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Lipids in Health and Disease Jun 2009The supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids via the placenta is interrupted in premature infants, making them exclusively dependent on breast milk, which varies...
BACKGROUND
The supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids via the placenta is interrupted in premature infants, making them exclusively dependent on breast milk, which varies in fatty acid (FA) concentrations depending on the mother's diet.
OBJECTIVE
To in a longitudinal study explore the relation between FA status in mothers and infants from an unselected cohort of prematures, not requiring intensive care.
DESIGN
Breast milk and mothers' and infants' plasma phospholipid FA concentrations from birth to 44 weeks of gestational age were analysed and compared with mothers' food intake, assessed using a 3-day diary. Fatty acids were analysed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography.
RESULTS
The energy intake was low in 75% of mothers, and 90% had low intake of essential FAs (EFAs). Dietary linoleic acid (LA, 18:2w6), but not w3 FAs, correlated to concentrations in breast milk. Infants' plasma and breast milk correlated for arachidonic (AA, 20:4w6), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5w3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6w3) acids. A high concentration of mead acid (20:3w9) in the infants at birth correlated negatively to the concentrations of LA, AA and w3 FAs. Infants of mothers who stopped breastfeeding during the study period showed decreased DHA concentrations and increased w6/w3 ratios, with the opposite FA pattern seen in the mothers' plasma.
CONCLUSION
Although dietary w3 FAs were insufficient in an unselected cohort of mothers of premature infants, breastfeeding resulted in increased levels of DHA in the premature infants at the expense of the mothers, suggesting a general need to increase dietary w3 FAs during pregnancy and lactation.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Breast Feeding; Diet; Fatty Acids; Feeding Behavior; Female; Food Analysis; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Longitudinal Studies; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Milk, Human; Mothers; Parity; Phospholipids; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Umbilical Cord
PubMed: 19515230
DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-8-20 -
Nutrients May 2020Our study aim was to assess how the macronutrient intake during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) modulates plasma total free fatty acids (FFAs) levels and individual... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION
Our study aim was to assess how the macronutrient intake during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) modulates plasma total free fatty acids (FFAs) levels and individual fatty acids in critically ill patients.
METHOD
Adult patients aged 18-80, admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), who were indicated for TPN, with an expected duration of more than three days, were included in the study. Isoenergetic and isonitrogenous TPN solutions were given with a major non-protein energy source, which was glucose (group G) or glucose and lipid emulsions (Smof lipid; group L). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 14, and 28.
RESULTS
A significant decrease ( < 0.001) in total FFAs occurred in both groups with a bigger decrease in group G ( < 0.001) from day 0 (0.41 ± 0.19 mmol∙L) to day 28 (0.10 ± 0.07 mmol∙L). Increased palmitooleic acid and decreased linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids, with a trend of increased mead acid to arachidonic acid ratio, on day 28 were observed in group G in comparison with group L. Group G had an insignificant increase in leptin with no differences in the concentrations of vitamin E, triacylglycerides, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
CONCLUSION
Decreased plasma FFA in critically ill patients who receive TPN may result from increased insulin sensitivity with a better effect in group G, owing to higher insulin and glucose dosing and no lipid emulsions. It is advisable to include a lipid emulsion at the latest from three weeks of TPN to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency.
Topics: Aged; Critical Illness; Emulsions; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glucose; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Intensive Care Units; Leptin; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Prospective Studies; alpha-Tocopherol
PubMed: 32403367
DOI: 10.3390/nu12051373 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Mar 1995The fatty acid compositions of the major cerebral cortex phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine were measured in 16 term... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The fatty acid compositions of the major cerebral cortex phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine were measured in 16 term and one preterm 'cot death' infants fed exclusively either breast milk or one of two formulas. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) content in cerebral cortex phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine of breast fed infants was greater than in both formula groups with significances varying between p < 0.1 and p < 0.001. Compensation for this deficiency in DHA in the formula fed infants was largely achieved by increased incorporation of docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-6) in the cerebral cortex of term infants and Mead (C20:3n-9) and dihomo Mead acids (C22:3n-9) in the preterm infant. As the phospholipids most affected are known to perform an important role in membrane function and are possibly integral to neurotransmission it is recommended that breast milk substitute infant formulas should contain n-3 and n-6 series polyunsaturated fatty acids in proportions similar to those of human milk.
Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Cerebral Cortex; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Milk, Human; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phosphatidylserines; Phospholipids; Sudden Infant Death
PubMed: 7741563
DOI: 10.1136/adc.72.3.198 -
Journal of Cystic Fibrosis : Official... May 2013Cystic fibrosis (CF) can be a devastating disease. Disorders in essential fatty acid state are increasingly reported and various supplementation trials have been...
BACKGROUND
Cystic fibrosis (CF) can be a devastating disease. Disorders in essential fatty acid state are increasingly reported and various supplementation trials have been performed in an attempt to improve outcomes. However, the mechanisms leading to these disturbances remain elusive. We wanted to investigate the role of the diseased CF lung on fatty acid profiles.
METHODS
We compared fatty acid profiles in patients with CF after lung transplantation (n=11) to age-matched healthy controls and homozygous F508del patients (n=22 each).
RESULTS
Compared to healthy controls, in patients with CF, there are decreased levels of docosahexaenoic, linoleic and arachidonic acid and increased levels of mead acid. In patients that underwent a lung transplantation, levels of docosahexaenoic, linoleic and arachidonic acid were normal. Mead acid did not decrease significantly.
CONCLUSIONS
The diseased CFTR deficient lung is a major determinant in the disturbed fatty acid profile in CF.
Topics: Adult; Cystic Fibrosis; Fatty Acids, Essential; Female; Humans; Lung Transplantation; Male
PubMed: 23102588
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2012.09.004 -
PloS One 2011The molecular bases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain unclear. We used a lipidomic approach to identify lipid abnormalities in the brains of subjects with AD (N = 37)...
The molecular bases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain unclear. We used a lipidomic approach to identify lipid abnormalities in the brains of subjects with AD (N = 37) compared to age-matched controls (N = 17). The analyses revealed statistically detectable elevations in levels of non-esterified monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and mead acid (20:3n-9) in mid-frontal cortex, temporal cortex and hippocampus of AD patients. Further studies showed that brain mRNAs encoding for isoforms of the rate-limiting enzyme in MUFAs biosynthesis, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1, SCD-5a and SCD-5b), were elevated in subjects with AD. The monounsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio ('desaturation index')--displayed a strong negative correlation with measures of cognition: the Mini Mental State Examination test (r = -0.80; P = 0.0001) and the Boston Naming test (r = -0.57; P = 0.0071). Our results reveal a previously unrecognized role for the lipogenic enzyme SCD in AD.
Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; Brain; Brain Mapping; Case-Control Studies; Cognition; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Protein Isoforms; RNA, Messenger; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase
PubMed: 22046234
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024777 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Mar 19815,8,11-Eicosatrienoic acid was converted by mouse mastocytoma cells stimulated with ionophore A23187 to two slow reacting substances. These were characterized by...
5,8,11-Eicosatrienoic acid was converted by mouse mastocytoma cells stimulated with ionophore A23187 to two slow reacting substances. These were characterized by spectroscopy and by chemical and enzymatic degradations as two geometrical isomers of 5-hydroxy-6-S-glutathionyl-7,9,11-eicosatrienoic acid (E,E,Z; leukotriene C3 and E,E,E; 11-trans-leukotriene C3). Corresponding cysteinylglycine compounds (leukotriene D3 and 11-trans leukotriene D3) were obtained from the leukotriene C3 isomers by treatment with kidney gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. The biological effects of leukotrienes C3 and D3, on the isolated guinea pig ileum, were approximately the same as of leukotrienes derived from arachidonic acid.
Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Amino Acids; Animals; Biological Assay; Cell Line; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Guinea Pigs; Ileum; Lipoxygenase; Mass Spectrometry; Mice; Neoplasms, Experimental; Plants; Plasmacytoma; SRS-A; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
PubMed: 6780563
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Lipid Research Jun 2002Severe endothelial abnormalities are a prominent feature in sepsis with cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha being implicated in the pathogenesis. As mimic...
Severe endothelial abnormalities are a prominent feature in sepsis with cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha being implicated in the pathogenesis. As mimic to inflammation, human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) were incubated with TNFalpha for 22 h, in the absence or presence of the omega-6 fatty acid (FA), arachidonic acid (AA), or the alternative omega-3 FA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). TNFalpha caused marked alterations in the PUFA profile and long chain PUFA content of total phospholipids (PL) decreased. In contrast, there was a compensatory increase in mead acid [MA, 20:3(omega-9)], the hallmark acid of the essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) syndrome. Corresponding changes were noted in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol, but not in the sphingomyelin fraction. Supplementation with AA, EPA, or DHA markedly increased the respective FA contents in the PL pools, suppressed the increase in MA, and resulted in a shift either toward further predominance of omega-6 or predominance of omega-3 FA. We conclude that short-term TNFalpha incubation of HUVEC causes an EFAD state hitherto only described for long-term malnutrition, and that endothelial cells are susceptible to differential influence by omega-3 versus omega-6 FA supplementation under these conditions.
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Endothelium, Vascular; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Molecular Mimicry; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phosphatidylinositols; Phosphatidylserines; Phospholipids; Sphingomyelins; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 12032170
DOI: No ID Found -
European Journal of Biochemistry Nov 1981Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells incubated with ionophore A23187 and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid produced three slow-reacting substances identified as leukotrienes...
Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells incubated with ionophore A23187 and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid produced three slow-reacting substances identified as leukotrienes C3, D3 and E3 by spectroscopic, chromatographic and enzymatic methods. 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid was similarly converted by RBL-1 cells to leukotrienes C5, D5. and E5. Leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4 were also formed in these experiments from endogenous arachidonic acid. Time-course studies, incubations with 3H-labeled leukotriene C3 and effects of acivicin [L-(alpha S, 5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid; a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor] indicated that leukotrienes C and D are intermediates in the formation of leukotrienes E. L-Cysteine enhanced the conversion of leukotriene C3 to leukotriene D3 and inhibited further degradation of leukotriene D3 to leukotriene E3.
Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Basophils; Calcimycin; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cysteine; Glycine; Isoxazoles; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukotriene E4; Rats; SRS-A
PubMed: 6273168
DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05667.x -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology May 1997Enhanced production of 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (Mead acid, 20:3(omega)9) was attained by a mutant fungus, Mortierella alpina M209-7, derived from (Delta)12...
Production of 5,8,11-Eicosatrienoic Acid (Mead Acid) by a (Delta)6 Desaturation Activity-Enhanced Mutant Derived from a (Delta)12 Desaturase-Defective Mutant of an Arachidonic Acid-Producing Fungus, Mortierella alpina 1S-4.
Enhanced production of 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (Mead acid, 20:3(omega)9) was attained by a mutant fungus, Mortierella alpina M209-7, derived from (Delta)12 desaturase-defective M. alpina Mut48. The 20:3(omega)9 production by M209-7 was 1.3 times greater than that by its parent strain, Mut48. This is thought to be due to its enhanced (Delta)6 desaturation activity, which was 1.4 times higher than that of Mut48. In both strains, 87 to 88% of the total lipids comprised triacylglycerol (TG) and 85% of 20:3(omega)9 was contained in TG. On optimization of the culture conditions for M209-7, earlier glucose feeding and shifting of the growth temperature from 28 to 19(deg)C on the second day were shown to be effective. Under the optimal conditions with a 10-liter jar fermentor, 20:3(omega)9 production reached 1.65 g/liter of culture medium (corresponding to 118 mg/g of dry mycelia and 28.9% of total fatty acids), which is about twice that reported previously (0.8 g/liter).
PubMed: 16535598
DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.5.1820-1825.1997 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry May 1986Mead (5,8,11-icosatrienoic) acid was found to be metabolized by the cyclooxygenase enzyme system of ram seminal vesicle microsomes in a calcium-dependent manner....
Mead (5,8,11-icosatrienoic) acid was found to be metabolized by the cyclooxygenase enzyme system of ram seminal vesicle microsomes in a calcium-dependent manner. Although the enzyme converted Mead acid to products more slowly and less completely than the isomeric 8,11,14-icosatrienoic acid, both oxidations were inhibitable by indomethacin. Experiments using purified cyclooxygenase confirmed the participation of this enzyme system in the calcium-dependent oxidation. The products of the oxidation were separated by high performance liquid chromatography and analyzed by ultraviolet and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The spectra obtained were consistent with the products having the structures 13-hydroxy-5,8,11-icosatrienoate (the major product), 11-hydroxy-5,8,12-icosatrienoate, 9-hydroxy-5,7,11-icosatrienoate, and two isomeric 8,11-dihydroxy-5,9,12-icosatrienoates. No prostaglandin-like, cyclized products could be identified. This report is only the second to illustrate a calcium-dependent oxidation of a polyunsaturated fatty acid by a cyclooxygenase enzyme system and further extends the metabolic potential of Mead acid.
Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Animals; Calcium; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Isomerism; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Oxidation-Reduction; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Seminal Vesicles; Sheep
PubMed: 3084488
DOI: No ID Found