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Psychiatria Polska 2015This paper looks at some recent developments in the official diagnostic definitions (DSM-5) and in the research domain. The spectrum concept of mood disorders consists... (Review)
Review
This paper looks at some recent developments in the official diagnostic definitions (DSM-5) and in the research domain. The spectrum concept of mood disorders consists of the components of depression and mania, alone or in combination, on a continuum. Its international operational classification changes regularly, being based on symptoms, their duration and consequences. Causation is as yet unknown. DSM-5 excludes unipolar mania and mania with mild depression as separate diagnoses (they come under bipolar I and bipolar II disorders) and introduces a new hierarchy of manic symptoms, placing energy/activity above mood (elated, irritable). This is shown to be problematic on the basis of recent data. The validity of the duration criteria for mania (1 week), hypomania (4 days) and depression (2 weeks) is also seriously questioned. Shorter episodes are clinically very relevant. The definition of mania/hypomania is a persistent problem, contributing to frequent un- derdiagnosis of bipolar disorder in depressed patients. Other contributory factors include that patients often do not feel ill or seek treatment for the consequences of their high mood, and that hypomania can be hidden by substance use disorders (SUD). Hidden hypomanic syndromes are important because associated with treatment resistance, high comorbidity with anxiety/panic and SUD, psychotic and cognitive symptoms, dementia and higher mortality. Anxiety, too, is doubtless a mood disorder but there is still no concept which integrates anxiety with bipolar disorder and depression.
Topics: Behavioral Symptoms; Bipolar Disorder; Diagnostic Errors; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Medical History Taking; Prevalence
PubMed: 26488343
DOI: 10.12740/PP/58259 -
Evidence-based Mental Health Nov 2016Following extensive research exercise has emerged as an effective treatment for major depressive disorder, and it is now a recognised therapy alongside other... (Review)
Review
Following extensive research exercise has emerged as an effective treatment for major depressive disorder, and it is now a recognised therapy alongside other interventions. In contrast, there is a paucity of research examining the therapeutic effects of exercise for those with bipolar disorder. Given that dysfunctional reward processing is central to bipolar disorder, research suggests that exercise can perhaps be framed as a reward-related event that may have the potential to precipitate a manic episode. The behavioural activation system (BAS) is a neurobehavioural system that is associated with responding to reward and provides an appropriate framework to theoretically examine and better understand the effects of exercise treatment on bipolar disorder. This article discusses recent research findings and provides an overview of the extant literature related to the neurobiological underpinnings of BAS and exercise as they relate to bipolar disorder. This is important clinically because depending on mood state in bipolar disorder, we postulate that exercise could be either beneficial or deleterious with positive or negative effects on the illness. Clearly, this complicates the evaluation of exercise as a potential treatment in terms of identifying its optimal characteristics in this population.
Topics: Behavior; Behavior Control; Biomedical Research; Bipolar Disorder; Brain; Depression; Exercise Therapy; Forecasting; Humans
PubMed: 27679680
DOI: 10.1136/eb-2016-102430 -
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Dec 2023Mania is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with undefined pathological mechanism. Here, we reviewed current knowledge indicating the potential involvement of autophagy... (Review)
Review
AIMS
Mania is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with undefined pathological mechanism. Here, we reviewed current knowledge indicating the potential involvement of autophagy dysregulation in mania and further discussed whether targeting autophagy could be a promising strategy for mania therapy.
DISCUSSIONS
Accumulating evidence indicated the involvement of autophagy in the pathology of mania. One of the most well-accepted mechanisms underlying mania, circadian dysregulation, showed mutual interaction with autophagy dysfunction. In addition, several first-line drugs for mania therapy were found to regulate neuronal autophagy. Besides, deficiencies in mitochondrial quality control, neurotransmission, and ion channel, which showed causal links to mania, were intimately associated with autophagy dysfunction.
CONCLUSIONS
Although more efforts should be made to either identify the key pathology of mania, the current evidence supported that autophagy dysregulation may act as a possible mechanism involved in the onset of mania-like symptoms. It is therefore a potential strategy to treat manic disorder by correting autophagy.
Topics: Humans; Mania; Bipolar Disorder
PubMed: 37438945
DOI: 10.1111/cns.14353 -
European Neuropsychopharmacology : the... Aug 2023The present systematic review was aimed at critically summarizing the evidence about treatment-emergent manic/hypomanic and depressive switches during the course of... (Review)
Review
A systematic review of manic/hypomanic and depressive switches in patients with bipolar disorder in naturalistic settings: The role of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs.
The present systematic review was aimed at critically summarizing the evidence about treatment-emergent manic/hypomanic and depressive switches during the course of bipolar disorder (BD). A systematic search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycInfo electronic databases was conducted until March 24th, 2021, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Observational studies clearly reporting data regarding the prevalence of treatment-emergent mood switches in patients with BD were considered for inclusion. Thirty-two original studies met the inclusion criteria. In the majority of cases, manic switches were analyzed; only 3 papers investigated depressive switches in type I BD. Treatment-emergent mania/hypomania in BD subjects ranged from 17.3% to 48.8% and was more frequent with antidepressant monotherapy compared to combination treatment with mood stabilizers, especially lithium, or second-generation antipsychotics. A higher likelihood of mood switch has been reported with tricyclics and a lower rate with bupropion. Depressive switches were detected in 5-16% of type I BD subjects and were associated with first-generation antipsychotic use, the concomitant use of first- and second-generation antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines. The included studies presented considerable methodological heterogeneity, small sample sizes and comparability flaws. In conclusion, many studies, although heterogeneous and partly discordant, have been conducted on manic/hypomanic switches, whereas depressive switches during treatment with antipsychotics are poorly investigated. In BD subjects, both antidepressant and antipsychotic medications seems to play a role in the occurrence of mood switches, although the effects of different pharmacological compounds have yet to be fully investigated.
Topics: Humans; Bipolar Disorder; Antipsychotic Agents; Mania; Antidepressive Agents; Lithium
PubMed: 37119556
DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.04.013 -
Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki 2020The clinical and diagnostic debate circulating pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) has been highlighted as one of the most controversial themes in child psychiatry. With... (Review)
Review
The clinical and diagnostic debate circulating pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) has been highlighted as one of the most controversial themes in child psychiatry. With atypical symptomatic expression, constituting its predominant diagnostic discrepancy, PBD is manifested through prolonged manic episodes and affective storms, lacking the symptomatic cycling and episodic nature presented in adult BD. Apart from its unique clinical presentation, the substantial symptomatic overlap with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) indicate an important diagnostic challenge in PBD. Specifically, both disorders share core characteristics such as irritability, hyperactivity, excessive talking and distractibility. Against this background of findings on the overlapping symptomatology between PBD and ADHD, current research guidelines highlight the need of exploring non-symptomatic markers as potential clinical phenotypes. Especially in disorders with distinctive biologic underpinnings, both clinicians and researchers have shown increased interest in establishing neuropsychological profiles. Recent neuropsychological studies indicated the distinct nature of neurocognitive deficits in PBD, describing impairments in various cognitive skills during acute episodes phases, while this severe deterioration of cognitive deficits appears to persist even during euthymic states. Regarding neuropsychological assessment in AHD, recent findings suggested dysfunctions in the domains of working memory, verbal memory and response inhibition. Furthermore, neuroimaging studies are fast becoming a key instrument to establish distinct neuropsychological profiles for PBD and ADHD. A large number of neuroimaging studies have indicated abnormalities in limbic, cortical and subcortical brain systems, while meta-analytic findings of voxel based morphometric studies highlight abnormalities in dorsolateral and lateral orbitofrontal-temporal areas in PBD. In recent neuroimaging findings with focus on neurocognitive performance during an emotional Stroop task, patients diagnosed with ADHD indicated activation on higher cortical centres associated with processing speed and significantly decreased role of sustained attention. Furthermore, these findings suggest emotional regulation and inhibitory control are moderately intercorrelated, adding more complexity to the theme of neurocognitive deficits in ADHD. These observations on the neurobiological mechanisms of cognitive impairments in PBD appear to provide robust evidence on a potential specific neuropsychological profile of PBD, the relationship between mood states and neuropsychological functioning, and the link between emotion generation and regulation in children with PBD.
Topics: Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Bipolar Disorder; Child; Child Psychiatry; Humans; Neuroimaging; Neuropsychological Tests; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
PubMed: 33361063
DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2020.314.332 -
CNS Spectrums Apr 2017Mixed states in bipolar disorder have been neglected, and the data concerning treatment of these conditions have been relatively obscure. To address this, we... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Mixed states in bipolar disorder have been neglected, and the data concerning treatment of these conditions have been relatively obscure. To address this, we systematically reviewed published pharmacological treatment data for "mixed states/episodes" in mood disorders, including "with mixed features" in DSM-5. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, and controlled-trials.com (with different combinations of the following keywords: "mixed states/features," "bipolar," "depressive symptoms/bipolar depression," "manic symptoms," "treatment," "DSM-5") through to October 2016. We applied a quality-of-evidence approach: first-degree evidence=randomized placebo-controlled studies of pharmacological interventions used as monotherapy; second-degree evidence=a similar design in the absence of a placebo or of a combination therapy as a comparative group; third-degree evidence=case reports, case series, and reviews of published studies. We found very few primary double-blind, placebo-controlled studies on the treatment of mixed states: the preponderance of available data derives from subgroup analysis performed on studies that originally involved manic patients. Future research should study the effects of treatments in mixed states defined using current criteria.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Antimanic Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder, Major; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28416033
DOI: 10.1017/S1092852917000013 -
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and... 2020Previous studies have documented manic and hypomanic symptoms in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), suggesting a relationship between bipolar disorder... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Previous studies have documented manic and hypomanic symptoms in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), suggesting a relationship between bipolar disorder and bvFTD.
METHODS
The investigators conducted a literature review as well as a review of the psychiatric histories of 137 patients with bvFTD, and patients with a prior diagnosis of bipolar disorder were identified. The clinical characteristics of patients' bipolar disorder diagnosis, family history, features of bvFTD, and results from fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), as well as autopsy findings, were evaluated.
RESULTS
Among the 137 patients, 14 (10.2%) had a psychiatric diagnosis of bipolar disorder, eight of whom met criteria for bipolar disorder (type I, N=6; type II, N=2) 6-12 years preceding onset of classic symptoms of progressive bvFTD. Seven of the eight patients with bipolar disorder had a family history of mood disorders, four had bitemporal predominant hypometabolism on FDG-PET, and two had a tauopathy involving temporal lobes on autopsy. Three additional patients with late-onset bipolar I disorder proved to have a nonprogressive disorder mimicking bvFTD. The remaining three patients with bvFTD had prior psychiatric symptoms that did not meet criteria for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. The literature review and the findings for one patient further suggested a shared genetic mutation in some patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Manic or hypomanic episodes years before other symptoms of bvFTD may be a prodrome of this dementia, possibly indicating anterior temporal involvement in bvFTD. Other patients with late-onset bipolar disorder exhibit the nonprogressive frontotemporal dementia phenocopy syndrome. Finally, a few patients with bvFTD have a genetic predisposition for both disorders.
Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Frontotemporal Dementia; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mania; Middle Aged; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prodromal Symptoms; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32498603
DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20010003 -
The Primary Care Companion For CNS... May 2021
Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Humans; Ketamine; Mania
PubMed: 34000155
DOI: 10.4088/PCC.20l02811 -
American Family Physician Mar 2012Bipolar disorders are common, disabling, recurrent mental health conditions of variable severity. Onset is often in late childhood or early adolescence. Patients with... (Review)
Review
Bipolar disorders are common, disabling, recurrent mental health conditions of variable severity. Onset is often in late childhood or early adolescence. Patients with bipolar disorders have higher rates of other mental health disorders and general medical conditions. Early recognition and treatment of bipolar disorders improve outcomes. Treatment of mood episodes depends on the presenting phase of illness: mania, hypomania, mixed state, depression, or maintenance. Psychotherapy and mood stabilizers, such as lithium, anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics, are first-line treatments that should be continued indefinitely because of the risk of relapse. Monotherapy with antidepressants is contraindicated in mixed states, manic episodes, and bipolar I disorder. Maintenance therapy for patients involves screening for suicidal ideation and substance abuse, evaluating adherence to treatment, and recognizing metabolic complications of pharmacotherapy. Active management of body weight reduces complications and improves lipid control. Patients and their support systems should be educated about mood relapse, suicidal ideation, and the effectiveness of early intervention to reduce complications.
Topics: Antimanic Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Humans; Psychotherapy; United States
PubMed: 22534227
DOI: No ID Found -
Bipolar Disorders Jun 2013Analyses of seasonal variation of manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder in retrospective studies examining admission data have yielded conflicting results.... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVES
Analyses of seasonal variation of manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder in retrospective studies examining admission data have yielded conflicting results. We examined seasonal variation of mood symptoms in a prospective cohort with long-term follow-up: the Collaborative Depression Study (CDS).
METHODS
The CDS included participants from five academic centers with a prospective diagnosis of bipolar I or II disorder. The sample was limited to those who were followed for at least 10 years of annual or semi-annual assessments. Time series analyses and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were used to assess seasonal patterns of manic and depressive symptoms.
RESULTS
A total of 314 individuals were analyzed (bipolar I disorder, n = 202; bipolar II disorder, n = 112), with both disorders exhibiting the lowest frequency of depressive symptoms in summer and the highest around the winter solstice, though the winter peak in symptoms was statistically significant only with bipolar I disorder. Variation of manic symptoms was more pronounced in bipolar II disorder, with a significant peak in hypomanic symptomatology in the months surrounding the fall equinox.
CONCLUSIONS
Significant seasonal variation exists in bipolar disorder, with manic/hypomanic symptoms peaking around the fall equinox and depressive symptoms peaking in the months surrounding the winter solstice in bipolar I disorder.
Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Depression; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Seasons; United States
PubMed: 23621686
DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12072