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Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2022Numerous antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance studies have been conducted in North American feedlot cattle to investigate the major bacterial pathogens of the... (Review)
Review
Numerous antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance studies have been conducted in North American feedlot cattle to investigate the major bacterial pathogens of the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex, specifically: , , , and . While most bacterial isolates recovered from healthy cattle are susceptible to a repertoire of antimicrobials, multidrug resistance is common in isolates recovered from cattle suffering from BRD. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) have gained increasing notoriety in BRD- as they appear to play a key role in the concentration and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant genes. Likewise, low macrolide susceptibility has been described in feedlot isolates of . Horizontal gene transfer has also been implicated in the spread of AMR within mycoplasmas, and experiments have shown that exposure to antimicrobials can generate high levels of resistance in mycoplasmas via a single conjugative event. Consequently, antimicrobial use (AMU) could be accelerating AMR horizontal transfer within all members of the bacterial BRD complex. While metagenomics has been applied to the study of AMR in the microbiota of the respiratory tract, the potential role of the respiratory tract microbiome as an AMR reservoir remains uncertain. Current and prospective molecular tools to survey and characterize AMR need to be adapted as point-of-care technologies to enhance prudent AMU in the beef industry.
PubMed: 35453238
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040487 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) represents a significant burden to the health of feedlot cattle and the profitability of the beef industry in the US. is widely...
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) represents a significant burden to the health of feedlot cattle and the profitability of the beef industry in the US. is widely regarded as the primary bacterial pathogen driving acute BRD. While is most commonly implicated in chronic cases of BRD, this agent's potential role in acute stages of BRD is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate potential associations between and during acute BRD in feedlot cattle. Nasal swabs ( = 1,044) were collected over time from feedlot cattle ( = 270) enrolled in an experiment assessing the effect of vaccination for Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV). Swabs were analyzed for detection of , and BRSV multiplex qPCR assays. Data were analyzed using inverse conditional probability weighted (ICPW) logistic regression models to investigate potential effects of presence on arrival (d0), day seven (d7) and day 14 (d14) post-arrival on prevalence on day 28 (d28) post-arrival, adjusting for the previous history of , BRSV, BRD morbidity, and body weight. The potential association between time-to-BRD detection and presence on d0, d7, and d14 post-arrival, was inferred an ICPW time-to-event model. The presence of in nasal swabs collected on d7 post-arrival was significantly associated with an increase in the prevalence of on d28 (prevalence difference: 45%; 95% Confidence Interval: 31%, 60%; -value < 0.001). Significant time-varying coefficients for presence were detected at d0, d7, and d14 post-arrival in the ICPW time-to-event model (-value < 0.001). The shortest median time-to-BRD detection was 29 days in cattle that were positive on d0, d7, and d14 post-arrival and in those that were positive on d0 and d14 post-arrival. Under the conditions of this study, our findings suggest that may be influencing the respiratory environment during the acute phase of BRD, increasing the abundance of , which could have important impacts on the occurrence of BRD.
PubMed: 35979489
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946792 -
Nutrients Oct 2021Emerging antimicrobial-resistant pathogens highlight the importance of developing novel interventions. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of...
Emerging antimicrobial-resistant pathogens highlight the importance of developing novel interventions. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) in calf lung infections and in airway epithelial cells stimulated with pathogens, and/or bacterial components. During a natural exposure, 100 male calves were fed milk replacer with or without FOS for 8 weeks. Then, immune parameters and cytokine/chemokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood were measured, and clinical scores were investigated. Calf primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) and human airway epithelial cells (A549) were treated with , lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and/or flagellin, with or without FOS pretreatment. Thereafter, the cytokine/chemokine levels and epithelial barrier function were examined. Relative to the control (naturally occurring lung infections), FOS-fed calves had greater macrophage numbers in BALF and lower interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, and IL-1β concentrations in the BALF and blood. However, FOS did not affect the clinical scores. At slaughter, FOS-fed calves had a lower severity of lung lesions compared to the control. Ex vivo, FOS prevented -induced epithelial barrier dysfunction. Moreover, FOS reduced - and flagellin-induced (but not LPS-induced) IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6 release in PBECs and A549 cells. Overall, FOS had anti-inflammatory properties during the natural incidence of lung infections but had no effects on clinical symptoms.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cattle; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelial Cells; Lung; Mannheimia haemolytica; Oligosaccharides; Pasteurella multocida; Pneumonia of Calves, Enzootic
PubMed: 34684515
DOI: 10.3390/nu13103514 -
Veterinary World Sep 2015This study was aimed to detect Mannheimia haemolytica in lung tissues of sheep and from a bacterial culture.
AIM
This study was aimed to detect Mannheimia haemolytica in lung tissues of sheep and from a bacterial culture.
INTRODUCTION
M. haemolytica is one of the most important and well-established etiological agents of pneumonia in sheep and other ruminants throughout the world. Accurate diagnosis of M. haemolytica primarily relies on bacteriological examination, biochemical characteristics and, biotyping and serotyping of the isolates. In an effort to facilitate rapid M. haemolytica detection, polymerase chain reaction assay targeting Pasteurella haemolytica serotype-1 specific antigens (PHSSA), Rpt2 and 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes were used to detect M. haemolytica directly from lung tissues and from bacterial culture.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 12 archived lung tissues from sheep that died of pneumonia on an organized farm were used. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) based on two-amplicons targeted PHSSA and Rpt2 genes of M. haemolytica were used for identification of M. haemolytica isolates in culture from the lung samples. All the 12 lung tissue samples were tested for the presence M. haemolytica by PHSSA and Rpt2 genes based PCR and its confirmation by sequencing of the amplicons.
RESULTS
All the 12 lung tissue samples tested for the presence of PHSSA and Rpt2 genes of M. haemolytica by mPCR were found to be positive. Amplification of 12S rRNA gene fragment as internal amplification control was obtained with each mPCR reaction performed from DNA extracted directly from lung tissue samples. All the M. haemolytica were also positive for mPCR. No amplified DNA bands were observed for negative control reactions. All the three nucleotide sequences were deposited in NCBI GenBank (Accession No. KJ534629, KJ534630 and KJ534631). Sequencing of the amplified products revealed the identity of 99-100%, with published sequence of PHSSA and Rpt2 genes of M. haemolytica available in the NCBI database. Sheep specific mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence also revealed the identity of 98% with published sequences in the NCBI database.
CONCLUSION
The present study emphasized the PCR as a valuable tool for rapid detection of M. haemolytica in clinical samples from animals. In addition, it offers the opportunity to perform large-scale epidemiological studies regarding the role of M. haemolytica in clinical cases of pneumonia and other disease manifestations in sheep and other ruminants, thereby providing the basis for effective preventive strategies.
PubMed: 27047201
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1073-1077 -
Veterinary Sciences Nov 2020(.) and () are the most two common pathogenic bacterial agents causing pneumonia in calves. Both bacteria are associated with significant economic losses in the...
(.) and () are the most two common pathogenic bacterial agents causing pneumonia in calves. Both bacteria are associated with significant economic losses in the cattle industry due to high morbidity and mortality rates, especially in the case of severe infections. The objectives of the present study were to perform serotyping and genotyping, as well as characterization of the virulence-associated genes in 48 bacterial isolates; 33 and 15 . All strains were isolated from pneumonic cattle calves showing respiratory manifestations such as fever, nasal discharges, and rapid breathing in North Upper Egypt governorates (Beni-Suef and El-Fayoum). PCR was applied as a confirmatory test using a specific universal gene, 1, and 2 for and , respectively. The results show that 29 (87.9%) and 15 (100%) isolates were positive for the corresponding universal gene. The results of serotyping indicate that 86.2% of isolates belonged to serotype B:2, while 13.8% were untyped. Meanwhile, 60% and 40% of isolates belonged to serotype 2 and serotype 1, respectively. Investigation of virulence-associated genes showed that all the tested isolates harbored B, 87, and A genes. Four isolates harbored both and C genes and of these, three isolates harbored the gene. Sequencing of A gene of and C gene of in the current strains indicated a great homology with strains uploaded in gene banks from different hosts and localities worldwide.
PubMed: 33182747
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040174 -
PloS One 2023Bronchopneumonia is a common respiratory disease in livestock. Mannheimia haemolytica is considered the main causative pathogen leading to lung damage in sheep, with...
Bronchopneumonia is a common respiratory disease in livestock. Mannheimia haemolytica is considered the main causative pathogen leading to lung damage in sheep, with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and ParaInfluenza virus type 3, combined with adverse physical and physiological stress, being predisposing factors. A balance of humoral and cellular immunity is thought to be important for protection against developing respiratory disease. In the current study, we compared the ability of the trehalose glycolipid adjuvant C18Brar (C18-alkylated brartemicin analogue) and three commercially available adjuvant systems i.e., Quil-A, Emulsigen-D, and a combination of Quil-A and aluminium hydroxide gel, to stimulate antibody and cellular immune responses to antigens from inactivated whole cells of M. haemolytica and M. ovipneumoniae in sheep. C18Brar and Emulsigen-D induced the strongest antigen-specific antibody responses to both M. haemolytica and M. ovipneumoniae, while C18Brar and Quil-A promoted the strongest antigen-specific IL-17A responses. The expression of genes with known immune functions was determined in antigen-stimulated blood cultures using Nanostring nCounter technology. The expression levels of CD40, IL22, TGFB1, and IL2RA were upregulated in antigen-stimulated blood cultures from animals vaccinated with C18Brar, which is consistent with T-cell activation. Collectively, the results demonstrate that C18Brar can promote both antibody and cellular responses, notably Th17 immune responses in a ruminant species.
Topics: Sheep; Animals; Mannheimia haemolytica; Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae; Trehalose; T-Lymphocytes; Antibodies; Immunity; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 36656850
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278853 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2023Respiratory diseases caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) have been known to result in a considerable loss due to...
Identification of serotypes of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from pneumonic cases of sheep and goats and their antimicrobial sensitivity profiles in Borana and Arsi zones, Ethiopia.
Respiratory diseases caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) have been known to result in a considerable loss due to mortality and reduced production. This study aimed at isolation and identification of M. haemolytica and P. multocida associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats using bacteriological and molecular techniques. Identification of serotypes of M. haemolytica and P. multocida was done using indirect haemagglutination test. The in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of the M. haemolytica were tested using standard disk diffusion method. A total of 52 and 78 nasal swabs were collected from pneumonic cases for bacterial isolation and identification in Borana and Arsi zone, respectively. Four hundred sera samples were collected for identification of serotypes. The results showed that 17 of 52 (32.69%; 95% CI 20.33, 47.11) nasal swabs collected from pneumonic animals in Borana yielded positive results for Pasteurella/Mannheimia species, 13 (25.00%; 95% CI 14.03, 38.95) of which were M. haemolytica. None of the samples yielded P. multocida. Twenty-three of 78 (29.49%; 95% CI 19.69, 40.89) nasal swabs collected at Arsi from pneumonic animals yielded positive results for M. haemolytica (17) and P. multocida (6). Secondary biochemical characterization revealed that 14 of the 17 isolates conform to M. haemolytica whereas none of the 6 isolates suspected to be P. mutocida were confirmed. Eleven (84.62%) isolates from Borana and 4 (28.57%) from Arsi were confirmed to be M. haemolytica using PCR targeting the Rpt2 genes. Assay for M. haemolytica serotype A1 revealed all belong to A1. None of the isolates with cultural and morphological features of P. multocida gave positive results by molecular assay. Serological assay identified three serotypes of M. haemolytica namely A1, A2 and A7 almost in all of the samples whereas P. multocida serotype A was detected in 78.75% of the samples. The M. haemolytica isolates tested for susceptibility to antibiotics showed resistance against Bacitracin (83.33%) and Penicillin (50.00%) while they were found susceptible to Gentamycin (100%), Chloramphenicol (100%) and Sulfamethoxazole (100%) and Tetracycline (83.33%). In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed the association of M. haemolytica with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats and can be of use in vaccine development in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, further investigations and continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and appropriate selection and prudent use of antimicrobials in livestock sector are required.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Sheep; Mannheimia haemolytica; Pasteurella multocida; Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic; Serogroup; Ethiopia; Goats; Pasteurella; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 37268660
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36026-2 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2015Mannheimia haemolytica is an important etiological agent in bovine respiratory disease.
BACKGROUND
Mannheimia haemolytica is an important etiological agent in bovine respiratory disease.
OBJECTIVES
Explore risk factors for recovery of susceptible and resistant M. haemolytica in feedlot cattle and explore associations with health outcomes.
ANIMALS
Cattle (n = 5,498) from 4 feedlots sampled at arrival and later in feeding period.
METHODS
Susceptibility of M. haemolytica isolates tested for 21 antimicrobials. Records of antimicrobial use and health events analyzed using multivariable regression.
RESULTS
M. haemolytica recovered from 29% of cattle (1,596/5,498), 13.1% at arrival (95% CI, 12.3-14.1%), and 19.8% at second sampling (95% CI, 18.7-20.9%). Nearly half of study cattle received antimicrobial drugs (AMDs) parenterally, mostly as metaphylactic treatment at arrival. Individual parenteral AMD exposures were associated with decreased recovery of M. haemolytica (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.02-1.2), whereas exposure in penmates was associated with increased recovery (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.05-2.2). Most isolates were pan-susceptible (87.8%; 95% CI, 87.0-89.4%). AMD exposures were not associated with resistance to any single drug. Multiply-resistant isolates were rare (5.9%; 95% CI, 5.1-6.9%), but AMD exposures in pen mates were associated with increased odds of recovering multiply-resistant M. haemolytica (OR, 23.9; 95% CI, 8.4-68.3). Cattle positive for M. haemolytica on arrival were more likely to become ill within 10 days (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Resistance generally was rare in M. haemolytica. Antimicrobial drug exposures in penmates increased the risk of isolating susceptible and multiply-resistant M. haemolytica, a finding that could be explained by contagious spread.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Mannheimia haemolytica; Multivariate Analysis; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Risk Factors; Seasons
PubMed: 25818224
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12547 -
Veterinary Microbiology Nov 2021The aim of the investigation was to predict the serotypes of M. haemolytica based on whole genomic sequences with the capsular gene region as target. A total of 22...
The aim of the investigation was to predict the serotypes of M. haemolytica based on whole genomic sequences with the capsular gene region as target. A total of 22 strains selected to have been serotyped and to represent all serotypes were investigated by whole genomic sequencing. The BIGSdb (Bacterial Isolate Genome Sequence Database) was downloaded and installed on a Linux server. Here the sequence database was setup with unique loci at serotype level. The server allows serotypes of M. haemolytica to be predicted from whole genomic sequences and the service is available to the public for free from https://ivsmlst.sund.root.ku.dk.
Topics: Animals; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Mannheimia haemolytica; Serogroup; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 34509701
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109232 -
Veterinary World May 2018is a Gram-negative, non-motile, and non-spore-forming rod-shaped coccobacillus bacterium. On blood agar plate, it shows complete hemolysis. This bacterium constitutes a...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
is a Gram-negative, non-motile, and non-spore-forming rod-shaped coccobacillus bacterium. On blood agar plate, it shows complete hemolysis. This bacterium constitutes a part of normal flora of the upper respiratory system of ruminants. It is considered as the opportunistic pathogen and the main factor of pneumonic pasteurellosis, which has caused a severe economic loss in sheep and cattle industries. Considering the prevalence of the disease in sheep and goat population in the dry and hot regions of the country in general and in Fars province in particular in the form of pneumonia, the purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the bacterium from the lung tissues of sheep slaughtered in Shiraz abattoir through culturing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, a total of 2500 sheep's lungs were evaluated for finding pneumonic effects. Then, 161 infected pneumonic samples of lung tissues were investigated by culture and PCR methods.
RESULTS
After cultivation, purification, and DNA extraction, 38 samples were found positive for by cultivation and then all the 38 isolates were confirmed by PCR and multiplex PCR (mPCR). Results of this study indicated that culture and PCR are both practical in identification and isolation of this bacterium though culture is more time-consuming. The utilized mPCR has been more successful in the identification of the bacteria since it requires less time and cost.
CONCLUSION
In this study, PCR as a superior method among other methods of bacteriology for fast examination of infectious diseases and mPCR, which is a valuable tool for identification of . in clinical samples of animals, was used.
PubMed: 29915502
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.636-641