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International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021Insufficient endothelialization of cardiovascular grafts is a major hurdle in vascular surgery and regenerative medicine, bearing a risk for early graft thrombosis.... (Review)
Review
Insufficient endothelialization of cardiovascular grafts is a major hurdle in vascular surgery and regenerative medicine, bearing a risk for early graft thrombosis. Neither of the numerous strategies pursued to solve these problems were conclusive. Endothelialization is regulated by the endothelial basement membrane (EBM), a highly specialized part of the vascular extracellular matrix. Thus, a detailed understanding of the structure-function interrelations of the EBM components is fundamental for designing biomimetic materials aiming to mimic EBM functions. In this review, a detailed description of the structure and functions of the EBM are provided, including the luminal and abluminal interactions with adjacent cell types, such as vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, in vivo as well as in vitro strategies to build or renew EBM are summarized and critically discussed. The spectrum of methods includes vessel decellularization and implant biofunctionalization strategies as well as tissue engineering-based approaches and bioprinting. Finally, the limitations of these methods are highlighted, and future directions are suggested to help improve future design strategies for EBM-inspired materials in the cardiovascular field.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Biocompatible Materials; Bioprinting; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Endothelium, Vascular; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Prosthesis Design; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 34884923
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313120 -
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons... Sep 1976The morphology of the keratinizing epithelia in the mouth is reviwed in the light of recent knowledge. There appears to be a spectrum of degrees of keratinization rather... (Review)
Review
The morphology of the keratinizing epithelia in the mouth is reviwed in the light of recent knowledge. There appears to be a spectrum of degrees of keratinization rather than distinct types, and a degree of keratinization is reflected in the degree of packing and orientation of tonofilaments. The role of keratohyaline and other granules in the process is discussed and it is suggested that modification of the cell membrane is an important part of keratinization. Although the potential of the various areas in the mucosa is genetically determined and appears early in fetal life, the connective tissue exerts an influence on the extent of keratinization of the surface in a manner which is not understood.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Cytoplasmic Granules; Desmosomes; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Humans; Keratins; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 788618
DOI: No ID Found -
Science Signaling Feb 2020The amnion is remodeled during pregnancy to protect the growing fetus it contains, and it is particularly dynamic just before and during labor. By combining...
The amnion is remodeled during pregnancy to protect the growing fetus it contains, and it is particularly dynamic just before and during labor. By combining ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and Western blotting analyses, we found that human and mouse amnion membranes during labor were subject to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), mediated, in part, by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway responding to oxidative stress. Primary human amnion epithelial cell cultures established from amnion membranes from nonlaboring, cesarean section deliveries exhibited EMT after exposure to oxidative stress, and the pregnancy maintenance hormone progesterone (P4) reversed this process. Oxidative stress or transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) stimulated EMT in a manner that depended on TGF-β-activated kinase 1 binding protein 1 (TAB1) and p38 MAPK. P4 stimulated the reverse transition, MET, in primary human amnion mesenchymal cells (AMCs) through progesterone receptor membrane component 2 (PGRMC2) and c-MYC. Our results indicate that amnion membrane cells dynamically transition between epithelial and mesenchymal states to maintain amnion integrity and repair membrane damage, as well as in response to inflammation and mechanical damage to protect the fetus until parturition. An irreversible EMT and the accumulation of AMCs characterize the amnion membranes at parturition.
Topics: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Amnion; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Epithelial Cells; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Female; Gene Expression; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mice; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Oxidative Stress; Parturition; Pregnancy; Receptors, Progesterone; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
PubMed: 32047115
DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay1486 -
The Journal of Medical Investigation :... 2009Dietary L-glutamate (Glu), an amino acid abundant in many foodstuffs in a free form, is able to modulate physiological functions in the stomach, including secretion and... (Review)
Review
Dietary L-glutamate (Glu), an amino acid abundant in many foodstuffs in a free form, is able to modulate physiological functions in the stomach, including secretion and motility. Recently, specific receptors for Glu were identified in the apical membrane of chief cells in the lower region of fundic glands and in the somatostatin-secreting D-cell fraction of the gastric mucosa. This Glu-sensing system in the stomach is linked to activation of the vagal afferents. Among 20 kinds of amino acid, luminal Glu alone activated the vagal afferents in the stomach through a paracrine cascade led by nitric oxide and followed by serotonin (5-HT). In dogs with Pavlov pouches, found that supplementation of an amino acid-rich diet lacking Glu with monosodium Glu (MSG) enhanced the secretion of acid, pepsinogen, and fluid. However, MSG did not affect these secretions induced by a carbohydrate-rich diet and it had no effect on basal secretion when MSG was applied alone without the diet. Enhancement of gastric secretion by MSG was abolished by blockage of the gastric afferents using intra-gastric applied lidocaine. This effect of MSG was due in part to stimulation of 5-HT(3) receptors in the gastric mucosa.
Topics: Animals; Dietary Supplements; Gastric Mucosa; Humans; Receptors, Glutamate; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; Sodium Glutamate; Visceral Afferents
PubMed: 20224184
DOI: 10.2152/jmi.56.218 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare but serious adverse drug effect. There are multiple hypotheses to explain the development of MRONJ. Reduced... (Review)
Review
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare but serious adverse drug effect. There are multiple hypotheses to explain the development of MRONJ. Reduced bone remodeling and infection or inflammation are considered central to the pathogenesis of MRONJ. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that bisphosphonates (BPs)-mediated immunity dysfunction is associated with the pathophysiology of MRONJ. In a healthy state, mucosal immunity provides the first line of protection against pathogens and oral mucosal immune cells defense against potentially invading pathogens by mediating the generation of protective immunoinflammatory responses. In addition, the immune system takes part in the process of bone remodeling and tissue repair. However, the treatment of BPs disturbs the mucosal and osteo immune homeostasis and thus impairs the body's ability to resist infection and repair from injury, thereby adding to the development of MRONJ. Here, we present the current knowledge about immunity dysfunction to shed light on the role of local immune disorder in the development of MRONJ.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Cytokines; Diphosphonates; Disease Susceptibility; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Inflammation Mediators; Jaw; Mucous Membrane; Osteogenesis; Osteonecrosis; Signal Transduction; Wound Healing
PubMed: 33717086
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.606043 -
Romanian Journal of Morphology and... 2022This article is a review of new advances in histology, concerning either classification or structure of different tissular elements (basement membrane, hemidesmosomes,... (Review)
Review
This article is a review of new advances in histology, concerning either classification or structure of different tissular elements (basement membrane, hemidesmosomes, urothelium, glandular epithelia, adipose tissue, astrocytes), and various organs' constituents (blood-brain barrier, human dental cementum, tubarial salivary glands, hepatic stellate cells, pineal gland, fibroblasts of renal interstitium, Leydig testicular cells, ovarian hilar cells), as well as novel biotechnological techniques (tissue engineering in angiogenesis), recently introduced.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Basement Membrane; Fibroblasts; Humans; Salivary Glands; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 36074664
DOI: 10.47162/RJME.63.1.01 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2019During pregnancy, the placenta, the mother and the fetus exploit several mechanisms in order to avoid fetal rejection and to maintain an immunotolerant environment... (Review)
Review
During pregnancy, the placenta, the mother and the fetus exploit several mechanisms in order to avoid fetal rejection and to maintain an immunotolerant environment throughout nine months. During this time, immune cells from the fetal and maternal compartments interact to provide an adequate defense in case of an infection and to promote a tolerogenic milieu for the fetus to develop peacefully. Trophoblasts and decidual cells, together with resident natural killer cells, dendritic cells, Hofbauer cells and other macrophages, among other cell types, contribute to the modulation of the uterine environment to sustain a successful pregnancy. In this review, the authors outlined some of the various roles that the innate immune system plays at the maternal-fetal interface. First, the cell populations that are recruited into gestational tissues and their immune mechanisms were examined. In the second part, the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface was summarized, in terms of their specific cytokine/chemokine/antimicrobial peptide expression profiles throughout pregnancy.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Chorioallantoic Membrane; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Immunity; Immunity, Innate; Immunomodulation; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Placenta; Pregnancy; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 31357391
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153654 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022The boot-shaped respiratory complex I (CI) consists of a mitochondrial matrix and membrane domain organized into N-, Q- and P-modules. The N-module is the most distal...
The boot-shaped respiratory complex I (CI) consists of a mitochondrial matrix and membrane domain organized into N-, Q- and P-modules. The N-module is the most distal part of the matrix domain, whereas the Q-module is situated between the N-module and the membrane domain. The proton-pumping P-module is situated in the membrane domain. We explored the effect of aging on the disintegration of CI and its constituent subcomplexes and modules in Drosophila flight muscles. We find that the fully-assembled complex remains largely intact in aged flies. And while the effect of aging on the stability of many Q- and N-module subunits in subcomplexes was stochastic, NDUFS3 was consistently down-regulated in subcomplexes with age. This was associated with an accumulation of many P-module subunits in subcomplexes. The potential significance of these studies is that genetic manipulations aimed at boosting, perhaps, a few CI subunits may suffice to restore the whole CI biosynthesis pathway during muscle aging.
Topics: Animals; Electron Transport Complex I; Drosophila melanogaster; Mitochondria; Membranes; Muscles
PubMed: 36575244
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26414-5 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023The amniotic membrane (AM) is the innermost part of the fetal placenta, which surrounds and protects the fetus. Due to its structural components (stem cells, growth... (Review)
Review
The amniotic membrane (AM) is the innermost part of the fetal placenta, which surrounds and protects the fetus. Due to its structural components (stem cells, growth factors, and proteins), AMs display unique biological properties and are a widely available and cost-effective tissue. As a result, AMs have been used for a century as a natural biocompatible dressing for healing corneal and skin wounds. To further increase its properties and expand its applications, advanced hybrid materials based on AMs have recently been developed. One existing approach is to combine the AM with a secondary material to create composite membranes. This review highlights the increasing development of new multilayer composite-based AMs in recent years and focuses on the benefits of additive manufacturing technologies and electrospinning, the most commonly used strategy, in expanding their use for tissue engineering and clinical applications. The use of AMs and multilayer composite-based AMs in the context of nerve regeneration is particularly emphasized and other tissue engineering applications are also discussed. This review highlights that these electrospun multilayered composite membranes were mainly created using decellularized or de-epithelialized AMs, with both synthetic and natural polymers used as secondary materials. Finally, some suggestions are provided to further enhance the biological and mechanical properties of these composite membranes.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Amnion; Cornea; Tissue Engineering; Stem Cells; Polymers; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 37833872
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914424 -
Hearing Research Sep 2022Intra organ of Corti (OC) vibrations differ from those measured at the basilar membrane (BM), with higher amplitudes and a wide-band nonlinearity extending well below a...
Intra organ of Corti (OC) vibrations differ from those measured at the basilar membrane (BM), with higher amplitudes and a wide-band nonlinearity extending well below a region's best frequency. The vibrations are boosted by the cochlear amplifier, the active processes within the mammalian hearing organ, and are thus sensitive to metabolic or pharmacological manipulation. We introduced salicylate, a known blocker of outer hair cell (OHC) based electromotility, into the perilymphatic space by applying sodium salicylate onto the round window membrane. Vibration patterns of an area of the OC were mapped with phase sensitive optical coherence tomography before and after treatment; distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were measured at similar times to assess the cochlear condition. Following treatment, all regions showed a loss of vibration amplitude and tuning while OHC-region vibrations retained their wide-band nonlinearity. OC vibrations, which had been relatively confined in a region including OHCs and extending to the BM at the outer pillar foot, became less confined with structures lateral to the OHCs sometimes exhibiting the highest amplitudes. Vibrations and DPOAEs could recover to baseline levels over approximately three hours post treatment. This article is part of the Special Issue Outer hair cell Edited by Joseph Santos-Sacchi and Kumar Navaratnam.
Topics: Animals; Basilar Membrane; Cochlea; Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer; Mammals; Organ of Corti; Salicylates; Vibration
PubMed: 34774368
DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2021.108389