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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Dec 2022Embryonic development and growth in placental mammals proceeds with the support of exchanges of gases, nutrients and waste products between maternal tissues and... (Review)
Review
Embryonic development and growth in placental mammals proceeds with the support of exchanges of gases, nutrients and waste products between maternal tissues and offspring. Murine embryos are surrounded by several extraembryonic membranes, parietal and visceral yolk sacs, and amnion in the uterus. Notably, the parietal yolk sac is the most outer membrane, consists of three layers, trophoblasts and parietal endoderm (PaE) cells, and is separated by a thick basal lamina termed Reichert's membrane (RM). RM is composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) initially formed as the basement membrane of the trophectoderm of pre-implanted embryos and followed by the heavy deposition of ECM mainly produced in PaE cells of post-implanted embryos. In addition to the physiological roles of RM, such as gas and nutrient exchange, it also plays a crucial role in cushioning and dispersing intrauterine pressures exerted on embryos for normal egg-cylinder morphogenesis. Mechanistically, such intrauterine pressures generated by uterine smooth muscle contractions appear to be involved in the elongation of the egg-cylinder shape, along with primary axis formation, as an important biomechanical element . This review focuses on our current views of the roles of RM in properly buffering intrauterine mechanical forces for mouse egg-cylinder morphogenesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Endoderm; Female; Gases; Mammals; Mice; Placenta; Pregnancy; Waste Products; Yolk Sac
PubMed: 36252218
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0257 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Dec 2022In amniotic vertebrates (birds, reptiles and mammals), an extraembryonic structure called the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) functions as respiratory organ for embryonic...
In amniotic vertebrates (birds, reptiles and mammals), an extraembryonic structure called the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) functions as respiratory organ for embryonic development. The CAM is derived from fusion between two pre-existing membranes, the allantois, a hindgut diverticulum and a reservoir for metabolic waste, and the chorion which marks the embryo's external boundary. Modified CAM in eutherian mammals, including humans, gives rise to chorioallantoic placenta. Despite its importance, little is known about cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating CAM formation and maturation. In this work, using the avian model, we focused on the early phase of CAM morphogenesis when the allantois and chorion meet and initiate fusion. We report here that chicken chorioallantoic fusion takes place when the allantois reaches the size of 2.5-3.0 mm in diameter and in about 6 hours between E3.75 and E4. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence analyses suggested that before fusion, in both the allantois and chorion, an epithelial-shaped mesothelial layer is present, which dissolves after fusion, presumably by undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The fusion process , however, is independent of allantoic growth, circulation, or its connection to the developing mesonephros. Mesoderm cells derived from the allantois and chorion can intermingle post-fusion, and chorionic ectoderm cells exhibit a specialized sub-apical intercellular interface, possibly to facilitate infiltration of allantois-derived vascular progenitors into the chorionic ectoderm territory for optimal oxygen transport. Finally, we investigated chorioallantoic fusion-like process in primates, with limited numbers of archived human and fresh macaque samples. We summarize the similarities and differences of CAM formation among different amniote groups and propose that mesothelial epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediates chorioallantoic fusion in most amniotic vertebrates. Further study is needed to clarify tissue morphogenesis leading to chorioallantoic fusion in primates. Elucidating molecular mechanisms regulating mesothelial integrity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition will also help understand mesothelial diseases in the adult, including mesothelioma, ovarian cancer and fibrosis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
Topics: Allantois; Animals; Chorioallantoic Membrane; Chorion; Epithelium; Humans; Mammals; Oxygen
PubMed: 36252211
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0263 -
Journal of Cell Science Aug 2014Cell polarity is characterised by differences in structure, composition and function between at least two poles of a cell. In epithelial cells, these spatial differences... (Review)
Review
Cell polarity is characterised by differences in structure, composition and function between at least two poles of a cell. In epithelial cells, these spatial differences allow for the formation of defined apical and basal membranes. It has been increasingly recognised that cell-matrix interactions and integrins play an essential role in creating epithelial cell polarity, although key gaps in our knowledge remain. This Commentary will discuss the mounting evidence for the role of integrins in polarising epithelial cells. We build a model in which both inside-out signals to polarise basement membrane assembly at the basal surface, and outside-in signals to control microtubule apical-basal orientation and vesicular trafficking are required for establishing and maintaining the orientation of epithelial cell polarity. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the basal integrin polarity axis to cancer. This article is part of a Minifocus on Establishing polarity.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Cell Polarity; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Integrins; Microtubules; Neoplasms
PubMed: 24994933
DOI: 10.1242/jcs.146142 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Dec 2022The amnion is an extraembryonic tissue that evolutionarily allowed embryos of all amniotes to develop in a transient and local aquatic environment. Despite the... (Review)
Review
The amnion is an extraembryonic tissue that evolutionarily allowed embryos of all amniotes to develop in a transient and local aquatic environment. Despite the importance of this tissue, very little is known about its formation and its molecular characteristics. In this review, we have compared the basic organization of the extraembryonic membranes in amniotes and describe the two types of amniogenesis, folding and cavitation. We then zoom in on the atypical development of the amnion in mice that occurs via the formation of a single posterior amniochorionic fold. Moreover, we consolidate lineage tracing data to better understand the spatial and temporal origin of the progenitors of amniotic ectoderm, and visualize the behaviour of their descendants in the extraembryonic-embryonic junctional region. This analysis provides new insight on amnion development and expansion. Finally, using an online-available dataset of single-cell transcriptomics during the gastrulation period in mice, we provide bioinformatic analysis of the molecular signature of amniotic ectoderm and amniotic mesoderm. The amnion is a tissue with unique biomechanical properties that deserves to be better understood. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
Topics: Amnion; Animals; Gastrulation; Mesoderm; Mice
PubMed: 36252226
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0258 -
Neurourology and Urodynamics Jan 2014The bladder mucosa consists of the urothelium, basement membrane, and lamina propria (LP). Although the urothelium has been given much attention, it may be regarded as... (Review)
Review
The bladder mucosa consists of the urothelium, basement membrane, and lamina propria (LP). Although the urothelium has been given much attention, it may be regarded as one part of a signaling system involving another equally important component of the bladder mucosa, namely, the LP. The LP lies between the basement membrane of the mucosa and the detrusor muscle and is composed of an extracellular matrix containing several types of cells, including fibroblasts, adipocytes, interstitial cells, and afferent and efferent nerve endings. In addition, the LP contains a rich vascular network, lymphatic vessels, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle fascicles (muscularis mucosae). The roles of the LP and its components in bladder function have not been definitively established, though it has been suggested to be the capacitance layer of the bladder, determining bladder compliance and enabling adaptive changes to increasing volumes. However, the bladder LP may also serve as a communication center, with an important integrative role in signal transduction to the central nervous system (nociception, mechanosensation). The LP may also, by means of its different components, make it possible for the urothelium to transmit information to other components of the bladder wall, contributing to activation of the detrusor muscle. In addition, the LP may serve as a source for production of factors influencing the growth of both the overlying urothelium and the underlying detrusor muscle.
Topics: Animals; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Interstitial Cells of Cajal; Lymphatic Vessels; Mucous Membrane; Myofibroblasts; Signal Transduction; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 23847015
DOI: 10.1002/nau.22465 -
Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej May 2008Mesothelial cells are an integral part of the peritoneum and play an important role in maintaining its structural and functional properties. In the recent years a number... (Review)
Review
Mesothelial cells are an integral part of the peritoneum and play an important role in maintaining its structural and functional properties. In the recent years a number of studies on mesothelial cells have been performed to evaluate the localization, secretional properties and the ability of regeneration and transdifferentiation of these cells. They are also involved in the repair of the peritoneum damage following surgery or peritonitis. Mesothelial cells produce several cytokines, growth factors and extracellular matrix components, possessing anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Because of their plasticity, these cells are able to form a new cell type like fibroblast, endothelial and smooth muscle cell, chondrocyte, osteoblast, adipocyte or neuron. The first step involves mesothelial cell transdifferentiation into progenitor cells with the capacity of further differentiation. In this paper the current knowledge concerning the mesothelial cell differentiation and transplantation has been reviewed. Own mesothelial cells of a patient are used in transplantation. They are sampled, cultured in vitro and then they can be used in the prevention and treatment of post-operative abdominal adhesions, incisional hernias, repair of peritoneal membrane of patients on long-term peritoneal dialysis, the prevention of ischemic myocardial damage, nerve regeneration and genetically modified recombinant protein secretion. Inevitably, more potential applications of transplanted mesothelial cell will be available over the next few years.
Topics: Epithelial Cells; Humans; Peritoneum
PubMed: 18619182
DOI: No ID Found -
Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic... Dec 2020Chronic constrictive pericarditis results from inflammation and fibrosis of the pericardium. This situation eventually leads to impairment of diastolic filling and right...
Chronic constrictive pericarditis results from inflammation and fibrosis of the pericardium. This situation eventually leads to impairment of diastolic filling and right heart failure. Once the diagnosis is made, because the disease is basically irreversible, a pericardiectomy is the mandatory treatment. The standard surgical treatment has been extensively described. The goal of this video tutorial is to render a visual explanation of the described techniques and to provide tips to help make the procedure easier to perform. The standard technique is performed through a median sternotomy, preferably without cardiopulmonary bypass if feasible. The procedure includes the complete removal of the anterior pericardium from phrenic nerve to phrenic nerve and the removal of the diaphragmatic pericardium and of part of the pericardium posterior to both phrenic nerves. Before starting the actual pericardiectomy procedure, it is useful to separate the pericardial rigid shell from the pleurae and from the diaphragm; this step allows the operator to see both phrenic nerves clearly and to give clear boundaries between the pericardium and the diaphragm, which are not often as clear as desirable due to fat, edema, inflammation, and scarring. Once a portion of the pericardium has been detached from the myocardium, it can be excised, making the portion yet to be removed more visible.
Topics: Adult; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Pericardiectomy; Pericarditis, Constrictive; Pericardium; Sternotomy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33399281
DOI: 10.1510/mmcts.2020.076 -
Immunological Reviews Sep 2021Most antibodies produced in the body are of the IgA class. The dominant cell population producing them are plasma cells within the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal... (Review)
Review
Most antibodies produced in the body are of the IgA class. The dominant cell population producing them are plasma cells within the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract, but many IgA-producing cells are also found in the airways, within mammary tissues, the urogenital tract and inside the bone marrow. Most IgA antibodies are transported into the lumen by epithelial cells as part of the mucosal secretions, but they are also present in serum and other body fluids. A large part of the commensal microbiota in the gut is covered with IgA antibodies, and it has been demonstrated that this plays a role in maintaining a healthy balance between the host and the bacteria. However, IgA antibodies also play important roles in neutralizing pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract and the upper airways. The distinction between the two roles of IgA - protective and balance-maintaining - not only has implications on function but also on how the production is regulated. Here, we discuss these issues with a special focus on gut and airways.
Topics: Friends; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunoglobulin A; Intestinal Mucosa; Mucous Membrane; Plasma Cells
PubMed: 34331314
DOI: 10.1111/imr.13014 -
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative... Oct 2021Vaccination has been recently attracted as one of the most successful medical treatments of the prevalence of many infectious diseases. Mucosal vaccination has been... (Review)
Review
Vaccination has been recently attracted as one of the most successful medical treatments of the prevalence of many infectious diseases. Mucosal vaccination has been interested in many researchers because mucosal immune responses play part in the first line of defense against pathogens. However, mucosal vaccination should find out an efficient antigen delivery system because the antigen should be protected from degradation and clearance, it should be targeted to mucosal sites, and it should stimulate mucosal and systemic immunity. Accordingly, mucoadhesive polymeric particles among the polymeric particles have gained much attention because they can protect the antigen from degradation, prolong the residence time of the antigen at the target site, and control the release of the loaded vaccine, and results in induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses. In this review, we discuss advances in the development of several kinds of mucoadhesive polymeric particles for mucosal vaccine delivery.
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane; Polymers; Vaccines
PubMed: 34304387
DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00373-w -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... May 2023Nanodrug delivery systems have been widely used in disease treatment. However, weak drug targeting, easy to be cleared by the immune system, and low biocompatibility are... (Review)
Review
Nanodrug delivery systems have been widely used in disease treatment. However, weak drug targeting, easy to be cleared by the immune system, and low biocompatibility are great obstacles for drug delivery. As an important part of cell information transmission and behavior regulation, cell membrane can be used as drug coating material which represents a promising strategy and can overcome these limitations. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) membrane, as a new carrier, has the characteristics of active targeting and immune escape of MSC, and has broad application potential in tumor treatment, inflammatory disease, tissue regeneration and other fields. Here, we review recent progress on the use of MSC membrane-coated nanoparticles for therapy and drug delivery, aiming to provide guidance for the design and clinical application of membrane carrier in the future.
Topics: Membranes; Drug Delivery Systems; Cell Membrane; Nanoparticles; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Excipients
PubMed: 36870279
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114451