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British Journal of Haematology Jan 2018Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous group of tumours with distinct treatment paradigms, but in all cases the goal of treatment is to maximize quality and... (Review)
Review
Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous group of tumours with distinct treatment paradigms, but in all cases the goal of treatment is to maximize quality and duration of remission while minimizing therapy-related toxicity. Identification of persistent disease or relapse is most often the trigger to intensify or re-initiate anti-neoplastic therapy, respectively. In the current era of NHL treatment, this determination is mostly based on imaging and clinical evaluations, tools with imperfect sensitivity and specificity. The availability of minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring could transform treatment paradigms by allowing intensification of treatment in at-risk patients or early intervention for impending relapse. Novel methods based on polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing are now being studied in NHL with promising results. This review outlines the current status of the field in the use of MRD techniques for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Specifically, we address their demonstrated and potential clinical utility in risk stratification, monitoring of remission status, and guiding interim and post-treatment escalation. Future applications of these techniques could identify novel markers of MRD, improve initial treatment selection, guide treatment escalation or de-escalation, and allow for real-time monitoring of patterns of clonal evolution, which together could redefine NHL treatment paradigms.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Flow Cytometry; Genomics; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Neoplasm, Residual; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 29076131
DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14996 -
MethodsX 2021Radioactive decay of unstable isotopes is one of the main heat sources in the early stages of planetary formation as well as in the mantle of terrestrial planets....
Radioactive decay of unstable isotopes is one of the main heat sources in the early stages of planetary formation as well as in the mantle of terrestrial planets. Laboratory studies characterized by Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers in the range relevant for planetary bodies had remained beyond the ability of the experimental approach until the development of a new technique based on microwave heating. Using this technique, we performed a series of experiments focused on the thermal evolution of an internally heated viscous fluid cooled from above. We established a steady-state scaling law relying the internal temperature variation to the Rayleigh number and we showed that this scaling law remains valid during the transitory regime provided both internal heating and secular evolution of the temperature are taken into account. The result is a parameterized model describing the average internal temperature of the fluid as a function of time in terms of experimental conditions and fluid properties.•We generated a uniform and stable volume heat source in a large volume tank, based on absorption of microwaves guided through an innovative design of microwave circuits.•Automatic laser scanning of the tank coupled with image acquisition and processing enables us the measurement of the 3D temperature field in the convective fluid from which we extracted the volume average temperature and surface heat flux evolution in time.•We validated a transient scaling law for the time evolution of the volume average temperature in an internally-heated convective system.
PubMed: 34434747
DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101224 -
Journal of Hematology & Oncology Sep 2020The clinical impact of minimal residual disease detection at early time points or during follow-ups has been shown to accurately predict relapses among patients with... (Review)
Review
The clinical impact of minimal residual disease detection at early time points or during follow-ups has been shown to accurately predict relapses among patients with lymphomas, mainly in follicular and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The field of minimal residual disease testing in mantle cell lymphoma is still evolving but has great impact in determining the prognosis. Flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction-based testing are most commonly used methods in practice; however, these methods are not sensitive enough to detect the dynamic changes that underline lymphoma progression. Newer methods using next-generation sequencing, such as ClonoSeq, are being incorporated in clinical trials. Other techniques under evolution include CAPP-seq and anchored multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based methods. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive update on the status of minimal residual disease detection and its prognostic effect in mantle cell patients. The role of circulating tumor DNA-based minimal residual disease detection in lymphomas is also discussed.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14; Cyclin D1; DNA, Neoplasm; Flow Cytometry; Forecasting; Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; Liquid Biopsy; Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Neoplasm, Residual; Prognosis; Translocation, Genetic
PubMed: 32972438
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00961-8 -
National Science Review Oct 2023It has long been established that plastic flow in the asthenosphere interacts constantly with the overlying lithosphere and plays a pivotal role in controlling the...
It has long been established that plastic flow in the asthenosphere interacts constantly with the overlying lithosphere and plays a pivotal role in controlling the occurrence of geohazards such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Unfortunately, accurately characterizing the direction and lateral extents of the mantle flow field is notoriously difficult, especially in oceanic areas where deployment of ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) is expensive and thus rare. In this study, by applying shear wave splitting analyses to a dataset recorded by an OBS array that we deployed between mid-2019 and mid-2020 in the South China Sea (SCS), we show that the dominant mantle flow field has a NNW-SSE orientation, which can be attributed to mantle flow extruded from the Tibetan Plateau by the ongoing Indian-Eurasian collision. In addition, the results suggest that E-W oriented flow fields observed in South China and the Indochina Peninsula do not extend to the central SCS.
PubMed: 37671331
DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad176 -
Acta Haematologica 2013Although survival rates for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), especially in children, have shown dramatic improvement over time, poor outcomes are still observed in... (Review)
Review
Although survival rates for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), especially in children, have shown dramatic improvement over time, poor outcomes are still observed in patients who have refractory or relapsed disease after conventional chemotherapy. New therapeutic options are urgently needed. Bortezomib (Velcade, formerly PS-341) is the first proteasome inhibitor approved by the US FDA for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Although the mechanisms of bortezomib anticancer activity are still not completely understood, it is a new treatment option for patients with refractory or relapsed ALL, particularly when used in combination with conventional chemotherapy or targeted agents. This review summarizes recent advancements in the understanding of the bortezomib molecular mechanism of action in ALL. Understanding of the molecular approaches might help customize cancer chemotherapy for each individual patient, directing the field towards rational therapeutics.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Boronic Acids; Bortezomib; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Pyrazines; Signal Transduction; Thrombocytopenia; Valproic Acid
PubMed: 23295437
DOI: 10.1159/000345260 -
Nature Communications Feb 2022Liquid-liquid immiscibility has been widely observed in iron alloy systems at ambient pressure and is important for the structure and dynamics in iron cores of rocky...
Liquid-liquid immiscibility has been widely observed in iron alloy systems at ambient pressure and is important for the structure and dynamics in iron cores of rocky planets. While such previously known liquid immiscibility has been demonstrated to disappear at relatively low pressures, here we report immiscible S(±Si,O)-rich liquid and H(±C)-rich liquid above ~20 GPa, corresponding to conditions of the Martian core. Mars' cosmochemically estimated core composition is likely in the miscibility gap, and the separation of two immiscible liquids could have driven core convection and stable stratification, which explains the formation and termination of the Martian planetary magnetic field. In addition, we observed liquid immiscibility in Fe-S-H(±Si,O,C) at least to 118 GPa, suggesting that it can occur in the Earth's topmost outer core and form a low-velocity layer below the core-mantle boundary.
PubMed: 35115522
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28274-z -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jan 2022Light elements in Earth's core play a key role in driving convection and influencing geodynamics, both of which are crucial to the geodynamo. However, the thermal...
Light elements in Earth's core play a key role in driving convection and influencing geodynamics, both of which are crucial to the geodynamo. However, the thermal transport properties of iron alloys at high-pressure and -temperature conditions remain uncertain. Here we investigate the transport properties of solid hexagonal close-packed and liquid Fe-Si alloys with 4.3 and 9.0 wt % Si at high pressure and temperature using laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments and first-principles molecular dynamics and dynamical mean field theory calculations. In contrast to the case of Fe, Si impurity scattering gradually dominates the total scattering in Fe-Si alloys with increasing Si concentration, leading to temperature independence of the resistivity and less electron-electron contribution to the conductivity in Fe-9Si. Our results show a thermal conductivity of ∼100 to 110 W⋅m⋅K for liquid Fe-9Si near the topmost outer core. If Earth's core consists of a large amount of silicon (e.g., > 4.3 wt %) with such a high thermal conductivity, a subadiabatic heat flow across the core-mantle boundary is likely, leaving a 400- to 500-km-deep thermally stratified layer below the core-mantle boundary, and challenges proposed thermal convection in Fe-Si liquid outer core.
PubMed: 34969863
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119001119 -
Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 2022The mesoderm gives rise to several key morphological features of bilaterian animals including endoskeletal elements and the musculature. A number of regulatory genes...
UNLABELLED
The mesoderm gives rise to several key morphological features of bilaterian animals including endoskeletal elements and the musculature. A number of regulatory genes involved in mesoderm and/or muscle formation (e.g., (), (), , ()) have been identified chiefly from chordates and the ecdysozoans and , but data for non-model protostomes, especially those belonging to the ecdysozoan sister clade, Lophotrochozoa (e.g., flatworms, annelids, mollusks), are only beginning to emerge. Within the lophotrochozoans, Mollusca constitutes the most speciose and diverse phylum. Interestingly, however, information on the morphological and molecular underpinnings of key ontogenetic processes such as mesoderm formation and myogenesis remains scarce even for prominent molluscan sublineages such as the bivalves. Here, we investigated myogenesis and developmental expression of , , , and in the quagga mussel , an invasive freshwater bivalve and an emerging model in invertebrate evodevo. We found that all four genes are expressed during mesoderm formation, but some show additional, individual sites of expression during ontogeny. While and are involved in early myogenesis, is also expressed in the embryonic shell field and is additionally present in the foregut. Comparative analysis suggests that has an ancestral role in mesoderm and possibly muscle formation in bilaterians, while and are conserved regulators of mesoderm development of nephrozoans (protostomes and deuterostomes). The fully developed veliger larva shows a highly complex muscular architecture, supporting a muscular ground pattern of autobranch bivalve larvae that includes at least a velum muscle ring, three or four pairs of velum retractors, one or two pairs of larval retractors, two pairs of foot retractors, a pedal plexus, possibly two pairs of mantle retractors, and the muscles of the pallial line, as well as an anterior and a posterior adductor. As is typical for their molluscan kin, remodelling and loss of prominent larval features such as the velum musculature and various retractor systems appear to be also common in bivalves.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13127-022-00569-5.
PubMed: 36398106
DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00569-5 -
Molecular Plant Pathology May 2010Phymatotrichum (cotton or Texas) root rot is caused by the soil-borne fungus Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert. The broad host range of the fungus includes... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Phymatotrichum (cotton or Texas) root rot is caused by the soil-borne fungus Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert. The broad host range of the fungus includes numerous crop plants, such as alfalfa and cotton. Together with an overview of existing knowledge, this review is aimed at discussing the recent molecular and genomic approaches that have been undertaken to better understand the disease development at the molecular level with the ultimate goal of developing resistant germplasm.
TAXONOMY
Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert [synonym Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Duggar] is an asexual fungus with no known sexual stage. Mitosporic botryoblastospores occasionally form on epigeous spore mats in nature, but perform no known function and do not contribute to the disease cycle. The fungus has been affiliated erroneously with the polypore basidiomycete Sistotrema brinkmannii (Bres.) J. Erikss. Recent phylogenetic studies have placed this fungus in the ascomycete order Pezizales. HOST RANGE AND DISEASE SYMPTOMS: The fungus infects most dicotyledonous field crops, causing significant losses to cotton, alfalfa, grape, fruit and nut trees and ornamental shrubs in the south-western USA, northern Mexico and possibly parts of central Asia. However, this fungus does not cause disease in monocotyledonous plants. Symptoms include an expanding tissue collapse (rot) of infected taproots. In above-ground tissues, the root rot results in vascular discoloration of the stem and rapid wilting of the leaves without abscission, and eventually the death of the plant. Characteristic mycelial strands of the pathogen are typically present on the root's surface, aiding diagnosis.
PATHOGENICITY
Confocal imaging of P. omnivora interactions with Medicago truncatula roots revealed that infecting hyphae do not form any specialized structures for penetration and mainly colonize cortical cells and eventually form a mycelial mantle covering the root's surfaces. Cell wall-degrading enzymes have been implicated in penetration and symptom development. Global gene expression profiling of infected M. truncatula revealed roles for jasmonic acid, ethylene and the flavonoid pathway during disease development. Phymatotrichopsis omnivora apparently evades induced host defences and may suppress the host's phytochemical defences at later stages of infection to favour pathogenesis.
DISEASE CONTROL
No consistently effective control measures are known. The long-lived sclerotia and facultative saprotrophism of P. omnivora make crop rotation ineffective. Chemical fumigation methods are not cost-effective for most crops. Interestingly, no genetic resistance has been reported in any of the susceptible crop species.
Topics: Ascomycota; Genomics; Gossypium; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Diseases; Plant Roots
PubMed: 20447281
DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00616.x -
European Heart Journal. Case Reports Jan 2022Mantle field radiotherapy has been known to cause cardiovascular complications even years after therapy. Complications include pericardial disease, coronary artery...
BACKGROUND
Mantle field radiotherapy has been known to cause cardiovascular complications even years after therapy. Complications include pericardial disease, coronary artery disease, and conduction abnormalities.
CASE SUMMARY
We present a case series of two patients who developed cardiovascular complications years after receiving mantle radiation. Patient 1 is a 52-year-old man who presented with symptoms of heart failure. He had a neurostimulator which precluded him from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Haemodynamic findings on right heart catheterization raised suspicion for constrictive pericarditis and pericardiectomy was performed. Histopathological analysis reported dense, sclerotic fibrous tissue consistent with radiation-related changes. Patient 2 is a 37-year-old man with a 2-month history of chest pain and exertional dyspnoea who was admitted for management of coronary artery disease. Coronary angiography demonstrated bilateral subclavian artery stenosis and an elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (50 mmHg). He had bilateral percutaneous subclavian artery stenting. Both patients had complete resolution of symptoms on follow-up.
DISCUSSION
Our case series emphasizes the need for an index of suspicion for radiation-related cardiovascular changes in patients who have a history of mantle radiation, especially in younger patients. This was especially pertinent in the case of our first patient who presented a diagnostic challenge due to certain patient factors. Our second patient is a case of subclavian artery stenosis which is less frequently reported as a complication of mantle radiation in the literature.
PubMed: 35174307
DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytac017