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Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Oct 2016F-fluorocholine is a specific promising agent for imaging tumor cell proliferation, particularly in prostate cancer, using PET/CT. It is a beneficial tool in the early... (Review)
Review
F-fluorocholine is a specific promising agent for imaging tumor cell proliferation, particularly in prostate cancer, using PET/CT. It is a beneficial tool in the early detection of marrow-based metastases because it excludes distant metastases and evaluates the response to hormone therapy. In addition, F-fluorocholine has the potential to differentiate between degenerative and malignant osseous abnormalities because degenerative changes are not choline-avid; however, the agent may accumulate in recent traumatic bony lesions. On the other hand, F-NaF PET/CT can indicate increased bone turnover and is generally used in the assessment of primary and secondary osseous malignancies, the evaluation of response to treatment, and the clarification of abnormalities on other imaging modalities or clinical data. F-NaF PET/CT is a highly sensitive method in the evaluation of bone metastases from prostate cancer, but it has problematic specificity, mainly because of tracer accumulation in degenerative and inflammatory bone diseases. In summary, F-NaF PET/CT is a highly sensitive method, but F-fluorocholine PET/CT can detect early bone marrow metastases and provide greater specificity in the detection of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer. However, the difference seems not to be significant.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Choline; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Image Enhancement; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiopharmaceuticals; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 27694173
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.169730 -
European Review For Medical and... Feb 2022Osteosarcoma is a common bone sarcoma that often occurs in childhood and adolescence. In recent years, the efficacy of osteosarcoma treatments has been improved by... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Osteosarcoma is a common bone sarcoma that often occurs in childhood and adolescence. In recent years, the efficacy of osteosarcoma treatments has been improved by adjuvant chemotherapies and surgical approaches. However, poor prognosis often occurs among osteosarcoma patients due to recurrence, metastasis, or drug resistance problems. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a specific type of tumor malignant cells with stem cell-like properties, have been reported to be responsible for tumor origination, aggression, metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance. CSCs have been identified in osteosarcomas treatment, which exhibits self-renewal, multi-potency, and enhanced drug resistance. Therefore, in the present narrative review, we intend to summarize the role of lncRNAs in regulating CSCs and their effectiveness in the treatment of osteosarcoma.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The databases PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, were used for the presented study. The keywords we used to complete our search are 'lncRNA', 'Stem cell', and 'osteosarcoma'. A total of over 800 relevant articles, with a time limit from 2010 to 2021, were identified according to search strategy. Duplicate records and review articles were excluded by their titles and abstracts. Finally, we found about 80 articles matching our inclusion criteria, which included about 13 relevant studies focusing on both the mechanism and effectiveness of osteosarcomas treatment among osteosarcoma patients.
RESULTS
CD133, CD117, ALDH, and Stro-1 are validated as the stem cell biomarkers in osteosarcoma CSCs. Accumulating evidence has revealed that lncRNAs, containing HIF2PUT, SOX2-OT, MALAT1, THOR, B4GALT1-AS1, H19, PVT1, FER1L4, LINK-A, DANCR, and DLX6-AS1, play a potential role in regulating CSCs in osteosarcoma. The drug resistance, inhibition of the relapse, and metastasis in osteosarcoma could be avoided via regulating lncRNAs of targeting CSCs.
CONCLUSIONS
Multiple lncRNAs regulate CSCs in osteosarcoma via various molecular mechanisms. This review demonstrated that the method of eliminating CSCs by targeting these lncRNAs is a safe, effective, and a well-tolerated way for osteosarcoma patients, which shows a broad research prospect in tumor diagnoses and therapies. However, this method should be further demonstrated by better animal models and more clinical experiments.
Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Osteosarcoma; RNA, Long Noncoding
PubMed: 35179763
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202202_28006 -
Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer Jan 2021The diagnosis of epithelioid hemangioma (EH) remains challenging due to its rarity, worrisome histologic features, and locally aggressive clinical and radiographic...
The diagnosis of epithelioid hemangioma (EH) remains challenging due to its rarity, worrisome histologic features, and locally aggressive clinical and radiographic presentation. Especially in the bone, EH can be misdiagnosed as a malignant vascular neoplasm due its lytic, often destructive or multifocal growth, as well as atypical morphology. The discovery of recurrent FOS and FOSB gene fusions in the pathogenesis of most EH has strengthened its stand-alone classification, distinct from other malignant epithelioid vascular lesions, such as epithelioid hemangioendothelioma or angiosarcoma. In this study we investigate a group of molecularly confirmed skeletal EH by the presence of FOS or FOSB gene rearrangements to better define its clinical and pathologic characteristics within a homogenous molecular subset. The cohort included 38 patients (25 males, 13 females), with a mean age at diagnosis of 38 years (range, 4-75). Regional, multifocal presentation was noted in 10 cases. Only six cases were correctly recognized as EH by the referring institutions, while most were misdiagnosed as other vascular tumors. Of the 17 patients with follow-up data available, five patients (29%) developed local recurrence after marginal en bloc excision (n = 3) or curettage (n = 2). Local recurrence-free survival rates were 84% at 3 years and 38% at 5 years. No metastasis or disease-related death was identified. Imaging studies exhibited no specific features, showing cortical bone destruction and soft-tissue extension in 14 (38%) cases. FOS gene rearrangements were detected in 28 (74%) of cases, while FOSB rearrangements in 10 (26%) cases. Our results highlight the significant challenges encountered in establishing a correct diagnosis exclusive of the molecular testing, mainly due to its overlap to other malignant epithelioid vascular tumors. Skeletal EH emerges as a genetically defined locally aggressive vascular neoplasm, with a high rate of local recurrence, but lacking the propensity for distant spread.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Gene Rearrangement; Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos
PubMed: 33034932
DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22898 -
Acta Orthopaedica Et Traumatologica... Jan 2019The aim of this study was to discuss the diagnosis and surgical management and their results according to stage of primary bone tumors at ulna and to share our...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to discuss the diagnosis and surgical management and their results according to stage of primary bone tumors at ulna and to share our experience on this exceptional location for bone tumors.
METHODS
We have retrospectively reviewed our clinics database and identified 23 cases (14 males and 9 females, mean age was 28.9 (range 4-77)) with primary bone tumors and tumor like lesion involvement of ulna. The patients were evaluated according to complaints, type and grade of tumor, treatment, recurrence and functional status.
RESULTS
The most common first referral complaint was constrictive pain in 52.1% of the cases, benign tumors and tumor like lesions of the bone constituted 73.9% whereas malignant bone tumors were 26.1%, 39.1% of the lesions were located in distal end of ulna and the mean follow up was 33.8 months (range 8-172 months). Local recurrence has unexpectedly occurred in 3 benign lesions (13.1%).
CONCLUSION
Benign bone lesions tend to involve distal and proximal ends, malign bone lesions involve diaphysis mostly. Both benign and malignant diaphyseal lesions of the ulna have better postoperative results regarding the lesions at both ends of ulna. One should also take care of recurrences even after a decade from the primary surgery.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level IV, Therapeutic study.
Topics: Adult; Bone Neoplasms; Diaphyses; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Orthopedic Procedures; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Turkey; Ulna
PubMed: 29773449
DOI: 10.1016/j.aott.2018.04.005 -
European Radiology Jul 2022To evaluate the performance and reproducibility of MR imaging features in the diagnosis of joint invasion (JI) by malignant bone tumors.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the performance and reproducibility of MR imaging features in the diagnosis of joint invasion (JI) by malignant bone tumors.
METHODS
MR images of patients with and without JI (n = 24 each), who underwent surgical resection at our institution, were read by three radiologists. Direct (intrasynovial tumor tissue (ITT), intraarticular destruction of cartilage/bone, invasion of capsular/ligamentous insertions) and indirect (tumor size, signal alterations of epiphyseal/transarticular bone (bone marrow replacement/edema-like), synovial contrast enhancement, joint effusion) signs of JI were assessed. Odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and reproducibilities (Cohen's and Fleiss' κ) were calculated for each feature. Moreover, the diagnostic performance of combinations of direct features was assessed.
RESULTS
Forty-eight patients (28.7 ± 21.4 years, 26 men) were evaluated. All readers reliably assessed the presence of JI (sensitivity = 92-100 %; specificity = 88-100%, respectively). Best predictors for JI were direct visualization of ITT (OR = 186-229, p < 0.001) and destruction of intraarticular bone (69-324, p < 0.001). Direct visualization of ITT was also highly reliable in assessing JI (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV = 92-100 %), with excellent reproducibility (κ = 0.83). Epiphyseal bone marrow replacement and synovial contrast enhancement were the most sensitive indirect signs, but lacked specificity (29-54%). By combining direct signs with high specificity, sensitivity was increased (96 %) and specificity (100 %) was maintained.
CONCLUSION
JI by malignant bone tumors can reliably be assessed on preoperative MR images with high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. Particularly direct visualization of ITT, destruction of intraarticular bone, and a combination of highly specific direct signs were valuable, while indirect signs were less predictive and specific.
KEY POINTS
• Direct visualization of intrasynovial tumor was the single most sensitive and specific (92-100%) MR imaging sign of joint invasion. • Indirect signs of joint invasion, such as joint effusion or synovial enhancement, were less sensitive and specific compared to direct signs. • A combination of the most specific direct signs of joint invasion showed best results with perfect specificity and PPV (both 100%) and excellent sensitivity and NPV (both 96 %).
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Ligaments, Articular; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 35258673
DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-08586-w -
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Nov 2020Chondroblastoma is currently classified as a benign neoplasm; however, chondroblastoma and chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma have morphologic overlap, raising the...
Clinicopathologic characterization of malignant chondroblastoma: a neoplasm with locally aggressive behavior and metastatic potential that closely mimics chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma.
Chondroblastoma is currently classified as a benign neoplasm; however, chondroblastoma and chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma have morphologic overlap, raising the possibility that some tumors diagnosed as chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma might actually represent malignant chondroblastoma. The H3F3B K36M point mutation, which has not been reported in osteosarcoma, is identified in 95% of chondroblastomas and is reliably detectable by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We reviewed 11 tumors diagnosed as atypical chondroblastoma, malignant chondroblastoma, or chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma (median follow-up: 8.8 years; range: 4 months-26.4 years). Seven chondroblastomas with cytologic atypia and permeative growth were designated "malignant chondroblastoma"; six were H3K36M-positive by IHC. Relative to conventional chondroblastoma, malignant chondroblastoma occurred in older individuals (median: 52 years; range: 29-57 years) and arose at unusual sites. Three of four tumors with long-term follow-up recurred, and one patient died of widespread metastases. One was found to have chromosomal copy number alter4ations and a SETD2 mutation in addition to H3F3B K36M. The four remaining tumors were classified as chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma. Chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma occurred in younger patients (median: 21 years; range: 19-40 years) than malignant chondroblastoma. In contrast to malignant chondroblastoma, all had regions of malignant cells forming bone. Two of three patients with long-term follow-up developed recurrences, and two died of disease, one with widespread metastases. No mutations in H3F3A/H3F3B were detected by Sanger sequencing. While malignant chondroblastoma and chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma show significant morphologic overlap, they have distinct clinical presentations and genetic findings. When considering this challenging differential diagnosis, IHC using histone H3 mutation-specific antibodies is a critical diagnostic adjunct.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Chondroblastoma; Female; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; Histones; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Mutation; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
PubMed: 32601382
DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0604-2 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... 2014Osteosarcoma is a common malignant tumor of bone, but mechanisms underlying its development are still unclear. At present, it is believed that the inhibition of normal... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma is a common malignant tumor of bone, but mechanisms underlying its development are still unclear. At present, it is believed that the inhibition of normal apoptotic mechanisms is one of the reasons for the development of tumors, so specific stimulation of tumor cell apoptosis can be considered as an important therapeutic method. Livin, as a member of the newly discovered inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) family, has specifically high expression in tumor tissues and can inhibit tumor cell apoptosis through multiple ways, which can become a new target for malignant tumor treatment (including osteosarcoma) and might of great significance in the clinical diagnosis of tumors and the screening of anti-tumor agents and carcinoma treatment.
Topics: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Apoptosis; Biomedical Research; Bone Neoplasms; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; Male; Neoplasm Proteins; Osteosarcoma
PubMed: 25374170
DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8577 -
Chinese Journal of Cancer Nov 2010Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is a rare but highly malignant primary bone neoplasm, which is resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. There remains... (Review)
Review
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is a rare but highly malignant primary bone neoplasm, which is resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. There remains uncertainly as to the best treatment of this disease and how to improve its prognosis. In this paper we reported a case of DDCS and reviewed the related literatures in order to provide references to throw a light on the histogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of this disease.
Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bone Neoplasms; Chondrosarcoma; Cisplatin; Doxorubicin; Follow-Up Studies; Hemangioendothelioma; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Methotrexate; Multimodal Imaging; Positron-Emission Tomography; Ribs; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 20979697
DOI: 10.5732/cjc.009.10390 -
Cancer Jun 2006The prognosis for patients who develop dedifferentiation of central chondrosarcoma traditionally has been poor. Because not much has been reported about this rare...
BACKGROUND
The prognosis for patients who develop dedifferentiation of central chondrosarcoma traditionally has been poor. Because not much has been reported about this rare lesion, many uncertainties remain about prognostic factors.
METHODS
In this retrospective study, the clinical, radiographic, and histologic features and the treatments in 123 patients from the Rizzoli Institute were reviewed in an attempt to define which factors may be related to outcome in patients with dedifferentiated central chondrosarcoma.
RESULTS
Among 123 patients who were included in this study, 109 patients were treated at the Rizzoli Institute, and 14 patients were seen in consultation. There were 66 males and 57 females, and their average age was 59 years. The femur (62 patients), pelvis (28 patients), and humerus (20 patients) were the most common locations. Radiographically, a soft tissue mass was present in 87% of patients, and a bimorphic pattern was appreciated in 53% of patients. Histologically, the cartilaginous component was considered Grade 1 in 63% of patients and Grade 2 in 37% of patients. In most patients, the dedifferentiated component showed the features of an osteosarcoma (92 patients), followed by fibrosarcoma (19 patients), and malignant fibrous histiocytoma (9 patients). For 101 patients, surgery was a component of their definitive management. In 25 patients, surgery was combined with chemotherapy. The 2-year and 5-year survival rates were 34% and 24%, respectively. The median survival was 13 months (95% confidence interval, 9-17 months).
CONCLUSIONS
Metastatic disease at diagnosis, malignant fibrous histiocytoma dedifferentiation, and a high percentage of dedifferentiated component were related to poorer outcomes. There was no statistical evidence of any beneficial effect from adjuvant chemotherapy.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Differentiation; Chondrosarcoma; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Therapy; Female; Femur; Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous; Humans; Humerus; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pelvis; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Survival Analysis; Survival Rate; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 16691621
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21936 -
Oncotarget Aug 2016Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common primary malignant bone tumor with high morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. How to improve poor prognosis of OS due to... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common primary malignant bone tumor with high morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. How to improve poor prognosis of OS due to resistance to chemotherapy remains a challenge. Recently, growing findings show activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is associated with OS cell growth, proliferation, metastasis. Targeting mTOR may be a promising therapeutic approach for treating OS. This review summarizes the roles of mTOR pathway in OS and present research status of mTOR inhibitors in the context of OS. In addition, we have attempted to discuss how to design a better treatment project for OS by combining mTOR inhibitor with other drugs.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Enlargement; Cell Proliferation; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteosarcoma; Prognosis; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 27177330
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9305