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Brain and Behavior Jul 2022Levodopa and carbidopa are reported to be degraded by magnesium oxide (MgO), which is often used as a laxative for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Ascorbic acid...
INTRODUCTION
Levodopa and carbidopa are reported to be degraded by magnesium oxide (MgO), which is often used as a laxative for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Ascorbic acid (AsA) can stabilize levodopa and carbidopa solutions; however, the effect of AsA on the degradation of levodopa and carbidopa induced by MgO has not been fully investigated.
METHODS
The effect of AsA was evaluated using in vitro examinations, compared with lemon juice, and by measuring the plasma concentration of levodopa in a patient with PD.
RESULTS
In vitro experiments showed that the relative concentrations of levodopa remained almost constant, and the relative concentrations of carbidopa decreased with time with addition of MgO. AsA mitigated this effect in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas the addition of lemon juice caused little change, although the pH decreased to the same extent. The results of levodopa pharmacokinetics of the patient showed that the area under the plasma concentration-time curve values from hour 0 to 8 were 53.00 μmol·h/L with regular administration and 67.27 μmol·h/L with co-administration of AsA.
CONCLUSIONS
AsA can mitigate the degradation of carbidopa induced by MgO and may contribute to improving the bioavailability of levodopa in patients with PD.
Topics: Antiparkinson Agents; Ascorbic Acid; Carbidopa; Humans; Levodopa; Magnesium Oxide; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 35712877
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2672 -
Nutrients Jul 2020Functional constipation (FC) is a chronic constipation for which no physiological, anatomical or iatrogenic origin can be evidenced. This condition has a high impact on... (Review)
Review
Functional constipation (FC) is a chronic constipation for which no physiological, anatomical or iatrogenic origin can be evidenced. This condition has a high impact on a patient's quality of life and healthcare costs. Since FC is frequently associated with low physical activity and a diet low in fiber and/or water, first-line recommendations focus on sufficient activity, and sufficient fiber and water intake. In case of inefficacy of these measures, numerous drug treatments are available, either over the counter or on prescription. Magnesium sulfate has a long history in the treatment of FC, and magnesium sulfate-rich mineral waters have been used for centuries for their laxative properties. The laxative effect of magnesium and sulfate has since been widely demonstrated. Nevertheless, it appears that no clinical studies aiming at demonstrating their efficacy in FC had been conducted before the 21st century. In this paper, we reviewed the clinical data reporting the efficacy of magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral waters. In view of their reported efficacy and safety, magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral waters may represent a natural treatment for FC.
Topics: Constipation; Defecation; Dietary Fiber; Female; Humans; Laxatives; Magnesium Oxide; Magnesium Sulfate; Male; Mineral Waters; Probiotics; Quality of Life
PubMed: 32664341
DOI: 10.3390/nu12072052 -
Nutrients Jan 2021Constipation is a common condition that occurs in many people worldwide. While magnesium oxide (MgO) is often used as the first-line drug for chronic constipation in...
Constipation is a common condition that occurs in many people worldwide. While magnesium oxide (MgO) is often used as the first-line drug for chronic constipation in Japan, dietary fiber intake is also recommended. Dietary fiber is fermented by microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are involved in regulating systemic physiological functions and circadian rhythm. We examined the effect of combining MgO and the water-soluble dietary fiber, inulin, on cecal SCFA concentration and microbiota in mice. We also examined the MgO administration timing effect on cecal SCFAs. The cecal SCFA concentrations were measured by gas chromatography, and the microbiota was determined using next-generation sequencing. Inulin intake decreased cecal pH and increased cecal SCFA concentrations while combining MgO increased the cecal pH lowered by inulin and decreased the cecal SCFA concentrations elevated by inulin. When inulin and MgO were combined, significant changes in the microbiota composition were observed compared with inulin alone. The MgO effect on the cecal acetic acid concentration was less when administered at ZT12 than at ZT0. In conclusion, this study suggests that MgO affects cecal SCFA and microbiota during inulin feeding, and the effect on acetic acid concentration is time-dependent.
Topics: Animals; Cecum; Diet, High-Fat; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Inulin; Lipid Metabolism; Magnesium Oxide; Metagenome; Metagenomics; Mice
PubMed: 33466274
DOI: 10.3390/nu13010152 -
BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care Jan 2024The initiation of peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonists (PAMORAs) should be considered 2 weeks after conventional laxatives have failed to achieve an...
OBJECTIVES
The initiation of peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonists (PAMORAs) should be considered 2 weeks after conventional laxatives have failed to achieve an adequate response, and affected patients should be evaluated every 2 weeks thereafter. However, this guidance is difficult to implement in acute care hospitals. This study aimed to examine how naldemedine (PAMORA) should be introduced in combination with other laxatives in the acute care setting.
METHODS
This retrospective study evaluated 93 inpatients who received at least four doses of naldemedine. We investigated changes in the average daily defecation counts during the first 7 days after compared with before naldemedine administration and the incidence of diarrhoea.
RESULTS
Daily defecation counts during the first 7 days after compared with before naldemedine administration were greater in both the naldemedine, magnesium oxide (MgO) and another laxative group, and in the naldemedine and another laxative other than MgO group than in the naldemedine only group. The incidence rates of diarrhoea were significantly higher in the naldemedine, MgO, and another laxative group, and in the naldemedine and another laxative other than MgO group than in the naldemedine only group.
CONCLUSIONS
The introduction of naldemedine alone or in combination with MgO should be considered.
Topics: Humans; Laxatives; Retrospective Studies; Magnesium Oxide; Inpatients; Analgesics, Opioid; Constipation; Naltrexone; Narcotic Antagonists; Diarrhea
PubMed: 35750467
DOI: 10.1136/spcare-2022-003685 -
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Sep 2021Herein, we present a green, economic and ecofriendly protocol for synthesis of cobalt oxide (CoO-NPs) and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) for multifaceted...
Herein, we present a green, economic and ecofriendly protocol for synthesis of cobalt oxide (CoO-NPs) and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) for multifaceted biomedical applications. In the study, a simple aqueous leaf extract of was employed for the facile one pot synthesis of CoO-NPs and MgO-NPs. The well characterized NPs were explored for multiple biomedical applications including bactericidal activity against urinary tract infection (UTI) isolates, leishmaniasis, larvicidal, antidiabetic antioxidant and biocompatibility studies. Our results showed that both the NPs were highly active against multidrug resistant UTI isolates as compared to traditional antibiotics and induced significant zone of inhibition against The NPs, in particular CoO-NPs also showed significant larvicidal activity against the the mosquitoes involve in the transmission of Dengue fever. Similarly, excellent leishmanicidal activity was also observed against both the promastigote and amastigote forms of the parasite. Furthermore, the particles also exhibited considerable antidiabetic activity by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The biosynthesized NPs were found to be excellent antioxidant and biocompatible nanomaterials. Owing to ecofriendly synthesis, non-toxic and biocompatible nature, the synthesized CoO-NPs and MgO-NPs can be exploited as potential candidates for multiple biomedical applications.
PubMed: 34466093
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.035 -
Redox Biology Aug 2023Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness in adult, and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a major pathologic event in DR....
Metformin inhibits methylglyoxal-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell death and retinopathy via AMPK-dependent mechanisms: Reversing mitochondrial dysfunction and upregulating glyoxalase 1.
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness in adult, and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a major pathologic event in DR. Methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, is a precursor of AGEs. Although the therapeutic potential of metformin for retinopathy disorders has recently been elucidated, possibly through AMPK activation, it remains unknown how metformin directly affects the MGO-induced stress response in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Therefore, in this study, we compared the effects of metformin and the AMPK activator A769662 on MGO-induced DR in mice, as well as evaluated cytotoxicity, mitochondrial dynamic changes and dysfunction in ARPE-19 cells. We found MGO can induce mitochondrial ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential loss, but reduce cytosolic ROS level in ARPE-19 cells. Although these effects of MGO can be reversed by both metformin and A769662, we demonstrated that reduction of mitochondrial ROS production rather than restoration of cytosolic ROS level contributes to cell protective effects of metformin and A769662. Moreover, MGO inhibits AMPK activity, reduces LC3II accumulation, and suppresses protein and gene expressions of MFN1, PGC-1α and TFAM, leading to mitochondrial fission, inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy. In contrast, these events of MGO were reversed by metformin in an AMPK-dependent manner as evidenced by the effects of compound C and AMPK silencing. In addition, we observed an AMPK-dependent upregulation of glyoxalase 1, a ubiquitous cellular enzyme that participates in the detoxification of MGO. In intravitreal drug-treated mice, we found that AMPK activators can reverse the MGO-induced cotton wool spots, macular edema and retinal damage. Functional, histological and optical coherence tomography analysis support the protective actions of both agents against MGO-elicited retinal damage. Metformin and A769662 via AMPK activation exert a strong protection against MGO-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell death and retinopathy. Therefore, metformin and AMPK activator can be therapeutic agents for DR.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Metformin; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Pyruvaldehyde; Reactive Oxygen Species; Magnesium Oxide; Lactoylglutathione Lyase; Mitochondria; Retinal Diseases; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Epithelial Cells; Retinal Pigments
PubMed: 37348156
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102786 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2018Magnesium oxide nanoparticle (nMgO) is a light metal based antimicrobial nanoparticle that can be metabolized and fully resorbed in the body. To take advantage of the...
Magnesium oxide nanoparticle (nMgO) is a light metal based antimicrobial nanoparticle that can be metabolized and fully resorbed in the body. To take advantage of the antimicrobial properties of nMgO for medical use, it is necessary to determine the minimal inhibitory, bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations (MIC, MBC and MFC) of nMgO against prevalent infectious bacteria and yeasts. The objective of this study was to use consistent methods and conditions to reveal and directly compare the efficacy of nMgO against nine prevalent pathogenic microorganisms, including two gram-negative bacteria, three gram-positive bacteria with drug-resistant strains, and four yeasts with drug-resistant strains. The MIC of nMgO varied from 0.5 mg/mL to 1.2 mg/mL and the minimal lethal concentration (MLC) of nMgO at 90% killing varied from 0.7 mg/mL to 1.4 mg/mL against different pathogenic bacteria and yeasts. The most potent concentrations (MPC) of nMgO were 1.4 and/or 1.6 mg/mL, depending on the type of bacteria and yeasts tested. As the concentration of nMgO increased, the adhesion of bacteria and yeasts decreased. Moreover, S. epidermidis biofilm was disrupted at 1.6 mg/mL of nMgO. E. coli and some yeasts showed membrane damage after cultured with ≥0.5 mg/mL nMgO. Overall, nMgO killed both planktonic bacteria and disrupted nascent biofilms, suggesting new antimicrobial mechanisms of nMgO. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca ion concentrations, and quorum sensing likely contribute to the action mechanisms of nMgO against planktonic bacteria, but transient alkaline pH of 7 to 10 or increased Mg ion concentrations from 1 to 50 mM showed no inhibitory or killing effects on bacteria such as S. epidermidis. Further studies are needed to determine if specific concentrations of nMgO at MIC, MLC or MPC level can be integrated into medical devices to evoke desired antimicrobial responses without harming host cells.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Biofilms; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Magnesium Oxide; Metal Nanoparticles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Yeasts
PubMed: 30389984
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34567-5 -
Heliyon Apr 2023This experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of acute and sub-acute exposure of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on Mrigal . For sub-acute tests 1/100,1/50,1/10...
This experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of acute and sub-acute exposure of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on Mrigal . For sub-acute tests 1/100,1/50,1/10 were selected based on the LC at 96 h s. Protein, carbohydrate, and lipid, Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and DPPH, HRSA assays were analyzed in the gill, muscle, and liver of Mrigal. Protein and lipid levels increased on the 7th,14th day compared to control. Carbohydrate levels decreased on the 7th,14th day of exposure, and the enzymatical changes increased on the 7,14th day. Antioxidant levels highly increased in DPPH assay compared to the HRSA assay. This study provides the biochemical, antioxidant, and behavioral changes in relation to the exposure of MgO NPs.
PubMed: 37151616
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15605 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2023An antibacterial and pro-osteogenic coaxially electrospun nanofiber guided bone regeneration (GBR) membrane was fabricated to satisfy the complicated and phased...
Antimicrobial and Pro-Osteogenic Coaxially Electrospun Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles-Polycaprolactone /Parathyroid Hormone-Polycaprolactone Composite Barrier Membrane for Guided Bone Regeneration.
INTRODUCTION
An antibacterial and pro-osteogenic coaxially electrospun nanofiber guided bone regeneration (GBR) membrane was fabricated to satisfy the complicated and phased requirements of GBR process.
METHODS
In this study, we synthesize dual-functional coaxially electrospun nanofiber GBR membranes by encapsulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the core layer and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) in the shell layer (MgONPs-PCL/PTH-PCL). Herein, the physicochemical characterization of MgONPs-PCL/PTH-PCL, the release rates of MgONPs and PTH, and antibacterial efficiency of the new membrane were evaluated. Furthermore, the pro-osteogenicity of the membranes was assessed both in-vitro and in-vivo.
RESULTS
We successfully fabricated a coaxially electrospun nanofiber MgONPs-PCL/PTH-PCL membrane with the majority of nanofibers (>65%) ranged from 0.40~0.60μm in diameter. MgONPs-PCL/PTH-PCL showed outstanding antibacterial potential against (E. coli) and (S. aureus) through the release of MgONPs. We also discovered that the incorporation of MgONPs significantly prolonged the release of PTH. Furthermore, both the in-vivo and in-vitro studies demonstrated that high dosage of PTH promoted pro-osteogenicity of the membrane to improve bone regeneration efficacy with the presence of MgONPs.
CONCLUSION
The new composite membrane is a promising approach to enhance bone regeneration in periodontitis or peri-implantitis patients with large-volume bone defects.
Topics: Humans; Magnesium Oxide; Biocompatible Materials; Parathyroid Hormone; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Bone Regeneration; Anti-Infective Agents; Polyesters; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 36700148
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S395026 -
Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology &... Jan 2023Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a reactive dicarbonyl compound formed as a byproduct of glycolysis. MGO is a major cell-permeant precursor of advanced glycation end products... (Review)
Review
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a reactive dicarbonyl compound formed as a byproduct of glycolysis. MGO is a major cell-permeant precursor of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), since it readily reacts with basic phospholipids and nucleotides, as well as amino acid residues of proteins, such as arginine, cysteine, and lysine. The AGEs production induced by MGO are widely associated with several pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the impact of MGO metabolism and AGEs formation in the central nervous system (particularly in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) on behavior and psychiatric diseases is not fully understood. Here, we briefly present background information on the biological activity of MGO in the central nervous system. It was gathered the available information on the role of MGO metabolism at the physiological processes, as well as at the neurobiology of psychiatry diseases, especially pain-related experiences, anxiety, depression, and cognition impairment-associated diseases. To clarify the role of MGO on behavior and associated diseases, we reviewed primarily the main findings at preclinical studies focusing on genetic and pharmacological approaches. Since monoamine neurotransmitter systems are implicated as pivotal targets on the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatry and cognitive-related diseases, we also reviewed how MGO affects these neurotransmission systems and the implications of this phenomenon for nociception and pain; learning and cognition; and mood. In summary, this review highlights the pivotal role of glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) and MGO levels in modulating behavioral phenotypes, as well as related cellular and molecular signaling. Conclusively, this review signals dopamine as a new neurochemical MGO target, as well as highlights how MGO metabolism can modulate the pathophysiology and treatment of pain, psychiatric and cognitive-related diseases.
Topics: Humans; Pyruvaldehyde; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Cysteine; Dopamine; Lysine; Magnesium Oxide; Mental Disorders; Pain; Arginine; Nucleotides
PubMed: 36103947
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110635