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Cognition May 2009An increasing number of results in sentence and discourse processing demonstrate that comprehension relies on rich pragmatic knowledge about real-world events, and that...
An increasing number of results in sentence and discourse processing demonstrate that comprehension relies on rich pragmatic knowledge about real-world events, and that incoming words incrementally activate such knowledge. If so, then even outside of any larger context, nouns should activate knowledge of the generalized events that they denote or typically play a role in. We used short stimulus onset asynchrony priming to demonstrate that (1) event nouns prime people (sale-shopper) and objects (trip-luggage) commonly found at those events; (2) location nouns prime people/animals (hospital-doctor) and objects (barn-hay) commonly found at those locations; and (3) instrument nouns prime things on which those instruments are commonly used (key-door), but not the types of people who tend to use them (hose-gardener). The priming effects are not due to normative word association. On our account, facilitation results from event knowledge relating primes and targets. This has much in common with computational models like LSA or BEAGLE in which one word primes another if they frequently occur in similar contexts. LSA predicts priming for all six experiments, whereas BEAGLE correctly predicted that priming should not occur for the instrument-people relation but should occur for the other five. We conclude that event-based relations are encoded in semantic memory and computed as part of word meaning, and have a strong influence on language comprehension.
Topics: Association Learning; Cues; Decision Making; Female; Humans; Knowledge; Male; Mental Processes; Psycholinguistics; Semantics; Young Adult
PubMed: 19298961
DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.01.009 -
Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland :... 2021The aim: Disclosure of the results of the study of the expediency of considering the fluidity of mental processes in the triad "organism - personality Disclosure of the...
OBJECTIVE
The aim: Disclosure of the results of the study of the expediency of considering the fluidity of mental processes in the triad "organism - personality Disclosure of the results of the study of the expediency of considering the fluidity of mental processes in the triad "organism - personality - environment" and the alternate stages of the dynamics of performance to prevent the occurrence of pre-painful conditions in students, combining professional activity with formal education.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Materials and methods: The complex of research methods is used in the work: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison, systematization, generalization) and empirical (observations, discussions, questionnaires). The research was carried out within the framework of the international project "AHIA" (innovation in education; access mode: https://sites.google.com/view/project-axia/). The Spielberger-Hanin questionnaire was used to achieve the stated purpose of the study, the purpose of which was to assess reactive and personal anxiety.
RESULTS
Results: The results of a study aimed at organizing a lifelong learning process based on mental processes and stages of performance dynamics showed that the likelihood of pre-painful conditions in those who combine full-time education in higher education with professional activity significantly decreases their self-actualization. Educational events taking place here and now, and recognizing the theoretical and practical significance of the educational material at the level of intrinsic motives. It is established that the likelihood of pre-morbid conditions in those who learn during life significantly increases in the case of reduced functional reserves of their body as a result of the intense and prolonged performance of educational activities with the simultaneous experience of "negatively" colored actual emotional states, generated by activities or events ) experiences of relationships in professional activity, family, family, etc.
CONCLUSION
Conclusions: The proposed article describes the effectiveness and appropriateness of using mental processes and stages of performance dynamics as a means to prevent the onset of painful conditions in lifelong learners.
Topics: Clinical Competence; Humans; Learning; Motivation; Students; World Health Organization
PubMed: 33851598
DOI: No ID Found -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Feb 2022Current models of mental effort in psychology, behavioral economics, and cognitive neuroscience typically suggest that exerting cognitive effort is aversive, and people...
Current models of mental effort in psychology, behavioral economics, and cognitive neuroscience typically suggest that exerting cognitive effort is aversive, and people avoid it whenever possible. The aim of this research was to challenge this view and show that people can learn to value and seek effort intrinsically. Our experiments tested the hypothesis that effort-contingent reward in a working-memory task will induce a preference for more demanding math tasks in a transfer phase, even though participants were aware that they would no longer receive any reward for task performance. In laboratory Experiment 1 ( = 121), we made reward directly contingent on mobilized cognitive effort as assessed via cardiovascular measures (β-adrenergic sympathetic activity) during the training task. Experiments 2a to 2e ( = 1,457) were conducted online to examine whether the effects of effort-contingent reward on subsequent demand seeking replicate and generalize to community samples. Taken together, the studies yielded reliable evidence that effort-contingent reward increased participants' demand seeking and preference for the exertion of cognitive effort on the transfer task. Our findings provide evidence that people can learn to assign positive value to mental effort. The results challenge currently dominant theories of mental effort and provide evidence and an explanation for the positive effects of environments appreciating effort and individual growth on people's evaluation of effort and their willingness to mobilize effort and approach challenging tasks.
Topics: Achievement; Adult; Cognition; Decision Making; Female; Humans; Learning; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Mental Processes; Motivation; Reward; Social Values; Task Performance and Analysis; Young Adult
PubMed: 35101919
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111785119 -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Jun 2007This review analyzes approaches to intervention in children with developmental coordination disorder within the framework of how children develop and learn motor skills,... (Review)
Review
This review analyzes approaches to intervention in children with developmental coordination disorder within the framework of how children develop and learn motor skills, drawing upon maturational, cognitive, and dynamic systems models. The approaches to intervention are divided into two categories: (1) process or deficit-oriented approaches; and (2) approaches that teach specific functional skills. These approaches are viewed alongside theoretical, empirical, and experiential standpoints, noting the differences and the fact no single approach is, as yet, fully substantiated. Principles and guidelines are drawn from the analyses that support both cognitive and dynamic models and that are set within an ecological framework.
Topics: Child; Cognition; Humans; Learning; Mental Processes; Motor Skills Disorders; Psychological Theory; Teaching
PubMed: 17518935
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00467.x -
Topics in Cognitive Science Jan 2009Cognitive scientists must understand not just what the mind does, but how it does what it does. In this paper, I consider four aspects of cognitive architecture: how the... (Review)
Review
Cognitive scientists must understand not just what the mind does, but how it does what it does. In this paper, I consider four aspects of cognitive architecture: how the mind develops, the extent to which it is or is not modular, the extent to which it is or is not optimal, and the extent to which it should or should not be considered a symbol-manipulating device (as opposed to, say, an eliminative connectionist network). In each case, I argue that insights from developmental and evolutionary biology can lead to substantive and important compromises in historically vexed debates.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Cognitive Science; Human Development; Humans; Language; Mental Processes
PubMed: 19890489
DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01007.x -
Topics in Cognitive Science Apr 2015Are all three of Marr's levels needed? Should they be kept distinct? We argue for the distinct contributions and methodologies of each level of analysis. It is important... (Review)
Review
Are all three of Marr's levels needed? Should they be kept distinct? We argue for the distinct contributions and methodologies of each level of analysis. It is important to maintain them because they provide three different perspectives required to understand mechanisms, especially information-processing mechanisms. The computational perspective provides an understanding of how a mechanism functions in broader environments that determines the computations it needs to perform (and may fail to perform). The representation and algorithmic perspective offers an understanding of how information about the environment is encoded within the mechanism and what are the patterns of organization that enable the parts of the mechanism to produce the phenomenon. The implementation perspective yields an understanding of the neural details of the mechanism and how they constrain function and algorithms. Once we adequately characterize the distinct role of each level of analysis, it is fairly straightforward to see how they relate.
Topics: Humans; Mental Processes; Psychological Theory
PubMed: 25900887
DOI: 10.1111/tops.12141 -
Topics in Cognitive Science Apr 2015It has been suggested that Marr took the three levels he famously identifies to be independent. In this paper, we argue that Marr's view is more nuanced. Specifically,... (Review)
Review
It has been suggested that Marr took the three levels he famously identifies to be independent. In this paper, we argue that Marr's view is more nuanced. Specifically, we show that the view explicitly articulated in his work attempts to integrate the levels, and in doing so results in Marr attacking both reductionism and vagueness. The result is a perspective in which both high-level information-processing constraints and low-level implementational constraints play mutually reinforcing and constraining roles. We discuss our recent work on Spaun-currently the world's largest functional brain model-that demonstrates the positive impact of this kind of unifying integration of Marr's levels. We argue that this kind of integration avoids his concerns with both reductionism and vagueness. In short, we suggest that the methods behind Spaun can be used to satisfy Marr's explicit interest in combining high-level functional and detailed mechanistic explanations.
Topics: Humans; Mental Processes; Neural Networks, Computer; Psychological Theory
PubMed: 25740300
DOI: 10.1111/tops.12133 -
Heliyon Jun 2022Although the concept of brand equity has been investigated using various approaches, a comprehensive neural basis for brand equity remains unclear. The default mode...
Although the concept of brand equity has been investigated using various approaches, a comprehensive neural basis for brand equity remains unclear. The default mode network (DMN) as a mental process might influence brand equity related consumers' decision-making, as reported in the marketing literature. While studies on the overlapping regions between the DMN and value-based decision-making related brain regions have been reported in neuroscience literature, relationships between the DMN and a neural mechanism of brand equity have not been clarified. The aim of our study is to identify neural substrates of brand equity and examine brand equity-related mental processes by comparing them to the DMN. To determine the neural substrates of brand equity, we first carried out the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis. We examined 26 studies using branded objects as experimental stimuli for the ALE. Next, we set the output regions from ALE as the region of interest for meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM). Further, we compared the brand equity-related brain network (BE-RBN) revealed by the MACM with the DMN. We confirmed that the BE-RBN brain regions overlap with the medial temporal lobule (MTL) sub-system, a module composed of the DMN but excluding the retrosplenial cortex. Further, we discovered that several brain regions apart from the DMN are also distinctive BE-RBN brain regions (i.e., the insula, the inferior frontal gyrus, amygdala, ventral striatum, parietal region). We decoded the BE-RBN brain regions using the BrandMap module. The decoded results revealed that the brand equity-related mental processes are complex constructs integrated via multiple mental processes such as self-referential, reward, emotional, memory, and sensorimotor processing. Our study demonstrated that the DMN alone is insufficient to engage in brand equity-related mental processes. Therefore, marketers are required to make strategic plans to integrate the five consumer's multiple mental processes while building brand equity.
PubMed: 35734557
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09702 -
Neuron Sep 2009The posterior parietal cortex and frontal cortical areas to which it connects are responsible for sensorimotor transformations. This review covers new research on four... (Review)
Review
The posterior parietal cortex and frontal cortical areas to which it connects are responsible for sensorimotor transformations. This review covers new research on four components of this transformation process: planning, decision making, forward state estimation, and relative-coordinate representations. These sensorimotor functions can be harnessed for neural prosthetic operations by decoding intended goals (planning) and trajectories (forward state estimation) of movements as well as higher cortical functions related to decision making and potentially the coordination of multiple body parts (relative-coordinate representations).
Topics: Animals; Attention; Biomechanical Phenomena; Decision Making; Eye Movements; Frontal Lobe; Goals; Humans; Learning; Mental Processes; Models, Neurological; Motor Activity; Neural Pathways; Parietal Lobe; Psychomotor Performance; Time Factors; User-Computer Interface
PubMed: 19755101
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.028 -
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Jun 2023It is still debated whether metacognition, or the ability to monitor our own mental states, relies on processes that are "domain-general" (a single set of processes can...
It is still debated whether metacognition, or the ability to monitor our own mental states, relies on processes that are "domain-general" (a single set of processes can account for the monitoring of any mental process) or "domain-specific" (metacognition is accomplished by a collection of multiple monitoring modules, one for each cognitive domain). It has been speculated that two broad categories of metacognitive processes may exist: those that monitor primarily externally generated versus those that monitor primarily internally generated information. To test this proposed division, we measured metacognitive performance (using m-ratio, a signal detection theoretical measure) in four tasks that could be ranked along an internal-external axis of the source of information, namely memory, motor, visuomotor, and visual tasks. We found correlations between m-ratios in visuomotor and motor tasks, but no correlations between m-ratios in visual and visuomotor tasks, or between motor and memory tasks. While we found no correlation in metacognitive ability between visual and memory tasks, and a positive correlation between visuomotor and motor tasks, we found no evidence for a correlation between motor and memory tasks. This pattern of correlations does not support the grouping of domains based on whether the source of information is primarily internal or external. We suggest that other groupings could be more reflective of the nature of metacognition and discuss the need to consider other non-domain task-features when using correlations as a way to test the underlying shared processes between domains.
Topics: Humans; Metacognition; Information Sources
PubMed: 36333519
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02201-1