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Digestion 2024The prevalence of constipation in Japan is estimated to be 2-5%. Constipation is a disease found in older adults. In particular, Japan is an aging society, with 65% of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of constipation in Japan is estimated to be 2-5%. Constipation is a disease found in older adults. In particular, Japan is an aging society, with 65% of men and 80.5% of women aged 65 years or older accounting for the majority of its population. Chronic constipation may be associated with survival, cardiovascular events, decreased quality of life, and death. This study summarizes the recent findings regarding constipation treatment practice in Japan.
SUMMARY
Until recently, the diagnosis of constipation was mainly based on medical interviews; however, with the recent development of handheld ultrasound devices, both physicians and nurses can easily and objectively diagnose fecal retention. Magnesium oxide and stimulant laxatives have been the mainstay treatments; however, since 2012, more than five new drugs for treating constipation have become available in Japan.
KEY MESSAGES
Magnesium oxide is less effective in patients who use acid-secretion inhibitors and patients who have undergone total gastrectomy and should be cared for hypermagnesemia. In addition, regular use of stimulant laxatives may lead to colonic inertia and decreased bowel movements; therefore, they should be used only occasionally. The following is an overview of the different uses of conventional and newer laxatives for treating constipation.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Aged; Laxatives; Magnesium Oxide; Japan; Quality of Life; Constipation
PubMed: 37696258
DOI: 10.1159/000533548 -
Magnesium Research Jun 2005Critically evaluate the experimental evidence and clinical trial outcomes as the basis for use of magnesium (Mg) supplements as therapy for calcium oxalate... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Critically evaluate the experimental evidence and clinical trial outcomes as the basis for use of magnesium (Mg) supplements as therapy for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Literature search of MedLine and Web of Science through January 2005; articles cited in papers found by searches.
RESULTS
Magnesium inhibits calcium oxalate crystallization in human urine and model systems. Magnesium also inhibits absorption of dietary oxalate from the gut lumen. Three early trials of Mg oxide (MgO) and Mg hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) reported lower rates of recurrent stone formation. However in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with more carefully selected patients, there was no significant difference between recurrence rates with 650 or 1300 mg MgO daily and the placebo. Another trial reported 391 mg (21 meq) Mg daily as a mixed salt, Mg potassium citrate, reduced calcium stone recurrence by 90%, similar to potassium citrate, but with better gastrointestinal tolerance. The failure of MgO and Mg(OH)2 as sole therapy may be related to poor absorption and low rates of Mg deficiency in the patient populations tested.
CONCLUSIONS
Clinical trial evidence does not justify the use of MgO or Mg(OH)2 as a sole therapy for calcium oxalate kidney stones in a general patient population. However, the addition of magnesium to potassium citrate therapy improves outcomes. Clinical trials should focus on patients who are likely to be Mg deficient.
Topics: Calcium Oxalate; Clinical Trials as Topic; Crystallization; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Magnesium Hydroxide; Magnesium Oxide
PubMed: 16100850
DOI: No ID Found -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022Materials with violent hydration reaction such as cement are used to solidify sandy soil slopes, which will cause destructive damage to the ecology of the slopes. In...
Materials with violent hydration reaction such as cement are used to solidify sandy soil slopes, which will cause destructive damage to the ecology of the slopes. In this paper, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and activated magnesium oxide (MgO) are used to improve sandy soil, and the effects of the dosage and curing age of modifiers on the mechanical properties of solidified sandy soil are studied. The dry-wet durability of the composite improved sandy soil is analyzed using a dry-wet cycle test, and the improvement mechanism of PVA and activated magnesium oxide is revealed using an electron microscope. The results show that the curing effect of polyvinyl alcohol and activated magnesium oxide on sand particles is better than that of polyvinyl alcohol alone. The compressive strength of improved soil samples increases with the increase of curing time, and magnesium oxide as an improved material needs appropriate reaction conditions to give full play to its role. The compressive strength of composite improved samples increases first and then decreases during the dry-wet cycle. Through the observation of microstructure, it can be seen that the cementing material wraps and connects the sand particles, and the cementing material of the sample after the dry-wet cycle develops more completely; if the magnesium oxide content is high, cracks may appear inside the sample.
PubMed: 36013746
DOI: 10.3390/ma15165609 -
Nutrients Jul 2020Functional constipation (FC) is a chronic constipation for which no physiological, anatomical or iatrogenic origin can be evidenced. This condition has a high impact on... (Review)
Review
Functional constipation (FC) is a chronic constipation for which no physiological, anatomical or iatrogenic origin can be evidenced. This condition has a high impact on a patient's quality of life and healthcare costs. Since FC is frequently associated with low physical activity and a diet low in fiber and/or water, first-line recommendations focus on sufficient activity, and sufficient fiber and water intake. In case of inefficacy of these measures, numerous drug treatments are available, either over the counter or on prescription. Magnesium sulfate has a long history in the treatment of FC, and magnesium sulfate-rich mineral waters have been used for centuries for their laxative properties. The laxative effect of magnesium and sulfate has since been widely demonstrated. Nevertheless, it appears that no clinical studies aiming at demonstrating their efficacy in FC had been conducted before the 21st century. In this paper, we reviewed the clinical data reporting the efficacy of magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral waters. In view of their reported efficacy and safety, magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral waters may represent a natural treatment for FC.
Topics: Constipation; Defecation; Dietary Fiber; Female; Humans; Laxatives; Magnesium Oxide; Magnesium Sulfate; Male; Mineral Waters; Probiotics; Quality of Life
PubMed: 32664341
DOI: 10.3390/nu12072052 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2020Bone graft infections are serious complications in orthopaedics and the growing resistance to antibiotics is increasing the need for antibacterial strategies. The use of...
Bone graft infections are serious complications in orthopaedics and the growing resistance to antibiotics is increasing the need for antibacterial strategies. The use of magnesium oxide (MgO) is an interesting alternative since it possesses broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Additionally, magnesium ions also play a role in bone regeneration, which makes MgO more appealing than other metal oxides. Therefore, a bone substitute composed of hydroxyapatite and MgO (HAp/MgO) spherical granules was developed using different sintering heat-treatment cycles to optimize its features. Depending on the sintering temperature, HAp/MgO spherical granules exhibited distinct surface topographies, mechanical strength and degradation profiles, that influenced the in vitro antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility. A proper balance between antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility was achieved with HAp/MgO spherical granules sintered at 1100 ºC. The presence of MgO in these granules was able to significantly reduce bacterial proliferation and simultaneously provide a suitable environment for osteoblasts growth. The angiogenic and inflammation potentials were also assessed using the in vivo chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model and the spherical granules containing MgO stimulated angiogenesis without increasing inflammation. The outcomes of this study evidence a dual effect of MgO for bone regenerative applications making this material a promising antibacterial bone substitute.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone Substitutes; Bone Transplantation; Cell Line; Durapatite; Magnesium Oxide; Mice; Osteoblasts
PubMed: 33154428
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76063-9 -
Nutrients Jan 2021Constipation is a common condition that occurs in many people worldwide. While magnesium oxide (MgO) is often used as the first-line drug for chronic constipation in...
Constipation is a common condition that occurs in many people worldwide. While magnesium oxide (MgO) is often used as the first-line drug for chronic constipation in Japan, dietary fiber intake is also recommended. Dietary fiber is fermented by microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are involved in regulating systemic physiological functions and circadian rhythm. We examined the effect of combining MgO and the water-soluble dietary fiber, inulin, on cecal SCFA concentration and microbiota in mice. We also examined the MgO administration timing effect on cecal SCFAs. The cecal SCFA concentrations were measured by gas chromatography, and the microbiota was determined using next-generation sequencing. Inulin intake decreased cecal pH and increased cecal SCFA concentrations while combining MgO increased the cecal pH lowered by inulin and decreased the cecal SCFA concentrations elevated by inulin. When inulin and MgO were combined, significant changes in the microbiota composition were observed compared with inulin alone. The MgO effect on the cecal acetic acid concentration was less when administered at ZT12 than at ZT0. In conclusion, this study suggests that MgO affects cecal SCFA and microbiota during inulin feeding, and the effect on acetic acid concentration is time-dependent.
Topics: Animals; Cecum; Diet, High-Fat; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Inulin; Lipid Metabolism; Magnesium Oxide; Metagenome; Metagenomics; Mice
PubMed: 33466274
DOI: 10.3390/nu13010152 -
Journal of Dairy Science Apr 2022The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing magnesium oxide (MgO) with calcium-magnesium carbonate [CaMg(CO)] on ruminal fermentation with or...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing magnesium oxide (MgO) with calcium-magnesium carbonate [CaMg(CO)] on ruminal fermentation with or without the addition of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO). Eight fermentors of a dual-flow continuous-culture system were distributed in a replicated (2) 4 × 4 Latin square design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (magnesium sources × NaHCO). The treatments tested were 0.21% MgO [MgO; dry matter (DM) basis; 144.8 mEq of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD)]; 0.21% MgO + 0.50% NaHCO (MgO+NaHCO; DM basis; 205.6 mEq of DCAD); 1.00% CaMg(CO) [CaMg(CO); DM basis; 144.8 mEq of DCAD]; and 1.00% CaMg(CO) + 0.50% NaHCO [CaMg(CO)+NaHCO; DM basis; 205.6 mEq of DCAD]. Diets were formulated to have a total of 0.28% of Mg (DM basis). The experiment consisted of 40 d, which was divided into 4 periods of 10 d each, where 7 d were used for adaptation and 3 d for sampling to determine pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia (NH-N), lactate, mineral solubility, N metabolism, and nutrient digestibility. The effects of Mg source [MgO vs. CaMg(CO)], NaHCO (with vs. without), and the interaction were tested with the MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute). There was no Mg source × NaHCO interaction in the pH variables and mineral solubility, and Mg sources evaluated did not affect the variables related to ruminal pH and solubility of Mg. On the other hand, the inclusion of NaHCO increased the pH daily average, independent of Mg source, which led to a reduced time that pH was below 5.8 and decreased area under the curve. Total VFA and lactate concentration were similar among treatments regardless of NaHCO and Mg source; however, the molar proportion of isobutyrate and NH-N concentration were lower in diets with CaMg(CO) compared with MgO. Moreover, NaHCO inclusion increased NH-N, total daily NH-N flow, isobutyrate concentration, and acid detergent fiber digestibility. Our results showed that CaMg(CO) leads to a lower NH-N concentration and isobutyrate proportion. Therefore, because most of the tested variables were not significantly different between MgO and CaMg(CO) when combined or not with NaHCO, CaMg(CO) can be a viable alternative source to replace MgO in dairy cow diets without affecting mineral solubility, ruminal pH, nutrient digestibility, total VFA, and the main ruminal VFA. Although Mg sources are known to have an alkalizing effect, NaHCO inclusion in diets with Mg supplementation allowed an increase in ruminal pH, as well as an increase in isobutyrate and NH-N flow.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Carbonate; Cattle; Diet; Digestion; Female; Fermentation; Magnesium; Magnesium Oxide; Nutrients; Rumen; Sodium Bicarbonate
PubMed: 35123778
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20995 -
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2018Duloxetine is a serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant. However, it is known to cause constipation as a side effect. Magnesium...
Duloxetine is a serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant. However, it is known to cause constipation as a side effect. Magnesium compounds, such as magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide aqueous solution, are often combined with duloxetine to ameliorate the constipation caused by duloxetine. However, there is concern that these magnesium compounds might alter the effects of duloxetine via physicochemical interactions. In this study, we attempted to clarify the interactions that take place between duloxetine and magnesium oxide using in vivo and in vitro experiments. We evaluated the influence of magnesium oxide on in vitro duloxetine concentrations using HPLC. In addition, we examined the in vivo antidepressant-like effects and serum concentrations of duloxetine in rats. In the in vitro experiment, the duloxetine concentration was significantly decreased by co-treatment with magnesium oxide. In the in vivo experiment, the antidepressant-like effects of duloxetine were not affected by the combined oral administration of magnesium oxide and a duloxetine formulation although the serum duloxetine level was significantly decreased. However, the antidepressant-like effects of a duloxetine reagent were significantly attenuated by the co-administration of magnesium oxide. These results suggest that duloxetine and magnesium oxide directly interact and that such interactions affect the absorption and antidepressant-like effects of duloxetine.
Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Constipation; Depression; Drug Interactions; Duloxetine Hydrochloride; Magnesium Oxide; Male; Norepinephrine; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; Swimming; Thiophenes
PubMed: 30381673
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00392 -
Trials May 2019Arterial stiffness is closely related to the process of atherosclerosis, an independent cardiovascular risk factor, and predictive of future cardiovascular events and...
Effects of magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate supplementation on arterial stiffness in healthy overweight individuals: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Arterial stiffness is closely related to the process of atherosclerosis, an independent cardiovascular risk factor, and predictive of future cardiovascular events and mortality. Recently, we showed that magnesium citrate supplementation results in a clinically relevant improvement of arterial stiffness. It remained unclear whether the observed effect was due to magnesium or citrate, and whether other magnesium compounds may have similar effects. Therefore, we aim to study the long-term effects of magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate on arterial stiffness. In addition, we aim to investigate possible underlying mechanisms, including changes in blood pressure and changes in gut microbiota diversity.
METHODS
In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, a total of 162 healthy overweight and slightly obese men and women will be recruited. During a 24-week intervention, individuals will be randomized to receive: magnesium citrate; magnesium oxide; magnesium sulfate (total daily dose of magnesium for each active treatment 450 mg); or placebo. The primary outcome of the study is arterial stiffness measured by the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), which is the gold standard for quantifying arterial stiffness. Secondary outcomes are office blood pressure, measured by a continuous blood pressure monitoring device, and gut microbiota, measured in fecal samples. Measurements will be performed at baseline and at weeks 2, 12 and 24.
DISCUSSION
The present study is expected to provide evidence for the effects of different available magnesium formulations (organic and inorganic) on well-established cardiovascular risk markers, including arterial stiffness and blood pressure, as well as on the human gut microbiota. As such, the study may contribute to the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in slightly obese, but otherwise healthy, individuals.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03632590 . Retrospectively registered on 15 August 2018.
Topics: Aged; Blood Pressure; Citric Acid; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Magnesium Compounds; Magnesium Oxide; Magnesium Sulfate; Middle Aged; Organometallic Compounds; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Overweight; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vascular Stiffness
PubMed: 31138315
DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3414-4 -
Journal of Proteome Research Jun 2023Lysine residues in proteins undergo multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic post-translational modifications (PTMs). The terminal ε amine group of lysine residues in...
Lysine residues in proteins undergo multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic post-translational modifications (PTMs). The terminal ε amine group of lysine residues in proteins is carbonylated chemically by carbonyl species such as glyoxal (GO; OCH-CHO, CHO; MW 58) and methylglyoxal (MGO; OCH-C(=O)-CH, CHO; MW 72) that are derived from the metabolism of endogenous substances including glucose. The dicarbonyl species malondialdehyde (MDA, OCH-CH-CHO, CHO; MW 72) is generated by enzymatic and nonenzymatic peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). GO, MGO, and MDA occur in biological systems in their free forms and in their conjugated forms adducted to free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins, notably to lysine. MDA is a C-H-acidic acid (p, 4.45). Biological MDA is widely used as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation. The most frequently analyzed biological samples for MDA are plasma and serum. Reportedly, MDA concentrations in plasma and serum samples of healthy and ill humans range by several orders of magnitude. The most severe preanalytical contributor is artificial formation of MDA in lipid-rich samples such as plasma and serum. In very few publications, plasma MDA concentrations were reported to lie in the lower mM-range.
Topics: Humans; Malondialdehyde; Lysine; Hydrogen Peroxide; Magnesium Oxide; Amino Acids; Lipid Peroxidation; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Hemoglobins
PubMed: 37014105
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00764