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Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021The aim of the present paper is to determine the sex of the individual using three-dimensional geometric and inertial analyses of metatarsal bones. Metatarsals of 60...
The aim of the present paper is to determine the sex of the individual using three-dimensional geometric and inertial analyses of metatarsal bones. Metatarsals of 60 adult Chinese subjects of both sexes were scanned using Aquilion One 320 Slice CT Scanner. The three-dimensional models of the metatarsals were reconstructed, and thereafter, a novel software using the center of mass set as the origin and the three principal axes of inertia was employed for model alignment. Eight geometric and inertial variables were assessed: the bone length, bone width, bone height, surface-area-to-volume ratio, bone density, and principal moments of inertia around the , , and axes. Furthermore, the discriminant functions were established using stepwise discriminant function analysis. A cross-validation procedure was performed to evaluate the discriminant accuracy of functions. The results indicated that inertial variables exhibit significant sexual dimorphism, especially principal moments of inertia around the axis. The highest dimorphic values were found in the surface-area-to-volume ratio, principal moments of inertia around the axis, and bone height. The accuracy rate of the discriminant functions for sex determination ranged from 88.3% to 98.3% (88.3%-98.3% cross-validated). The highest accuracy of function was established based on the third metatarsal bone. This study showed for the first time that the principal moment of inertia of the human bone may be successfully implemented for sex estimation. In conclusion, the sex of the individual can be accurately estimated using a combination of geometric and inertial variables of the metatarsal bones. The accuracy should be further confirmed in a larger sample size and be tested or independently developed for distinct population/age groups before the functions are widely applied in unidentified skeletons in forensic and bioarcheological contexts.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; Autopsy; Discriminant Analysis; Female; Forensic Anthropology; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Metatarsal Bones; Models, Anatomic; Sex Characteristics; Sex Determination by Skeleton; User-Computer Interface; Young Adult
PubMed: 34721293
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.734362 -
International Journal of Paleopathology Sep 2022This study describes foot bone anomalies and the degenerative changes associated with locomotion adaptations.
OBJECTIVE
This study describes foot bone anomalies and the degenerative changes associated with locomotion adaptations.
MATERIALS
An adult male (approximately 29-46 years old) from Estremoz, Portugal (13th-15th century).
METHODS
The skeletal anomalies observed in this skeleton were described and measurements were compared between both sides of the individual and with the mean of the adult males from the same collection.
RESULTS
The most anomalous bones are the right medial cuneiform and metatarsals. Degenerative changes are more severe on the left lower limb and right upper limb.
CONCLUSIONS
This skeleton represents a unilateral case of talipes varus of the right foot, with the metatarsals being more affected while previously published cases show more severe anomalies of the hindfoot. The degenerative changes observed in the skeleton suggest that both legs and arms, aided by crutches, were used for locomotion.
SIGNIFICANCE
This case shows that club foot skeletal anomalies are variable and the pattern of bony changes throughout the body can reveal locomotion adaptations.
LIMITATIONS
The possibility of a genetic cause cannot be assessed due to the absence of paleogenomic data.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
Since the anomalies found in this case are different than those previously published, we recommend care when analysing foot bones.
Topics: Adult; Clubfoot; Foot; Humans; Locomotion; Male; Metatarsal Bones; Middle Aged; Portugal
PubMed: 35700547
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.05.004 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and... Mar 2022Congruency of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is extremely important for the selection of surgical methods and prognosis, while radiographic evaluation methods...
BACKGROUND
Congruency of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is extremely important for the selection of surgical methods and prognosis, while radiographic evaluation methods are relatively lacking. The purpose of this article was to explore radiographic indicators for evaluating congruency of the first MTP joint.
METHODS
We selected patients with hallux valgus who had a weightbearing X-ray in the outpatient system and measured their hallux valgus angle (HVA). In total, 183 cases of 245 feet with HVA greater than 15° were selected. The distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA), metatarsophalangeal joint angle (MTPJA), congruency index (CI) and tibial sesamoid position (TSP) were measured and statistically analysed.
RESULTS
The higher the degree of hallux valgus was, the higher the proportion of incongruency of the first MTP joint. Significant differences were found in the DMAA, MTPJA and CI between the congruency and incongruency groups of patients with moderate-to-severe hallux valgus (P < 0.05). The areas under the curve (AUCs) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for DMAA was 0.554 (P > 0.05). However, the MTPJA and CI were 0.906 and 0.884, the sensitivity values reached 0.791 and 0.949, the specificity values were 0.862 and 0.644, and the critical values were 10.67 and 0.765, respectively. The correlation test indicated that in the congruency group, the DMAA and HVA were positively correlated, but the MTPJA, CI and HVA had low correlation coefficients. The DMAA and HVA were not correlated in the incongruency group; however, the MTPJA and HVA were significantly positively correlated, and the CI and HVA showed a negative correlation (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The MTPJA and CI are indicators that can be used to quantitatively evaluate the congruency of the first MTP joint, taking 10° and 0.765 as the demarcation points, respectively. Clinically, congruency of the MTP joint should be considered when choosing surgical methods for different degrees of hallux valgus, and the MTPJA and CI can be used as quantitative evaluation indicators.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level III, Retrospective Comparative Study.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Male; Metatarsal Bones; Metatarsophalangeal Joint; Middle Aged; Osteotomy; Radiography; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 35248093
DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03028-1 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2014There is not any method to measure metatarsal protrusion in the whole metatarsal. The aim of this research is to know the normal metatarsal parabola in male and female...
There is not any method to measure metatarsal protrusion in the whole metatarsal. The aim of this research is to know the normal metatarsal parabola in male and female feet. The system of measurement devised by Hardy and Clapham to evaluate the protrusion between metatarsals I and II was adapted to study the whole metatarsal parabola and applied to the five metatarsals of 169 normal feet, 72 female feet and 97 male feet. Authors measured all metatarsal protrusion relative to metatarsal II. The results obtained show a female metatarsal protrusion relative to metatarsal II of +1.27% for metatarsal I, -3.36% for metatarsal III, -8.34% for metatarsal IV, and -15.54% for metatarsal V. Data obtained for male metatarsal parabola were +0.5% for metatarsal I, -3.77 for metatarsal III, -9.57 for metatarsal IV, and -17.05 for metatarsal V. Differences between both metatarsal parabola were significant.
Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Female; Foot; Humans; Male; Metatarsal Bones; Metatarsophalangeal Joint; Models, Anatomic; Radiography; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spain
PubMed: 24688397
DOI: 10.1155/2014/505736 -
Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 2018Metatarsus adductus is the most common congenital foot deformity in newborns. It involves adduction of the metatarsals at the Lisfranc joint. A systematic literature... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Metatarsus adductus is the most common congenital foot deformity in newborns. It involves adduction of the metatarsals at the Lisfranc joint. A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate the following question: What tools are used to identify and quantify metatarsus adductus and how reliable, valid and responsive are they?
METHODS
The following electronic databases were searched for studies describing tools for the identification and quantification of metatarsus adductus in adults and children published from inception to June 2016: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science and AMED. Two researchers initially searched all articles by screening titles and abstracts. If there was any doubt as to an article's eligibility, the full text paper was retrieved. Reference lists and citations of all retained studies were examined in an attempt to locate further studies. Articles were excluded if they were not in English or described other congenital foot conditions that did not include metatarsus adductus. Studies included in the review reporting measurement properties of measurement tools were critically appraised using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) critical appraisal tool.
RESULTS
There were 282 articles screened by title and abstract and 28 articles screened from full text. Fifteen articles were included and nine had data that were extractable for appraisal using the COSMIN critical appraisal tool. Techniques to measure metatarsus adductus included the heel bisector method, photocopies, ultrasound, footprints, dynamic foot pressure and radiographs. There was a paucity of quality data reporting the reliability, validity or responsiveness for measuring metatarsus adductus. Several radiographic angles showed good reliability (intraclass correlation (ICC) - 0.84, 0.97) in adults during pre-operative planning.
CONCLUSION
There have been multiple assessment techniques proposed for quantification of metatarsus adductus, but there is paucity of reliability, validity or responsiveness to measurement data about these techniques, especially in relation to the paediatric population. Further consideration of measurement testing is required to determine if the most common non-radiographic measures of metatarsus adductus are acceptable for clinical use.
Topics: Foot Deformities, Congenital; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Metatarsus Varus; Observer Variation; Radiography; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 29881466
DOI: 10.1186/s13047-018-0268-z -
PloS One 2021We investigated the impact of visual impairment on balance control. We measured the center of pressure (COP) between the two feet and plantar surface pressures on each...
We investigated the impact of visual impairment on balance control. We measured the center of pressure (COP) between the two feet and plantar surface pressures on each foot in 18 normal-sighted participants and compared their data with measures from 18 legally blind participants, either acquired or congenital. Pressures were measured in open- and closed-eye conditions using a baropodometric resistive plate. In the eyes-open condition, there were no differences between the sighted and legally blind groups in COP displacement. However, participants with visual loss had significantly increased pressures in two metatarsal regions (M1 and M2 zones) of the plantar surface in both viewing conditions (p < 0.05). The differences in pressure measures between the normally sighted and legally blind groups could be attributed mainly to the subgroup of subjects with acquired impairment. Our findings suggest that subjects with visual impairment present increased metatarsal pressures (i.e. forefoot), not yet associated to anterior displacement of COP or impaired balance control.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Foot; Humans; Male; Metatarsal Bones; Middle Aged; Postural Balance; Pressure; Visually Impaired Persons; Young Adult
PubMed: 33857169
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249467 -
The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal 2021Malrotation of medial column bones of the foot has been advocated as an important factor in foot conditions such as hallux valgus and progressive collapsing foot...
BACKGROUND
Malrotation of medial column bones of the foot has been advocated as an important factor in foot conditions such as hallux valgus and progressive collapsing foot deformity. Although stated as a deformity component, variances of normality in the general population are not completely understood. This study intended to describe the rotational profile of all medial column bones using weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) images in a cohort of patients with different foot and ankle problems.
METHODS
In this retrospective study, 110 feet of 95 consecutive patients that received a WBCT for assessment of different foot and ankle pathologies were included. Measurements were performed by a blinded fellowship-trained orthopedic foot and ankle surgeon. Rotation of the navicular, medial cuneiform, proximal and distal first metatarsal as well as proximal phalanx of the first toe were recorded. Positive values were considered pronation and negative values were considered supination. Rotational profile of each bone/ segment was assessed by ANOVA and comparison between each segment was performed using Wilcoxon Each-Pair analysis. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered significant.
RESULTS
On average, a rotational positioning in pronation (internal rotation) was observed for all medial column bones. The navicular (43.2°, CI 41.1°-45.3°) and the proximal metatarsal (33.9°, CI 31.8°-36.0°) showed the highest mean rotation values. The medial cuneiform presented the lowest mean pronation (6.1°, CI 4.0°-8.3°). Comparison between each bone segment demonstrated statistically significant differences of rotational alignment for the different bones (p<0.0001), with the exception of the distal metatarsal and proximal phalanx, that had similar amounts of pronation. A zig-zag rotational pattern of alignment was observed from proximal to distal, with relative supination/pronation of adjacent medial column bones.
CONCLUSION
The overall rotational profile of medial column bones was found to be in absolute pronation, most pronounced at the navicular and proximal first metatarsal, with significant differences in the amount of pronation when comparing most of the medial column bones. The presented data may be utilized as reference/ baseline values of medial column rotation, supporting future prospective, comparative and controlled studies..
Topics: Hallux Valgus; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Retrospective Studies; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Weight-Bearing
PubMed: 34552411
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Aug 2009To compare biomechanical strength, interface quality, and effects of bone healing in bone-implant interfaces that were untreated or treated with calcium phosphate cement... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
OBJECTIVE
To compare biomechanical strength, interface quality, and effects of bone healing in bone-implant interfaces that were untreated or treated with calcium phosphate cement (Ca-cement), magnesium phosphate cement (Mg-cement), or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in horses.
ANIMALS
6 adult horses.
PROCEDURES
4 screw holes were created (day 0) in each third metacarpal and third metatarsal bone of 6 horses. In each bone, a unicortical screw was placed in each hole following application of Ca-cement, Mg-cement, PMMA, or no treatment (24 screw holes/treatment). Screws were inserted to 2.82 N m torque. Horses were euthanized and bones were harvested at day 5 (16 screw holes/treatment) or day 182 (8 screw holes/treatment). Radiography, biomechanical testing, histomorphometry, and micro-computed tomography were performed to characterize the bone-implant interfaces.
RESULTS
Use of Mg-cement increased the peak torque to failure at bone-implant interfaces, compared with the effects of no treatment and Ca-cement, and increased interface toughness, compared with the effects of no treatment, Ca-cement, and PMMA. Histologically, there was 44% less Ca-cement and 69% less Mg-cement at the interfaces at day 182, compared with amounts present at day 5. Within screw threads, Ca-cement increased mineral density, compared with PMMA or no treatment. In the bone adjacent to the screw, Mg-cement increased mineral density, compared with PMMA or no treatment. One untreated and 1 Ca-cement-treated screw backed out after day 5.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In horses, Mg-cement promoted bone-implant bonding and adjacent bone osteogenesis, which may reduce the risk of screw loosening.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Bone Cements; Bone Screws; Calcium Phosphates; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Fracture Healing; Horses; Magnesium; Metacarpal Bones; Metatarsal Bones; Osteogenesis; Polymethyl Methacrylate; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 19645577
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.8.964 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Nov 2021The prevalence of osteochondral changes in the metatarsal growth plates of fattening bulls was investigated. Plantarodorsal radiographic views of the metatarsal region...
The prevalence of osteochondral changes in the metatarsal growth plates of fattening bulls was investigated. Plantarodorsal radiographic views of the metatarsal region of 204 hind legs from 102 slaughtered fattening bulls were taken. Radiographic lesions in metatarsal growth plates were confirmed in selected cases using computed tomography (n=14) and histology (n=6). Radiographic criteria for growth plate lesions were axis deviations between the metatarsal bones and the digit, radiolucencies in the growth plate, increased bone density in the metaphysis, irregularities of the growth plate and marginal osteophytes («lipping»). The individual lesions were categorised as present/absent or 1 = slight, 2 = distinct, and 3 = severe. A weighted sum of these radiographic changes was generated for each growth plate and for each animal, and used for statistical analysis of the associations between husbandry factors and the occurrence of lesions. Almost all of the metatarsal bones had signs of osteochondral changes on the radiographs of the growth plates. The most common lesions were lipping (99,5 %), increased bone density in the metaphysis (66,6 %) and radiolucencies in the growth plates (64,1 %). Computed tomography and histology revealed hyperplasia of the margins of the epiphysis and metaphysis, focal increase in bone deposits accompanied by incomplete ossification and irregular and widened cartilage columns of the growth plate. There were statistically significant associations between the weighted radiographic changes and slaughter weight, average daily weight gain, husbandry practices and production label. The prevalence of radiographic lesions indicative for osteochondrosis of the metatarsal growth plates of fattening bulls slaughtered at a local abattoir was high. The extent to which the distinct and severe lesions are associated with reduced production and obvious clinical lameness requires further study.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Epiphyses; Growth Plate; Male; Metatarsal Bones; Prevalence; Switzerland
PubMed: 34758948
DOI: 10.17236/sat00322 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and... Mar 2021Zones 2 and 3 fifth metatarsal fractures are often treated with intramedullary fixation due to an increased risk of nonunion. A previous 3-dimensional (3D) computerized...
BACKGROUND
Zones 2 and 3 fifth metatarsal fractures are often treated with intramedullary fixation due to an increased risk of nonunion. A previous 3-dimensional (3D) computerized tomography (CT) imaging study by our group determined that the screw should stop short of the bow of the metatarsal and be larger than the commonly used 4.5 millimeter (mm) screw. This study determines how these guidelines translate to operative outcomes, measured using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function (PF) and Pain Interference (PI) surveys. Radiographic variables measuring the height of the medial longitudinal arch and degree of metatarsus adductus were also obtained to determine if these measurements had any effect on outcomes. And lastly, this study aimed to determine if morphologic differences between males and females affected surgical outcomes.
METHODS
We retrospectively identified 23 patients (14 male, 9 female) who met inclusion criteria. Eighteen patients completed PROMIS surveys. Preoperative PROMIS surveys were completed prior to surgery, rather than retroactively. Weightbearing radiographs were also obtained preoperatively to assist with surgical planning and postoperatively to assess interval healing. Correlation coefficients were calculated between PROMIS scores and repair characteristics (hardware characteristics [screw length and diameter] and radiographic measurements of specific morphometric features). T tests determined the relationship between repair characteristics, PROMIS scores, and incidence of operative complications. PROMIS scores and correlation coefficients were also stratified by gender.
RESULTS
The average screw length and diameter adhered to guidelines from our previous study. Preoperatively, mean PROMIS PI = 57.26±11.03 and PROMIS PF = 42.27±15.45 after injury. Postoperatively, PROMIS PI = 44.15±7.36 and PROMIS PF = 57.22±10.93. Patients with complications had significantly worse postoperative PROMIS PF scores (p=0.0151) and PROMIS PI scores (p=0.003) compared to patients without complications. Females had non-significantly worse preoperative and postoperative PROMIS scores compared to males and had a higher complication rate (33 percent versus 21 percent, respectively). Metatarsus adductus angle was shown to exhibit a significant moderate inverse relationship with postoperative PROMIS PF scores in the overall cohort (r=-0.478; p=0.045). Metatarsus adductus angle (r=-0.606; p=0.008), lateral talo-1st metatarsal angle (r=-0.592; p=0.01), and medial cuneiform height (r=-0.529; p=0.024) demonstrated significant inverse relationships with change in PROMIS PF scores for the overall cohort. Within the male subcohort, significant relationships were found between the change in PROMIS PF and metatarsus adductus angle (r=-0.7526; p=0.005), lateral talo-1st metatarsal angle (r=-0.7539; p=0.005), and medial cuneiform height (r=-0.627; p=0.029).
CONCLUSION
Patients treated according to guidelines from our prior study achieved satisfactory patient reported and radiographic outcomes. Screws larger than 4.5mm did not lead to hardware complications, including screw failure, iatrogenic fractures, or cortical blowouts. Females had non-significantly lower preoperative and postoperative PROMIS scores and were more likely to suffer complications compared to males. Patients with complications, higher arched feet, or greater metatarsus adductus angles had worse functional outcomes. Future studies should better characterize whether patients with excessive lateral column loading benefit from an off-loading cavus orthotic or plantar-lateral plating.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bone Screws; Female; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Metatarsal Bones; Middle Aged; Patient Reported Outcome Measures; Prosthesis Design; Retrospective Studies; Sex Characteristics; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Young Adult
PubMed: 33752730
DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02331-7