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Trends in Cognitive Sciences May 2012Episodic memory and working memory decline with advancing age. Nevertheless, large-scale population-based studies document well-preserved memory functioning in some... (Review)
Review
Episodic memory and working memory decline with advancing age. Nevertheless, large-scale population-based studies document well-preserved memory functioning in some older individuals. The influential ‘reserve’ notion holds that individual differences in brain characteristics or in the manner people process tasks allow some individuals to cope better than others with brain pathology and hence show preserved memory performance. Here, we discuss a complementary concept, that of brain maintenance (or relative lack of brain pathology), and argue that it constitutes the primary determinant of successful memory aging. We discuss evidence for brain maintenance at different levels: cellular, neurochemical, gray- and white-matter integrity, and systems-level activation patterns. Various genetic and lifestyle factors support brain maintenance in aging and interventions may be designed to promote maintenance of brain structure and function in late life.
Topics: Age Factors; Aging; Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans; Individuality; Memory; Memory Disorders; Neuroimaging
PubMed: 22542563
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.04.005 -
Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Jun 2020Introduction Children with anxiety disorders have been suggested to possess deficits in verbal fluency, shifting and attention, with inconsistent results regarding...
Introduction Children with anxiety disorders have been suggested to possess deficits in verbal fluency, shifting and attention, with inconsistent results regarding working memory and its subcomponents. This study extends previous findings by analyzing the performance of children with anxiety disorders in a wide range of neuropsychological functions. Methods We evaluated 54 children with a primary diagnosis of an anxiety disorder according to diagnostic criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) using subtests of a neuropsychological battery. The severity of anxiety disorders was assessed using the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS). We calculated the frequency of neuropsychological impairments (-1.5 standard deviation of the normative sample). Comparisons between groups were performed based on the severity of anxiety symptoms, as well as in the presence of one vs. more diagnoses of anxiety disorder. Results We found higher impairment in visuospatial working memory (23.1%), semantic memory (27.8%), oral language (35.4%) and word writing (44.4%) in anxious children. Moreover, children with higher anxiety severity presented lower performance in visuospatial working memory, inferential processing, word reading, writing comprehension, copied writing, and semantic verbal fluency (d = 0.49 to 0.96 [Cohen's d]). The higher the number of anxiety diagnoses, the lower the performance in episodic memory and oral and written language (d = 0.56 to 0.77). Conclusion Our data suggested the presence of memory (visuospatial working memory and semantic memory) and language deficits (oral and writing) in some children with an anxiety disorder. Severity and number of anxiety diagnoses were associated with lower performance in memory and language domains in childhood.
Topics: Anxiety Disorders; Anxiety, Separation; Child; Cognitive Dysfunction; Female; Humans; Language Disorders; Male; Memory Disorders; Phobia, Social; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 32696887
DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0051 -
Child Neuropsychology : a Journal on... 2016Prior research has shown that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and epilepsy are frequently comorbid and that both disorders are associated with various... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Prior research has shown that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and epilepsy are frequently comorbid and that both disorders are associated with various attention and memory problems. Nonetheless, limited research has been conducted comparing the two disorders in one sample to determine unique versus shared deficits. Hence, we investigated differences in working memory (WM) and short-term and delayed recall between children with ADHD, focal epilepsy of mixed foci, comorbid ADHD/epilepsy and controls. Participants were compared on the Core subtests and the Picture Locations subtest of the Children's Memory Scale (CMS). Results indicated that children with ADHD displayed intact verbal WM and long-term memory (LTM), as well as intact performance on most aspects of short-term memory (STM). They performed worse than controls on Numbers Forward and Picture Locations, suggesting problems with focused attention and simple span for visual-spatial material. Conversely, children with epilepsy displayed poor focused attention and STM regardless of the modality assessed, which affected encoding into LTM. The only loss over time was found for passages (Stories). WM was intact. Children with comorbid ADHD/epilepsy displayed focused attention and STM/LTM problems consistent with both disorders, having the lowest scores across the four groups. Hence, focused attention and visual-spatial span appear to be affected in both disorders, whereas additional STM/encoding problems are specific to epilepsy. Children with comorbid ADHD/epilepsy have deficits consistent with both disorders, with slight additive effects. This study suggests that attention and memory testing should be a regular part of the evaluation of children with epilepsy and ADHD.
Topics: Adolescent; Attention; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders; Memory, Long-Term; Memory, Short-Term; Neuropsychological Tests; United States
PubMed: 26156331
DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1060955 -
Journal of Neuroinflammation Oct 2020Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory deficits especially forgetting recent information,... (Review)
Review
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory deficits especially forgetting recent information, recall ability impairment, and loss of time tracking, problem-solving, language, and recognition difficulties. AD is also a globally important health issue but despite all scientific efforts, the treatment of AD is still a challenge. Sleep has important roles in learning and memory consolidation. Studies have shown that sleep deprivation (SD) and insomnia are associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and may have an impact on the symptoms and development. Thus, sleep disorders have decisive effects on AD; this association deserves more attention in research, diagnostics, and treatment, and knowing this relation also can help to prevent AD through screening and proper management of sleep disorders. This study aimed to show the potential role of SD and insomnia in the pathogenesis and progression of AD.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Memory Disorders; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
PubMed: 33023629
DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01960-9 -
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Nov 2011
Topics: Cognition; Humans; Memory Disorders
PubMed: 21945881
DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.09.003 -
Psychological Bulletin May 2012Behavioral evidence concerning memory in forms of high-functioning autism (HFA) and in moderately low-functioning autism (M-LFA) is reviewed and compared. Findings on... (Review)
Review
Behavioral evidence concerning memory in forms of high-functioning autism (HFA) and in moderately low-functioning autism (M-LFA) is reviewed and compared. Findings on M-LFA are sparse. However, it is provisionally concluded that memory profiles in HFA and M-LFA (relative to ability-matched controls) are similar but that declarative memory impairments are more extensive in M-LFA than in HFA. Specifically, both groups have diminished memory for emotion- or person-related stimuli. Regarding memory for nonsocial stimuli, both groups probably have mental-age-appropriate nondeclarative memory, and within declarative memory, both groups have mental-age-appropriate immediate free recall of within-span or supraspan lists of unrelated items, as well as cued recall and paired associate learning. By contrast, recognition is largely unimpaired in HFA but moderately impaired in M-LFA, and free recall of meaningful or structured stimuli is moderately impaired in HFA but more severely impaired in M-LFA. Theoretical explanations of data on declarative memory in HFA identify problems in the integrative processing, or the consolidation and storage, of complex stimuli or a specific problem of recollection. Proposed neural substrates include the following: disconnectivity of primary sensory and association areas; dysfunctions of medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, or posterior parietal lobe; or combinations of these associated with neural disconnectivity. Hypothetically, perirhinal dysfunction might explain the more extensive declarative memory impairments in M-LFA. Foreseeable consequences of uneven memory abilities in HFA and M-LFA are outlined, including possible effects on language and learning in M-LFA. Finally, priorities for future research are identified, highlighting the urgent need for research on memory in lower functioning individuals.
Topics: Autistic Disorder; Emotions; Face; Hippocampus; Humans; Memory; Memory Disorders; Neuropsychological Tests; Parietal Lobe; Prefrontal Cortex; Research Design; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 22409507
DOI: 10.1037/a0026869 -
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 2011Declarative memory dysfunction is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This paper reviews this literature and presents two frameworks to explain the... (Review)
Review
Declarative memory dysfunction is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This paper reviews this literature and presents two frameworks to explain the nature of this dysfunction: that memory deficits are a product of neurobiological abnormalities caused by PTSD and/or that pre-existing memory deficits serve as a risk factor for the development of PTSD following trauma exposure. Brain regions implicated in declarative memory deficits include the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and imaging and biochemistry studies as they relate to memory dysfunction are described. Prospective and twin studies provide support for a risk factor model.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Memory Disorders; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 22033732
DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.2/ksamuelson -
BMC Psychiatry Aug 2022Visual memory impairment is one of the most commonly complained symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Pattern glare is also a distorted visual...
BACKGROUND
Visual memory impairment is one of the most commonly complained symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Pattern glare is also a distorted visual phenomenon that puzzles patients with MDD. Nevertheless, how these two phenomena interact in MDD remains unknown. This study investigated the association between pattern glare and visual memory in MDD patients.
METHODS
Sixty-two patients with MDD and forty-nine age-, sex- and education level-matched healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. The Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) test and the Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) were applied to measure visual memory. The pattern glare test including three patterns with different spatial frequencies (SFs) was used to explore pattern glare levels.
RESULTS
Patients with MDD scored lower on the PRM-PCi, BVMT-R1, BVMT-R2, BVMT-R3, and BVMT-Rt and higher on the PRM-MCLd than HCs (all p < 0.05). Pattern glare scores for MDD patients were higher with mid-SF (p < 0.001), high-SF (p = 0.006) and mid-high SF differences (p = 0.01) than for HCs. A positive correlation between mid-SF and PRM-MCLd scores in all participants was observed (p = 0.01, r = 0.246). A negative correlation between mid-high difference scores and BVMT-R2 scores (p = 0.032, r = -0.317) was observed in HCs, but no significant correlation was observed in MDD patients.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study showed that visual memory and pattern glare are disrupted in MDD. Visual memory may be associated with pattern glare and needs to be studied in future work.
Topics: Depressive Disorder, Major; Glare; Humans; Memory; Memory Disorders
PubMed: 35918667
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04167-9 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Jan 2018Attentional and memory biases are viewed as crucial cognitive processes underlying symptoms of depression. However, it is still unclear whether these two biases are... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Attentional and memory biases are viewed as crucial cognitive processes underlying symptoms of depression. However, it is still unclear whether these two biases are uniquely related to depression or whether they show substantial overlap.
METHODS
We investigated the degree of specificity and overlap of attentional and memory biases for depressotypic stimuli in relation to depression and anxiety by means of meta-analytic commonality analysis. By including four published studies, we considered a pool of 463 healthy and subclinically depressed individuals, different experimental paradigms, and different psychological measures.
RESULTS
Memory bias is reliably and strongly related to depression and, specifically, to symptoms of negative mood, worthlessness, feelings of failure, and pessimism. Memory bias for negative information was minimally related to anxiety. Moreover, neither attentional bias nor the overlap between attentional and memory biases were significantly related to depression.
LIMITATIONS
Limitations include cross-sectional nature of the study.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study showed that, across different paradigms and psychological measures, memory bias (and not attentional bias) represents a primary mechanism in depression.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Anxiety; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Bias; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder; Emotions; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders; Middle Aged; Sensitivity and Specificity; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 28850855
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.037 -
Neuropsychology Sep 2020Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with large magnitude impairments in working memory, whereas short-term memory deficits, when...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with large magnitude impairments in working memory, whereas short-term memory deficits, when detected, tend to be less pronounced. However, confidence in these findings is limited due to task impurity combined with methodological and statistical limitations of the current evidence base. A well-characterized, clinically evaluated sample of 172 children ages 8-13 years ( = 10.30, = 1.42; 72 girls; 64% White/non-Hispanic) were administered multiple, counterbalanced working memory tests. Bifactor-(s-1) modeling was used to characterize the presence and magnitude of central executive working memory, phonological short-term memory, and visuospatial short-term memory deficits in pediatric ADHD. ADHD status was associated with very large magnitude impairments in central executive working memory that are present in most pediatric cases ( = 1.63-2.03; 75%-81% impaired), and these deficits covaried with ADHD inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptom severity based on both parent and teacher report. There was also evidence for a unique, albeit significantly smaller, impairment in visuospatial short-term memory ( = 0.60; 38% impaired); however, visuospatial short-term memory abilities did not covary with ADHD symptom severity. There was no evidence linking ADHD with phonological short-term memory deficits across either the dimensional or categorical analyses. These findings provide strong evidence that ADHD is associated with marked central executive working memory deficits that covary with their behavioral symptom presentation across settings. In contrast, visuospatial short-term memory deficits, when present, are likely epiphenomenal, and the most parsimonious conclusion appears to be that phonological short-term memory is intact in pediatric ADHD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Executive Function; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders; Memory, Short-Term; Models, Psychological; Neuropsychological Tests; Parents; School Teachers; Spatial Memory
PubMed: 32437194
DOI: 10.1037/neu0000641