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Nature Communications Mar 2023Casparian strips (CS) are aligned bands of lignin-impregnated cell walls, building an extracellular diffusion barrier in roots. Their structure profoundly differs from...
Casparian strips (CS) are aligned bands of lignin-impregnated cell walls, building an extracellular diffusion barrier in roots. Their structure profoundly differs from tight junctions (TJ), analogous structures in animals. Nonetheless, CS membrane domain (CSD) proteins 1-5 (CASP1-5) are homologues of occludins, TJ components. CASP-marked membranes display cell wall (matrix) adhesion and membrane protein exclusion. A full CASP knock-out now reveals CASPs are not needed for localized lignification, since correctly positioned lignin microdomains still form in the mutant. Ultra-structurally, however, these microdomains are disorganized, showing excessive cell wall growth, lack of exclusion zone and matrix adhesion, and impaired exocyst dynamics. Proximity-labelling identifies a Rab-GTPase subfamily, known exocyst activators, as potential CASP-interactors and demonstrate their localization and function at the CSD. We propose that CASP microdomains displace initial secretory foci by excluding vesicle tethering factors, thereby ensuring rapid fusion of microdomains into a membrane-cell wall band that seals the extracellular space.
Topics: Arabidopsis Proteins; Arabidopsis; Lignin; Cell Membrane; Biological Transport
PubMed: 36959183
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37265-7 -
PloS One 2016Rat ear cartilage was studied using Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy to expand the current knowledge which has been established for relatively more...
Rat ear cartilage was studied using Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy to expand the current knowledge which has been established for relatively more complex cartilage types. Comparison of the FT-IR spectra of the ear cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) with published data on articular cartilage, collagen II and 4-chondroitin-sulfate standards, as well as of collagen type I-containing dermal collagen bundles (CBs) with collagen type II, was performed. Ear cartilage ECM glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were revealed histochemically and as a reduction in ECM FT-IR spectral band heights (1140-820 cm-1) after testicular hyaluronidase digestion. Although ear cartilage is less complex than articular cartilage, it contains ECM components with a macromolecular orientation as revealed using polarization microscopy. Collagen type II and GAGs, which play a structural role in the stereo-arrangement of the ear cartilage, contribute to its FT-IR spectrum. Similar to articular cartilage, ear cartilage showed that proteoglycans add a contribution to the collagen amide I spectral region, a finding that does not recommend this region for collagen type II quantification purposes. In contrast to articular cartilage, the symmetric stretching vibration of -SO3- groups at 1064 cm-1 appeared under-represented in the FT-IR spectral profile of ear cartilage. Because the band corresponding to the asymmetric stretching vibration of -SO3- groups (1236-1225 cm-1) overlapped with that of amide III bands, it is not recommended for evaluation of the -SO3- contribution to the FT-IR spectrum of the ear cartilage ECM. Instead, a peak (or shoulder) at 1027-1016 cm-1 could be better considered for this intent. Amide I/amide II ratios as calculated here and data from the literature suggest that protein complexes of the ear cartilage ECM are arranged with a lower helical conformation compared to pure collagen II. The present results could motivate further studies on this tissue under pathological or experimental states involving ear cartilage.
Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Chondroitin Sulfates; Collagen Type I; Collagen Type II; Ear Cartilage; Extracellular Matrix; Glycosaminoglycans; Rats; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 27015280
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151989 -
Polymers Nov 2020The design of a unipole and a dual band F-shaped antenna was conducted to find the best parameters of prepared antenna. Antenna radiator part is fully made of polymer...
The design of a unipole and a dual band F-shaped antenna was conducted to find the best parameters of prepared antenna. Antenna radiator part is fully made of polymer and nonmetal base composite. Thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) was chosen as a matrix and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as an electrical conductive filler, which creates conductive network. The use of the composite for the antenna has the advantage in simple preparation through dip coating technique. Minor disadvantage is the usage of solvent for composite preparation. Composite structure was used for radiator part of antenna. The antenna operates in 2.45 and 5.18 GHz frequency bands. DC conductivity of our PU/MWCNT composite is about 160 S/m. With this material, a unipole and a dual band F antenna were realized on 2 mm thick polypropylene substrate. Both antenna designs were also simulated using finite integration technique in the frequency domain (FI-FD). Measurements and full wave simulations of S of the antenna showed good agreement between measurements and simulations. Except for S, the gain and radiation pattern of the antennas were measured and simulated. Maximum gain of the designed unipole antenna is around -10.0 and -5.5 dBi for 2.45 and 5.18 GHz frequency bands, respectively. The manufactured antennas are intended for application in wearable electronics, which can be used to monitor various activities such as walking, sleeping, heart rate or food consumption.
PubMed: 33238471
DOI: 10.3390/polym12112759 -
Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 2017This study aims to evaluate the effects three different conditioning agents on the shear bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomers to human dentin.
AIM OF THE STUDY
This study aims to evaluate the effects three different conditioning agents on the shear bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomers to human dentin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred and twenty recently extracted, caries-free premolars and molars will be cleaned of debris and disinfected in a 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite and sterile water for 30 min. The occlusal surface of each tooth will be reduced using conventional model trimmer with water to produce the dentin surface. Then, three different resin-modified glass ionomer cements (GICs) were triturated and mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions, 10 specimens will be made of each group. The excess restorative material will be removed from matrix band dentin interface with a sharp number 25 bard parker blade. Samples were shear tested with Instron universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. A shearing bar beveled to a 1 mm thick contact surface area will be placed at the junction of dentin and plastic band matrix. The load required for the failure will be recorded in pounds and converted to megapascals.
RESULTS
Statistical analysis was done with analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Ketac primer as conditioning agent along with Fuji II LC as restorative material had the highest shear bond value whereas intact smear layer which was unmodified dentin had the least value.
CONCLUSION
Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that surface conditioning of dentin resulted significantly higher bond strength than unconditioned dentin surfaces.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Resin-modified glass ionomers have several advantages compared to chemically cured GICs. The advantages include command cure, ease of handling, improved physical properties, and esthetics. Resin.modified glass ionomers have been marketed as direct restorative materials for Class V lesions as well as liners, bases, and luting agents. Several conditioning agents have been evaluated to condition dentin before the application of conventional glass ionomers and resin-modified glass ionomers. These have mainly included polyacrylic acid, citric acid, phosphoric acid, and ethylenediamine tetra.acetic acid. Of late, manufactures have recommended other conditioners to replace polyacrylic acid which includes Ketac primer as one of the conditioning agents.
PubMed: 29326512
DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_631_17 -
BMC Oral Health Oct 2023Proper proximal contact in direct composite restorations is crucial for periodontal health. Over a one-year period, this study was conducted to assess successive... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evaluation of the proximal contact tightness in class II resin composite restorations using different contact forming instruments: a 1-year randomized controlled clinical trial.
BACKGROUND
Proper proximal contact in direct composite restorations is crucial for periodontal health. Over a one-year period, this study was conducted to assess successive biological changes in proximal contact tightness PCT in class II direct composite restorations and the adjacent teeth by applying sectional matrix system along with different contact forming instruments.
METHODS
72 direct compound class II composite restorations were performed in patients aged 18-40 years and divided into 4 groups: Group I (n = 18): proximal contact was restored with Palodent plus sectional matrix system, Group II (n = 18): Trimax as contact forming instrument, Group III (n = 18): Perform as contact forming instrument and Group IV (n = 18): Contact pro as contact forming instrument. All contact forming instruments were used along with Palodent plus matrix system. PCT was measured using a digital force gauge before (T0), immediate post operative (T1) and at 3 (T2), 6 (T3), 9 (T4), and 12 months (T5) after restorative treatment. Using One-Way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test, and Bonferroni correction, PCT values were compared between groups before and after the intervention restoration. Meanwhile, for comparisons within groups, a paired t-test was conducted (p ≤ 0.05).
RESULTS
Contact forming instruments combined with Palodent plus sectional matrix system achieved better PCT. Trimax led to a statistically considerable tighter proximal contacts than the other groups (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in PCT between Contact pro-2, Perform and Palodent plus sectional matrix system. By means of multivariate analysis, the PCT between both T0 and T1 were increased (p < 0.001) and then it decreased till T5.
CONCLUSIONS
The use of transparent contact forming instruments achieved greater PCT compared to Palodent sectional matrix system alone that gradually decreased throughout 12 months and reached the PCT between the natural teeth. Using Trimax system provided the tightest proximal contacts. Additionally, digital force gauge was confirmed as an inclusive and accurate method to quantify PCT.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05749640: 24/5/2022.
Topics: Humans; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dental Cavity Preparation; Matrix Bands; Composite Resins; Bicuspid
PubMed: 37805456
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03462-5 -
Frontiers in Neuroscience 2023Multimodal emotion recognition has become a hot topic in human-computer interaction and intelligent healthcare fields. However, combining information from different...
INTRODUCTION
Multimodal emotion recognition has become a hot topic in human-computer interaction and intelligent healthcare fields. However, combining information from different human different modalities for emotion computation is still challenging.
METHODS
In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional convolutional recurrent neural network model (referred to as 3FACRNN network) based on multimodal fusion and attention mechanism. The 3FACRNN network model consists of a visual network and an EEG network. The visual network is composed of a cascaded convolutional neural network-time convolutional network (CNN-TCN). In the EEG network, the 3D feature building module was added to integrate band information, spatial information and temporal information of the EEG signal, and the band attention and self-attention modules were added to the convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN). The former explores the effect of different frequency bands on network recognition performance, while the latter is to obtain the intrinsic similarity of different EEG samples.
RESULTS
To investigate the effect of different frequency bands on the experiment, we obtained the average attention mask for all subjects in different frequency bands. The distribution of the attention masks across the different frequency bands suggests that signals more relevant to human emotions may be active in the high frequency bands γ (31-50 Hz). Finally, we try to use the multi-task loss function Lc to force the approximation of the intermediate feature vectors of the visual and EEG modalities, with the aim of using the knowledge of the visual modalities to improve the performance of the EEG network model. The mean recognition accuracy and standard deviation of the proposed method on the two multimodal sentiment datasets DEAP and MAHNOB-HCI (arousal, valence) were 96.75 ± 1.75, 96.86 ± 1.33; 97.55 ± 1.51, 98.37 ± 1.07, better than those of the state-of-the-art multimodal recognition approaches.
DISCUSSION
The experimental results show that starting from the multimodal information, the facial video frames and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of the subjects are used as inputs to the emotion recognition network, which can enhance the stability of the emotion network and improve the recognition accuracy of the emotion network. In addition, in future work, we will try to utilize sparse matrix methods and deep convolutional networks to improve the performance of multimodal emotion networks.
PubMed: 38268710
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1330077 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2021Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based emotion recognition (ER) has drawn increasing attention in the brain-computer interface (BCI) due to its great potentials in...
Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based emotion recognition (ER) has drawn increasing attention in the brain-computer interface (BCI) due to its great potentials in human-machine interaction applications. According to the characteristics of rhythms, EEG signals usually can be divided into several different frequency bands. Most existing methods concatenate multiple frequency band features together and treat them as a single feature vector. However, it is often difficult to utilize band-specific information in this way. In this study, an optimized projection and Fisher discriminative dictionary learning (OPFDDL) model is proposed to efficiently exploit the specific discriminative information of each frequency band. Using subspace projection technology, EEG signals of all frequency bands are projected into a subspace. The shared dictionary is learned in the projection subspace such that the specific discriminative information of each frequency band can be utilized efficiently, and simultaneously, the shared discriminative information among multiple bands can be preserved. In particular, the Fisher discrimination criterion is imposed on the atoms to minimize within-class sparse reconstruction error and maximize between-class sparse reconstruction error. Then, an alternating optimization algorithm is developed to obtain the optimal solution for the projection matrix and the dictionary. Experimental results on two EEG-based ER datasets show that this model can achieve remarkable results and demonstrate its effectiveness.
PubMed: 34262515
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705528 -
The Analyst May 2020Water is an important component of bone and plays a key role in its mechanical and structural integrity. Water molecules in bone are present in different locations,...
Water is an important component of bone and plays a key role in its mechanical and structural integrity. Water molecules in bone are present in different locations, including loosely or tightly bound to the matrix and/or mineral (biological apatite) phases. Identification of water location and interactions with matrix components impact bone function but have been challenging to assess. Here, we used near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to identify loosely and tightly bound water present in cortical bone. In hydrated samples, NIR spectra have two primary water absorption bands at frequencies of ∼5200 and 7000 cm. Using lyophilization and hydrogen-deuterium exchange assays, we showed that these absorption bands are primarily associated with loosely bound bone water. Using further demineralization assays, thermal denaturation, and comparison to standards, we found that these absorption bands have underlying components associated with water molecules tightly bound to bone. In dehydrated samples, the peak at ∼5200 cm was assigned to a combination of water tightly bound to collagen and to mineral, whereas the peak at 7000 cm was exclusively associated with tightly bound mineral water. We also found significant positive correlations between the NIR mineral absorption bands and the mineral content as determined by an established mid infrared spectroscopic parameter, phosphate/amide I. Moreover, the NIR water data showed correlation trends with tissue mineral density (TMD) in cortical bone tissues. These observations reveal the ability of NIR spectroscopy to non-destructively identify loosely and tightly bound water in bone, which could have further applications in biomineralization and biomedical studies.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Collagen; Cortical Bone; Humans; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; Swine; Water
PubMed: 32342066
DOI: 10.1039/c9an02491c -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2018Dental students commonly face the problem of overhanging proximal margins and unsatisfactory proximal contact points (PCPs) while restoring Class II cavities in... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
Comparison of two different matrix band systems in restoring two surface cavities in posterior teeth done by senior undergraduate students at Qassim University, Saudi Arabia: A randomized controlled clinical trial.
CONTEXT
Dental students commonly face the problem of overhanging proximal margins and unsatisfactory proximal contact points (PCPs) while restoring Class II cavities in posterior teeth. Various matrix band systems are used in dental clinics to avoid such problems.
AIMS
The aim of this study is to compare the effects of two matrix band systems, circumferential matrix system and sectional matrix system on the PCPs and contours when restoring Class II cavities in posterior teeth.
SETTINGS AND DESIGN
This was a randomized controlled clinical trial done at College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Total 1200 Class II cavities in teeth were selected for this study. Treatment was done by senior undergraduate students. Cavities were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1: Total 600 cavities were restored using circumferential band system. Group 2: Total 600 cavities were restored using sectional band system. Teeth were restored either with the composite or the amalgam restoration. Contact points were evaluated. The presence or absence of proximal overhangs was assessed. Overhanging margins were categorized as positive overhangs, negative overhangs, and absent overhangs.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
To identify the relationship between matrix band systems and other factors, Chi-square tests (χ-tests) and Z-tests were used. Pearson correlation coefficient was computed and logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess variables that can affect proximal margins and contact points of final restorations.
RESULTS
All optimum contacts 389 (100%) were found in restorations done using sectional band system. A highly significant association was found between open contact points and negative overhanging margins with the use of circumferential matrix band system (P < 0.00).
CONCLUSION
Sectional matrix band system has been found superior to circumferential matrix band system.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chi-Square Distribution; Composite Resins; Dental Amalgam; Dental Caries; Dental Cavity Preparation; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Female; Humans; Male; Matrix Bands; Middle Aged; Resins, Synthetic; Saudi Arabia; Schools, Dental; Students, Dental; Young Adult
PubMed: 30127197
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_26_17 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2000Presence of matrix metalloproteinases has been associated with tumor invasion and metastasis in human neoplasia. The presence of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix...
Presence of matrix metalloproteinases has been associated with tumor invasion and metastasis in human neoplasia. The presence of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 was determined in canine mast cell tumor tissue and normal stromal tissue from 24 dogs with spontaneously occurring cutaneous mast cell tumors. Seventeen of the mast cell tumors were of histologic grade 2, and 7 were of histologic grade 3. Gelatin zymography and computer assisted densitometry image analysis were used to quantify matrix metalloproteinase concentration. Bands from canine tissues migrated in the same location as human proenzyme and active enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 standards. A semiquantitative value for each patient sample was obtained by comparing the optical assessment density of each unknown band to the optical density of the human standard. The presence of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in histologic grade 2 mast cell tumors and histologic grade 3 mast cell tumors was compared, as was presence of matrix metalloproteinases in tumor and stromal tissue. There was dramatically more proenzyme matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity in histologic grade 3 mast cell tumors when compared to grade 2 tumors (P = .03). There was also dramatically more active enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 2 and active enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity in tumor tissue compared to stromal tissue (P = .02, P < .0001). This study demonstrates that the proenzyme and active enzyme forms of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 are present in canine mast cell tumors. This appears to be related to the degree of histologic malignancy, although histologic grade 1 tumors were not evaluated.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Mast-Cell Sarcoma; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Skin Neoplasms; Statistics, Nonparametric
PubMed: 11110378
DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0583:iommic>2.3.co;2