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International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2020Methyl chloride (CHCl) is presently understood to arise from biotic and abiotic processes in marine systems. However, the production of CHCl via photochemical processes...
Methyl chloride (CHCl) is presently understood to arise from biotic and abiotic processes in marine systems. However, the production of CHCl via photochemical processes has not been well studied. Here, we reported the production of CHCl from humic acid (HA) in sunlit saline water and the effects of the concentration of HA, chloride ions, ferric ions and pH were investigated. HA in aqueous chloride solutions or natural seawater were irradiated under an artificial light, and the amounts of CHCl were determined using a purge-and-trap and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CHCl was generated upon irradiation and its amount increased with increasing irradiation time and the light intensity. The formation of CHCl increased with an increase of HA concentration ranging from 2 mg L to 20 mg L and chloride ion concentration ranging from 0.02 mol L to 0.5 mol L. The photochemical production of CHCl was pH-dependent, with the highest amount of CHCl generating near neutral conditions. Additionally, the generation of CHCl was inhibited by ferric ions. Finally, natural coastal seawater was irradiated under artificial light and the concentration of CHCl rose significantly. Our results suggest that the photochemical process of HA may be a source of CHCl in the marine environment.
Topics: Humic Substances; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iron; Light; Methyl Chloride; Photochemical Processes; Salinity; Seawater; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 31941122
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020503 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2009Ionic liquids (ILs) are known to be non-volatile and thus to have low potential for atmospheric contamination or intoxication of humans by inhalation. However ILs have...
Ionic liquids (ILs) are known to be non-volatile and thus to have low potential for atmospheric contamination or intoxication of humans by inhalation. However ILs have the potential to contaminate soil and water as they might be water soluble and can be sorbed onto solids. The investigation of possible natural ways of reducing the concentration of ILs in the environment is of high importance, especially because the requirement for biodegradable chemicals increases, together with pressure for reduction of incineration and landfill waste. It was found that the upper concentration threshold for primary biodegradation of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride is 0.2 mM. At higher concentrations the dehydrogenase activity of the cells dropped markedly, indicating that the IL inhibits cell activity. This concentration is in good agreement with the minimal inhibitory concentration of the same compound found for a series of bacteria and fungi by this research group. The sorption of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride was found to be significant, and the sorption coefficient was determined to be 98.2 L kg(-1).
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Ionic Liquids; Pyridinium Compounds; Sewage; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 19924073
DOI: 10.3390/molecules14114396 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Jun 2012In the title compound, C(9)H(13)N(2)O(+)·Cl(-), the cation, apart from the methyl groups, is almost planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.040 (1) Å; the methyl C...
In the title compound, C(9)H(13)N(2)O(+)·Cl(-), the cation, apart from the methyl groups, is almost planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.040 (1) Å; the methyl C atoms deviate by 0.389 (2) and -1.247 (1) Å, from the mean plane. In the crystal, cations and anions associate through C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming a helical arrangement. In addition, inter-molecular O-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯N inter-actions are observed.
PubMed: 22719496
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812020211 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Feb 2012The asymmetric unit of the title complex, {(C(5)H(12)NO)[BiCl(4)]}(n), contains two bridging and two cis non-bridging chloride ligands coordinated to a central Bi(III)...
The asymmetric unit of the title complex, {(C(5)H(12)NO)[BiCl(4)]}(n), contains two bridging and two cis non-bridging chloride ligands coordinated to a central Bi(III) atom, and one 4-methyl-morpholin-4-ium cation. The Bi(III) atoms are linked by the bridging chloride ligands into linear chains parallel to the c axis. The chloride ions create a pseudo-octa-hedral geometry about each Bi(III) atom. Bifurcated N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the cations to the anionic chains.
PubMed: 22346854
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812001717 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Jan 2013In the title compound, [PdCl2(C13H14N2S)], the Pd(II) ion is coordinated by two N atoms of the chelating bidentate ligand and two chloride anions, giving rise to a...
In the title compound, [PdCl2(C13H14N2S)], the Pd(II) ion is coordinated by two N atoms of the chelating bidentate ligand and two chloride anions, giving rise to a distorted square-planar geometry. The methyl-substituted thio-phene arm and the pyridine ring are connected to the metal cation through N atoms to form a six-membered chelate ring with a boat conformation, making the complex stable.
PubMed: 23476321
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812049240 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... May 2013The asymmetric unit of the title structure, [CoCl2(C3H11NOP)4][CoCl4]2, consists of one half of the...
The asymmetric unit of the title structure, [CoCl2(C3H11NOP)4][CoCl4]2, consists of one half of the trans-dichlorido-tetra-kis-[(di-methyl-phosphor-yl)methanaminium]cobalt(II) tetra-cation lying on an inversion center and one tetra-chloridocobaltate(II) dianion on a general position. Four O-coordinated cationic (di-methyl-phosphor-yl)methanaminium (dpmaH(+)) ligands occupy the equatorial coordination sites, whereas the chloride ligands occupy axial positions of the roughly o-cta-hedral coordination polyhedron of the cobalt metal center. Intra-molecular hydrogen bonds between the aminium groups and the O atom of the phosphoryl groups and additional hydrogen bonds between the aminium groups and the chloride ligands are present. Furthermore, four of the six H atoms not involved in intra-molecular bonding of each cobalt(II) tetra-cation form weak hydrogen bonds to four adjacent tetra-chloridocobaltate(II) counter-anions. By these inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, one-dimensional polymeric strands are formed along the b-axis direction. The hydrogen bonding is analyzed using the graph-set method and the structural similarity with dpmaHCl is discussed.
PubMed: 23723763
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813008945 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Mar 2014The title compound, [HP(CH3)3][IrCl4{(H3C)3P}2], consists of a tri-methyl-phospho-nium cation and a tetra-chlorido-bis-(tri-methyl-phosphane)iridate(III) anion. The...
The title compound, [HP(CH3)3][IrCl4{(H3C)3P}2], consists of a tri-methyl-phospho-nium cation and a tetra-chlorido-bis-(tri-methyl-phosphane)iridate(III) anion. The anion has an octa-hedral arrangement of ligands, with the tri-methyl-phosphane groups occupying trans positions. The Ir(III) atom sits on an inversion center with one P(CH3)3 ligand and two chloride ligands in the asymmetric unit. The tri-methyl-phospho-nium cation is disordered about a twofold rotation axis. The title compound is the first structurally characterized tetra-chlorido-bis-(phosphane)iridate complex.
PubMed: 24764937
DOI: 10.1107/S160053681400350X -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... May 2015In the title compound, [CuCl2(C7H7NO2)2], the square-planar-coordinated Cu(II) ion lies on a centre of symmetry and is bonded to two monodentate methyl-isonicotinate...
In the title compound, [CuCl2(C7H7NO2)2], the square-planar-coordinated Cu(II) ion lies on a centre of symmetry and is bonded to two monodentate methyl-isonicotinate ligands through their N atoms and by two chloride ligands. The mol-ecules pack in a herringbone pattern. Perpendicular to [100] there are weak inter-molecular C-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯O contacts. Along [100] there are infinite chains of edge-sharing octa-hedra linked through the chlorido ligands.
PubMed: 25995890
DOI: 10.1107/S205698901500729X -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Jun 2011In the title compound, [LiTa(C(10)H(15))(C(10)H(13)N)(2)Cl(C(4)H(10)O)], the Ta(V) atom is coordinated by a η(5)-penta-methyl-cyclo-penta-dienyl (Cp*) ligand, a...
In the title compound, [LiTa(C(10)H(15))(C(10)H(13)N)(2)Cl(C(4)H(10)O)], the Ta(V) atom is coordinated by a η(5)-penta-methyl-cyclo-penta-dienyl (Cp*) ligand, a chloride ion and two N-bonded 2-tert-butyl-phenyl-imide dianions. With respect to the two N atoms, the chloride ion and the centroid of the Cp* ring, the tantalum coordination geometry is approximately tetra-hedral. The lithium cation is bonded to both the 2-tert-butyl-phenyl-imide dianions and also a diethyl ether mol-ecule, in an approximate trigonal planar arrangement. The Ta⋯Li separation is 2.681 (15) Å. In the crystal, a weak C-H⋯Cl inter-action links the mol-ecules. When compared to the 2,6-diisopropyl-phenyl-imide analogue ('the Wigley derivative') of the title compound, the two structures are conformationally matched with an overall r.m.s. difference of 0.461Å.
PubMed: 21754594
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811015650 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Feb 2011In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(12)H(20)N(3) (+)·Cl(-), the protonated (1R,2R)-(pyridin-4-ylmeth-yl)cyclo-hexane-1,2-diamine cations and chloride...
In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(12)H(20)N(3) (+)·Cl(-), the protonated (1R,2R)-(pyridin-4-ylmeth-yl)cyclo-hexane-1,2-diamine cations and chloride anions are linked via N-H⋯N and N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.
PubMed: 21522424
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811005526