), MEDLINE (January 1966 to June 2006) and EMBASE (January 1980 to June 2006), and the Chinese Biomedical Disk (CBM disk) (January 1978 to June 2006). Some core Chinese medical journals relevant to the cardiovascular field were hand searched from their starting date to the first-half year of 2006.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All randomized controlled trials that compared intravenous magnesium with placebo in the presence or absence of fibrinolytic therapy in addition to routine treatment were eligible if they reported mortality and morbidity within 35 days of AMI onset.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two reviewers independently assessed the trial quality and extracted data using a standard form. Odds ratio (OR) were used to pool the effect if appropriate. Where heterogeneity of effects was found, clinical and methodological sources of this were explored.
MAIN RESULTS
For early mortality where there was evidence of heterogeneity, a fixed-effect meta-analysis showed no difference between magnesium and placebo groups (OR 0.99, 95%CI 0.94 to 1.04), while a random-effects meta-analysis showed a significant reduction comparing magnesium with placebo (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.82). Stratification by timing of treatment (< 6 hrs, 6+ hrs) reduced heterogeneity, and in both fixed-effect and random-effects models no significant effect of magnesium was found. In stratified analyses, early mortality was reduced for patients not treated with thrombolysis (OR=0.73, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.94 by random-effects model) and for those treated with less than 75 mmol of magnesium (OR=0.59, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.70) in the magnesium compared with placebo groups.Meta-analysis for the secondary outcomes where there was no evidence of heterogeneity showed reductions in the odds of ventricular fibrillation (OR=0.88, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.96), but increases in the odds of profound hypotension (OR=1.13, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.19) and bradycardia (OR=1.49, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.77) comparing magnesium with placebo. No difference was observed for heart block (OR=1.05, 95% CI 0.97-1.14). For those outcomes where there was evidence of heterogeneity, meta-analysis with both fixed-effect and random-effects models showed that magnesium could decrease ventricular tachycardia (OR=0.45, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.66 by fixed-effect model; OR=0.40, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.84 by random-effects model) and severe arrhythmia needing treatment or Lown 2-5 (OR=0.72, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.85 by fixed-effect model; OR=0.51, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.79 by random-effects model) compared with placebo. There was no difference on the effect of cardiogenic shock between the two groups.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Owing to the likelihood of publication bias and marked heterogeneity of treatment effects, it is essential that the findings are interpreted cautiously. From the evidence reviewed here, we consider that: (1) it is unlikely that magnesium is beneficial in reducing mortality both in patients treated early and in patients treated late, and in patients already receiving thrombolytic therapy; (2) it is unlikely that magnesium will reduce mortality when used at high dose (>=75 mmol); (3) magnesium treatment may reduce the incidence of ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, severe arrhythmia needing treatment or Lown 2-5, but it may increase the incidence of profound hypotension, bradycardia and flushing; and (4) the areas of uncertainty regarding the effect of magnesium on mortality remain the effect of low dose treatment (< 75 mmol) and in patients not treated with thrombolysis.
Topics: Aspartic Acid; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Magnesium Chloride; Magnesium Compounds; Magnesium Sulfate; Myocardial Infarction; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 17443517
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002755.pub2 -
Journal of Biochemistry Dec 1987In this communication we reported the fusion of mitochondria of hepatocytes extracted from a rat liver. It was found that fusion occurred at an electric field of...
In this communication we reported the fusion of mitochondria of hepatocytes extracted from a rat liver. It was found that fusion occurred at an electric field of 1.56-1.8 kV/cm at room temperature. Further increase in the field strength (greater than 1.8 kV/cm) was accompanied by the breakdown of mitochondria.
Topics: Animals; Calcium Chloride; Cations, Divalent; Electricity; Electrochemistry; Intracellular Membranes; Magnesium; Magnesium Chloride; Membrane Fusion; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Liver; Rats
PubMed: 3448085
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122177 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2021Previous studies reported on the broad-spectrum antiviral function of heparin. Here we investigated the antiviral function of magnesium-modified heparin and found that...
Previous studies reported on the broad-spectrum antiviral function of heparin. Here we investigated the antiviral function of magnesium-modified heparin and found that modified heparin displayed a significantly enhanced antiviral function against human adenovirus (HAdV) in immortalized and primary cells. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed a conformational change of heparin when complexed with magnesium. To broadly explore this discovery, we tested the antiviral function of modified heparin against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and found that the replication of HSV-1 was even further decreased compared to aciclovir. Moreover, we investigated the antiviral effect against the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and measured a 55-fold decreased viral load in the supernatant of infected cells associated with a 38-fold decrease in virus growth. The advantage of our modified heparin is an increased antiviral effect compared to regular heparin.
Topics: Acyclovir; Adenoviruses, Human; Animals; Antiviral Agents; CHO Cells; Cell Line, Tumor; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cricetulus; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Fibroblasts; Heparin; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Humans; Magnesium Chloride; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Primary Cell Culture; SARS-CoV-2; Structure-Activity Relationship; Vero Cells; Viral Load; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34576237
DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810075