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Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2014Since the National Expanded Program on Immunization was implemented in China, considerable progress has been made in reducing the incidence of measles. However, the...
BACKGROUND
Since the National Expanded Program on Immunization was implemented in China, considerable progress has been made in reducing the incidence of measles. However, the incidence of measles increased again in 2004. Few post-marketing studies on measles vaccine effectiveness were reported in China. In this study, we aimed to describe the measles epidemic and to evaluate the effectiveness of the measles vaccine in Guangzhou, southern China.
METHODS
Based on the surveillance data for measles, we investigated the epidemiology during different periods between 1951 and 2012. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of laboratory-confirmed cases of measles between 2009 and 2012 and conducted a case-control study using test-negative cases as controls. We determined the protective effect of measles vaccine.
RESULTS
The highest annual incidence in Guangzhou was 2187.15/100,000 in 1964, and the lowest was 0.32/100,000 in 2011. The average incidence of measles from 1951 to 2012 was 306.27/100,000. There was a significant tendency of decline in recent years. From 2009 to 2012, there are 700 laboratory-confirmed cases were reported with an average onset age of 2.5 (median) years. The non-vaccinated target population (age<8 months and ≥ 15 years) accounted for 56.7% of the cases. The transient (non-resident) population accounted for 51.3% of the cases. Fewer cases were observed in the population targeted for measles vaccine (aged 8 months to 14 years). The effectiveness of a single dose of the measles vaccine was 89.1% (95% confidence interval (CI), 44.5-97.9), and the effectiveness of ≥ 2 doses of the measles vaccine was 97.8% (95% CI, 88.3-99.6) in children aged 8 months to 14 years old.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a significant overall decline in the incidence of measles (including clinical and laboratory confirmed cases) in the measles vaccine targeted population in Guangzhou. Two doses of measles vaccine are more effective than one dose in preventing measles in China. In order to accelerate the elimination of measles, vaccination should also be given to the transient and the non-vaccine targeted population.
Topics: Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Epidemics; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Treatment Outcome; Vaccination
PubMed: 24513504
DOI: 10.4161/hv.27895 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jun 2018New methods to increase measles and rubella (MR) vaccination coverage are needed to achieve global and regional MR elimination goals.
BACKGROUND
New methods to increase measles and rubella (MR) vaccination coverage are needed to achieve global and regional MR elimination goals.
METHODS
Here, we developed microneedle (MN) patches designed to administer MR vaccine by minimally trained personnel, leave no biohazardous sharps waste, remove the need for vaccine reconstitution, and provide thermostability outside the cold chain. This study evaluated the immunogenicity of MN patches delivering MR vaccine to infant rhesus macaques.
RESULTS
Protective titers of measles neutralizing antibodies (>120 mIU/mL) were detected in 100% of macaques in the MN group and 75% of macaques in the subcutaneous (SC) injection group. Rubella neutralizing antibody titers were >10 IU/mL for all groups. All macaques in the MN group were protected from challenge with wild-type measles virus, whereas 75% were protected in the SC group. However, vaccination by the MN or SC route was unable to generate protective immune responses to measles in infant macaques pretreated with measles immunoglobulin to simulate maternal antibody.
CONCLUSIONS
These results show, for the first time, that MR vaccine delivered by MN patch generated protective titers of neutralizing antibodies to both measles and rubella in infant rhesus macaques and afforded complete protection from measles virus challenge.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Drug Delivery Systems; Female; Macaca mulatta; Male; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Rubella; Rubella Vaccine
PubMed: 29701813
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy139 -
Epidemiology and Infection Sep 2018Fever is a common adverse event following measles vaccination, more frequent among older children and those receiving Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella vaccine vs....
Fever is a common adverse event following measles vaccination, more frequent among older children and those receiving Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella vaccine vs. Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine, two factors associated with a better antibody response. However, the role of fever in the immunogenicity of measles-containing vaccines (MCV) is unclear. We performed a post-hoc pooled analysis of data of 5 216 11 to 22 month-old children receiving MCV from 2004 to 2012 in Europe and USA to evaluate the association between post-immunisation fever and antibody response, measured by geometric mean concentrations (GMCs). We further evaluated fever as an effect modifier or a mediator in the associations between the type of MCV or the age at first vaccination and vaccine immunogenicity. After the first dose, fever was associated with 60% higher GMCs (95% CI 1.51-1.68). For children vaccinated at ⩾12 months, the fever did not modify and minimally mediated (2% to 3%) the association between age and antibody response. Fever mediated 18% of the association between type of MCV and GMCs. In a model including fever, age and type of vaccine, fever was the strongest predictor of GMCs. These results suggest that fever is associated with a stronger measles antibody response independently of age and type of MCV.
Topics: Chickenpox Vaccine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Europe; Female; Fever; Humans; Infant; Male; Measles Vaccine; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Vaccines, Combined
PubMed: 29886856
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268818001474 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Jan 2015
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Vaccination
PubMed: 25561703
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.115-0000 -
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 2017
Topics: Disease Eradication; Humans; India; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Population Surveillance
PubMed: 28397737
DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.JPGM_166_17 -
Bulletin of the World Health... 2003A recent article by Kristensen et al. suggested that measles vaccine and bacille Calmette-Gu rin (BCG) vaccine might reduce mortality beyond what is expected simply from... (Review)
Review
A recent article by Kristensen et al. suggested that measles vaccine and bacille Calmette-Gu rin (BCG) vaccine might reduce mortality beyond what is expected simply from protection against measles and tuberculosis. Previous reviews of the potential effects of childhood vaccines on mortality have not considered methodological features of reviewed studies. Methodological considerations play an especially important role in observational assessments, in which selection factors for vaccination may be difficult to ascertain. We reviewed 782 English language articles on vaccines and childhood mortality and found only a few whose design met the criteria for methodological rigor. The data reviewed suggest that measles vaccine delivers its promised reduction in mortality, but there is insufficient evidence to suggest a mortality benefit above that caused by its effect on measles disease and its sequelae. Our review of the available data in the literature reinforces how difficult answering these considerations has been and how important study design will be in determining the effect of specific vaccines on all-cause mortality.
Topics: Cause of Death; Child, Preschool; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Sudden Infant Death; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines
PubMed: 14758409
DOI: No ID Found -
Bulletin of the World Health... 2000The clinical safety of measles and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines has been questioned in recent reports that propose a possible link between measles virus or measles... (Review)
Review
The clinical safety of measles and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines has been questioned in recent reports that propose a possible link between measles virus or measles vaccines and the occurrence of juvenile Crohn disease and autism. This article reviews the outcomes of several laboratory investigations which were carried out independently to identify the presence or absence of measles virus in the intestinal tissues derived from cases of inflammatory bowel disease. One research group reported the presence of measles virus particles and genomic RNA in inflammatory bowel disease tissues, but this could not be confirmed by other groups, despite use of techniques that are highly specific and sensitive for the detection of measles virus nucleic acid in clinical specimens down to the molecular level. Based on the published data reviewed here, it can be concluded that there is no direct association between measles virus or measles vaccines and the development of Crohn disease, a conclusion which is supported by most epidemiological findings.
Topics: Humans; Measles Vaccine; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps Vaccine; Rubella Vaccine; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Combined
PubMed: 10743285
DOI: No ID Found -
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology :... Jan 2022Some live vaccines, particularly Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), oral polio vaccine (OPV), and measles vaccine, can reduce the incidence of all-cause mortality by...
Some live vaccines, particularly Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), oral polio vaccine (OPV), and measles vaccine, can reduce the incidence of all-cause mortality by outreaching the mere control of specific infections and exerting off-target effects. Asides from the prevention of viral infection, some other vaccines, such as those against flu or rotavirus, could reduce the risk of developing autoimmunity. The nonspecific effects of vaccines are mediated by the innate immune system, mainly through the so-called trained innate immunity. These observations paved the way for developing tolerogenic and trained immunity-based vaccines with substantial implications for more effective use of vaccines and combat vaccine hesitancy.
Topics: BCG Vaccine; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Measles Vaccine; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 35080298
DOI: 10.1111/pai.13638 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine May 2016Despite widespread vaccination against measles in the United States, outbreaks continue to occur. Clinicians should be able to recognize its distinctive clinical picture... (Review)
Review
Despite widespread vaccination against measles in the United States, outbreaks continue to occur. Clinicians should be able to recognize its distinctive clinical picture so that isolation measures can be instituted promptly, susceptible contacts immunized, and public health agencies notified. Vaccination is safe for most people and should be strongly promoted for all healthy children.
Topics: Child; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; United States
PubMed: 27168508
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.83a.15039 -
Vaccine Mar 2017Understanding how genetics influences inter-individual variation of antibody titers in response to measles vaccination is vital to understanding possible sources of...
Understanding how genetics influences inter-individual variation of antibody titers in response to measles vaccination is vital to understanding possible sources of vaccine failure as well as improved vaccine development. Although it is recognized that both the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes and the immunoglobulin allotype genes play significant roles in immune response, there is significant variation in antibody titers that is not explained by these genes. To obtain a more complete estimate of the role of the entire genome, we used a large panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms to estimate the heritability of antibody response to measles vaccine. Based on 935 subjects with European ancestry, we estimated the heritability to be 49% (standard error 0.17). We also estimated the heritability attributable to each chromosome, and found a large range in chromosome-specific heritabilities. Notably, chromosome 1 had the largest estimate (28%), while chromosome 6, which harbors HLA, had an estimated heritability of 13%. Compared with a prior study of twins in the same community, which resulted in a heritability estimate of 88.5%, our study suggests there are either many rare genetic variants, or many common genetic variants of small effect sizes that contribute to variations of antibody titers in response to measles vaccine.
Topics: Adolescent; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Child; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; Male; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Young Adult
PubMed: 28189400
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.078