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The Angle Orthodontist Nov 2009To clarify the relationship between occlusal force and mandibular condyle morphology using clinical data.
OBJECTIVE
To clarify the relationship between occlusal force and mandibular condyle morphology using clinical data.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The subjects were 40 female patients with malocclusion. The mandibular condyle morphology was assessed by using limited cone-beam CT imaging. The maximum occlusal force was calculated by using pressure-sensitive films. Maxillofacial morphologies were analyzed by using data from lateral cephalograms.
RESULTS
Correlation analysis showed that the occlusal force was correlated with the lateral and posterior radii of the condyles, and with the mandibular plane angle to the Frankfort horizontal plane (FH). Moreover, condylar length was significantly correlated with the occlusal plane angle to the FH, the mandibular plane angle to the FH, the ramus inclination, and the posterior facial height (S-Go). Low-occlusal-force patients tended to have smaller mandibular condyles. This size-related difference was more remarkable on the lateral and posterior side.
CONCLUSIONS
Occlusal force influences not only maxillofacial morphology but also mandibular condyle morphology.
Topics: Bite Force; Cephalometry; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Malocclusion; Malocclusion, Angle Class I; Malocclusion, Angle Class II; Malocclusion, Angle Class III; Mandible; Mandibular Condyle; Vertical Dimension; Young Adult
PubMed: 19852595
DOI: 10.2319/120908-620R.1 -
Annual International Conference of the... Jul 2020Temporomandibular joints (TMJ) like a hinge connect the jawbone to the skull. TMJ disorders could cause pain in the jaw joint and the muscles controlling jaw movement....
Temporomandibular joints (TMJ) like a hinge connect the jawbone to the skull. TMJ disorders could cause pain in the jaw joint and the muscles controlling jaw movement. However, the disease cannot be diagnosed until it becomes symptomatic. It has been shown that bone resorption at the condyle articular surface is already evident at initial diagnosis of TMJ Osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, analyzing the bone structure will facilitate the disease diagnosis. The important step towards this analysis is the condyle segmentation. This article deals with a method to automatically segment the temporomandibular joint condyle out of cone beam CT (CBCT) scans. In the proposed method we denoise images and apply 3D active contour and morphological operations to segment the condyle. The experimental results show that the proposed method yields the Dice score of 0.9461 with the standards deviation of 0.0888 when it is applied on CBCT images of 95 patients. This segmentation will allow large datasets to be analyzed more efficiently towards data sciences and machine learning approaches for disease classification.
Topics: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Humans; Mandibular Condyle; Skull; Temporomandibular Joint; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
PubMed: 33018219
DOI: 10.1109/EMBC44109.2020.9175692 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... Oct 2017Mandibular distraction surgery is a critical treatment for jaw deformity. However, abnormal mandibular condylar bone resorption is often seen as complication after...
OBJECTIVE
Mandibular distraction surgery is a critical treatment for jaw deformity. However, abnormal mandibular condylar bone resorption is often seen as complication after surgery. Our previous study using a rat mandibular distraction model suggested that overloading leads to mandibular condylar resorption. Host factors are also believed to influence the resorption. To understand the relationship between host factors and resorption, we investigated the effect of changing bone mass and architecture on the mandibular condyle using FK506.
STUDY DESIGN
FK506, an immunosuppressant, was used to compromise bone mass and architecture in this study. Animals were divided into 4 groups: distraction surgery (Dist), FK506 administration (FK), distraction surgery with FK506 administration (FK + Dist), and no surgery or FK506 administration (Cont).
RESULTS
The FK group showed reduced bone mass and impaired bone architecture. The Dist group exhibited abnormal bone resorption on the surface of the condyles, which was slightly exacerbated in the FK + Dist group. Bone defect length decreased over time as a result of bone apposition in the Dist group. However, in the FK + Dist group, the bone defect length remained the same.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that bone mass and architecture strongly affect the tolerance to the overloading and adaptation with bone apposition in condylar resorption site.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Bone Resorption; Dental Stress Analysis; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Mandibular Condyle; Osteogenesis, Distraction; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tacrolimus
PubMed: 28864292
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.05.472 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Jan 2018The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has the capacity to adapt to external stimuli, and loading changes can affect the position of condyles, as well as the structural and...
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has the capacity to adapt to external stimuli, and loading changes can affect the position of condyles, as well as the structural and cellular components of the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC). This manuscript describes methods for analyzing these changes and a method for altering the loading of the TMJ in mice (i.e., compressive static TMJ loading). The structural evaluation illustrated here is a simple morphometric approach that uses the Digimizer software and is performed in radiographs of small bones. In addition, the analysis of cellular changes leading to alterations in collagen expression, bone remodeling, cell division, and proteoglycan distribution in the MCC is described. The quantification of these changes in histological sections - by counting the positive fluorescent pixels using image software and measuring the distance mapping and stained area with Digimizer - is also demonstrated. The methods shown here are not limited to the murine TMJ, but could be used on additional bones of small experimental animals and in other regions of endochondral ossification.
Topics: Animals; Bone Remodeling; Fibrocartilage; Mandibular Condyle; Mice; Models, Animal; Temporomandibular Joint
PubMed: 29364273
DOI: 10.3791/55998 -
European Radiology Oct 2010To determine age-related differences in the size and shape of the mandibular condyle in children to establish anatomical reference values.
OBJECTIVE
To determine age-related differences in the size and shape of the mandibular condyle in children to establish anatomical reference values.
METHODS
A total of 420 mandibular condyles in 210 children (mean age, 7 years) were retrospectively analysed by using computed tomography (CT) imaging. The greatest left-right (LRD) and anterior-posterior (APD) diameters and the anteversion angles (AA) were measured by two readers. An APD/LRD ratio was calculated. The shape of the condyles was graded into three types on sagittal images. Correlations of parameters with the children's age were assessed by using Pearson's correlation analyses.
RESULTS
The LRD (mean, 14.1 ± 2.4 mm), APD (mean, 7.3 ± 1.0 mm) and LRD/APD ratio (mean, 1.9 ± 0.3) increased (r (LRD) = 0.70, p < 0.01; r (APD) = 0.56, p < 0.01; r (rat) = 0.28, p < 0.01) while the AA (mean, 27 ± 7°) decreased significantly (r (antang) = -0.26, p < 0.001) with age. The condylar shape as determined on sagittal images correlated significantly with age (r = 0.69, p < 0.05). Boys had significantly higher anteversion angles (p < 0.01), greater LRDs (p < 0.05) and greater mean ratios (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The mandibular condyle is subject to significant age-related changes in size and shape during childhood. As the size of the condyles increases with age, the anteversion angles decrease and the shape of the condyle turns from round to oval.
Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mandibular Condyle; Observer Variation; Reference Values; Sex Factors; Temporomandibular Joint; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 20559836
DOI: 10.1007/s00330-010-1828-1 -
Brazilian Oral Research Mar 2017This study aimed at verifying the correlation among angulation of the articular eminence (AE), shape of the condyle and its degenerative bone diseases (DBDs), according...
This study aimed at verifying the correlation among angulation of the articular eminence (AE), shape of the condyle and its degenerative bone diseases (DBDs), according to age and sex, through Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Five hundred and twenty-eight temporomandibular joints (TMJ) were evaluated. The condyles were classified as: flat, convex, angled and rounded, and the AE angulation was measured. The DBDs evaluated were osteophytes, flattening, erosion, subcortical cysts and spinal sclerosis. There was no difference in the mean angulations in relation to age group (p>0.05). In age groups of 60-69 years (p=0.003) and 70 years or over (p=0.021), the angulation was higher in males. There was an association between DBD and sex (p=0.047), in that the prevalence was higher in females. Differences in AE angles were not observed in condyles with one or no DBDs (p>0.05). However, the presence of two or more DBDs led to a decrease in the angle (p<0.05). Angled condyles showed higher AE angulations than the flat and convex types (p<0.01). In conclusion, the AE inclination is influenced by DBD and condyle shape; an association of two or more bone diseases in the condyle, or its flat or convex anatomy, results in a decrease in the angulation.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Diseases; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Retrospective Studies; Sex Factors; Statistics, Nonparametric; Temporomandibular Joint; Young Adult
PubMed: 28380089
DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2017.vol31.0025 -
BMJ Case Reports Nov 2012A 20-year-old young male patient presented with limited mouth opening and cosmetic disfigurement since childhood. On examination, marked mandibular hypoplasia resulting...
A 20-year-old young male patient presented with limited mouth opening and cosmetic disfigurement since childhood. On examination, marked mandibular hypoplasia resulting in a convex facial profile was noted. Further radiographic investigation using orthopantomograph and CT scan with three-dimensional reconstruction revealed bifid mandibular condyle of the right side.
Topics: Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Injuries; Radiography, Panoramic; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Young Adult
PubMed: 23131544
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-007051 -
The Journal of Craniofacial SurgeryThe aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between disc displacement and the presence of reduction by comparing condyle anteroposterior (AP)...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between disc displacement and the presence of reduction by comparing condyle anteroposterior (AP) diameter, condyle height, mandibular fossa AP diameter, and mandibular fossa depth.
METHODS
A total of 588 joints of 294 patients were included in the study for evaluation. Disc displacement and the presence of reduction, condyle AP diameter, condyle height, mandibular fossa AP diameter, and mandibular fossa depth were evaluated.
RESULTS
Of the 588 temporomandibular joint examined in the study, there was disc displacement in 141 (24%) and no disc displacement in 447 (76%). Of the joints with disc displacement, reduction was observed in 53 (9%) and not in 88 (15%).A statistically significant correlation was determined between condyle AP diameter and disc displacement (P = 0.00); in the cases with disc displacement, the condyle AP diameter was measured smaller. A statistically significant correlation was determined with condyle height, mandibular fossa AP diameter, and fossa depth. In the patients with disc displacement, the condyle height value was lower and the measured values of the mandibular fossa AP diameter and mandibular fossa depth were higher (P = 0.00). A statistically significant relationship was determined between the presence of reduction and age, condyle AP diameter, condyle height, and articular eminence depth.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, a deep and wide mandibular fossa, and a short and small condyle lay the ground for disc displacement in the temporomandibular joint.
Topics: Glenoid Cavity; Humans; Joint Dislocations; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mandibular Condyle; Skull Base; Temporomandibular Joint; Temporomandibular Joint Disc
PubMed: 34191767
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000007808 -
Ulusal Travma Ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi =... Jan 2022Mandibular condyle fractures can be treated conservatively by intermaxillary fixation (IMF) or by open reposition and internal fixation. Although many studies have...
BACKGROUND
Mandibular condyle fractures can be treated conservatively by intermaxillary fixation (IMF) or by open reposition and internal fixation. Although many studies have discussed for the optimal treatment method, the issue remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to compare conservative techniques in the mandibular condyle fractures.
METHODS
Twenty four unilateral condyle fracture patients aged between 18 and 48 years were treated according to one of three different modalities. Bracketing, arch bar or mini screw was applied to all non-surgery patients to obtain IMF. Eight patients were treated with only IMF meanwhile eleven patients were treated with one or double-sided amplifier occlusal splint according to the status of fractured segments, in addition to IMF. Remaining five patients have undergone open reduction and fractured segments immobilized with mini plates. Pre- and post-operative images were recorded with a computerized tomography device. Clinical and radiological examinations were performed by orthodontists and surgeons at baseline and at 6 months of treatment.
RESULTS
The condyle lengths of the patients with unilateral fracture after recovery were compared with the unaffected side. The length between the most protruding point of the condyle and the mandible was measured and the length difference was only 5.94 mm in patients who were treated by IMF. The length difference of patients who used brackets and splints was 3.36 mm (p<0.05). The length difference of patients who were repaired by plate screws was 1.80 mm (p>0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the groups in the IMF, occlusal splint and IMF and mini plate groups, between the trauma side and the opposite side. None of the patients developed ankylosis, open mouth, limitation of mouth opening, facial asymmetry, laterognathia, and retrognathia. The occlusion of the patients who were not known to have pre-trauma occlusions were directed, repositioned and provided an appropriate occlusion.
CONCLUSION
The use of IMF with an occlusal splint is a more conservative and acceptable treatment modality than open reduction in selected cases.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bone Screws; Follow-Up Studies; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Humans; Jaw Fixation Techniques; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Fractures; Middle Aged; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 34967439
DOI: 10.14744/tjtes.2020.94992 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Jun 2022This study was conducted to elucidate volumetric data of mandibular condyles of orthognathic patients by analyzing cone beam computed tomography images based upon...
PURPOSE
This study was conducted to elucidate volumetric data of mandibular condyles of orthognathic patients by analyzing cone beam computed tomography images based upon semiautomatic segmentation.
METHODS
Cone beam computed tomography images of 87 patients with malocclusions were analyzed in this retrospective study. Patients were between 17 and 53 years old and diagnosed with Angle class I, II, or III malocclusion. By using the validated open-source software "ITK-SNAP," the volumetric measurements of 174 mandibular condyles were performed. Volumetric analysis was performed according to intra-subject side differences by paired Student t test. In accordance to inter-subject side, gender, age and type of malocclusion differences bivariate analysis and ANOVA were applied.
RESULTS
The mean volume for the right condyle was 1.378 ± 0.447 cm, with a maximum of 2.379 cm and a minimum of 0.121 cm. The mean volume for the left side was 1.435 ± 0.474 cm, with a maximum of 3.264 cm and a minimum of 0.109 cm. Bivariate analysis indicated a highly significant inter-subject difference between the volume of the left and right mandibular condyles (p < 0.01). Females had a significantly smaller condyle volume than males (p < 0.05 left condyle; p < 0.01 right condyle).
CONCLUSION
The fact that shape and volume of mandibular condyles show a high susceptibility to pathological alterations and particularly malocclusions makes a precise knowledge about volumetric changes indispensable. Our results show that significant inter-subject differences in condyle volume could be found with respect to the side and gender. Larger volumes could be assessed for the left condyle and for male patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Female; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Malocclusion; Mandibular Condyle; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 34114116
DOI: 10.1007/s10006-021-00976-6