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Scandinavian Journal of Work,... Mar 1981Human behavioral effects resulting from the ingestion of an average dose of diazepam and from 3 h of inhaling either 100 ppm or 200 ppm of methyl chloride (MeCl) were... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
Human behavioral effects resulting from the ingestion of an average dose of diazepam and from 3 h of inhaling either 100 ppm or 200 ppm of methyl chloride (MeCl) were studied in the laboratory. Each of 56 volunteers was randomly assigned to one of six groups comprising the combinations of diazepam and placebo and one of the two levels of MeCl plus control. Each individual was tested in an environmental room on three tasks involving components of eye-hand coordination, mental alertness, and time discrimination. Both pretreatment and treatment data were obtained. Diazepam produced a significant 10% impairment in task performance, whereas the effect of 200 ppm of MeCl was marginally significant (average performance impairment of 4.5%). When the two agents were combined, total impairment was equal to the sum of the individually induced losses. Large interindividual differences in breath and blood levels were found for MeCl.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attention; Diazepam; Discrimination, Psychological; Female; Humans; Male; Methyl Chloride; Motor Skills; Time Perception
PubMed: 7313613
DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.2563 -
Effect of Substituents on the Homopolymerization Activity of Methyl Alkyl Diallyl Ammonium Chloride.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022Among nitrogen-containing cationic electrolytes, diallyl quaternary ammonium salt is a typical monomer with the highest positive charge density, which has attracted the...
Among nitrogen-containing cationic electrolytes, diallyl quaternary ammonium salt is a typical monomer with the highest positive charge density, which has attracted the most attention, especially in the research on homopolymers and copolymers of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC), which occupy a very unique and important position. In order to improve the lipophilicity of substituted diallyl ammonium chloride monomers under the premise of high cationic charge density, the simplest, most direct, and most efficient structure design strategy was selected in this paper. Only one of the substituents on DMDAAC quaternary ammonium nitrogen was modified by alkyl; the substituents were propyl and amyl groups, and their corresponding monomers were methyl propyl diallyl ammonium chloride (MPDAAC) and methyl amyl diallyl ammonium chloride (MADAAC), respectively. The effect of substituent structure on the homopolymerization activity of methyl alkyl diallyl ammonium chloride was illustrated by quantum chemical calculation and homopolymerization rate determination experiments via ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator system. The results of quantum chemistry simulation showed that, with the finite increase in substituted alkyl chain length, the numerical values of the bond length and the charge distribution of methyl alkyl diallyl ammonium chloride monomer changed little, with the activation energy of the reactions in the following order: DMDAAC < MPDAAC < MADAAC. The polymerization activities measured by the dilatometer method were in the order DMDAAC > MPDAAC > MADAAC. The activation energies Ea of homopolymerization were 96.70 kJ/mol, 97.25 kJ/mol, and 100.23 kJ/mol, and the rate equation of homopolymerization of each monomer was obtained. After analyzing and comparing these results, it could be easily found that the electronic effect of substituent was not obvious, whereas the effect of the steric hindrance was dominant. The above studies have laid a good foundation for an understanding of the polymerization activity of methyl alkyl diallyl ammonium chloride monomers and the possibility of preparation and application of these polymers with high molecular weight.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Ammonium Compounds; Nitrogen; Polymerization; Polymers
PubMed: 35897851
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154677 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Sep 2012Loss of synaptic inhibition by γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine due to potassium chloride cotransporter-2 (KCC2) down-regulation in the spinal cord is a critical...
Loss of synaptic inhibition by γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine due to potassium chloride cotransporter-2 (KCC2) down-regulation in the spinal cord is a critical mechanism of synaptic plasticity in neuropathic pain. Here we present novel evidence that peripheral nerve injury diminishes glycine-mediated inhibition and induces a depolarizing shift in the reversal potential of glycine-mediated currents (E(glycine)) in spinal dorsal horn neurons. Blocking glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors normalizes synaptic inhibition, E(glycine), and KCC2 by nerve injury. Strikingly, nerve injury increases calcium-dependent calpain activity in the spinal cord that in turn causes KCC2 cleavage at the C terminus. Inhibiting calpain blocks KCC2 cleavage induced by nerve injury and NMDA, thereby normalizing E(glycine). Furthermore, calpain inhibition or silencing of μ-calpain at the spinal level reduces neuropathic pain. Thus, nerve injury promotes proteolytic cleavage of KCC2 through NMDA receptor-calpain activation, resulting in disruption of chloride homeostasis and diminished synaptic inhibition in the spinal cord. Targeting calpain may represent a new strategy for restoring KCC2 levels and tonic synaptic inhibition and for treating chronic neuropathic pain.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Calpain; Chlorides; Electrophysiology; Glutamic Acid; Homeostasis; Male; Neuralgia; Neuronal Plasticity; Pain; RNA, Small Interfering; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Symporters; Synapses; K Cl- Cotransporters
PubMed: 22854961
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M112.395830 -
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jul 2018The purposes of this study are to prepare the generic extended release tablet of potassium chloride (PC) 600 mg and to compare the absorption of potassium ion from the...
The purposes of this study are to prepare the generic extended release tablet of potassium chloride (PC) 600 mg and to compare the absorption of potassium ion from the experimental tablets to that of Kaleorid® LP 600 mg (Leo Pharmaceutical Products, Denmark). Carnauba wax was used as retardant in the matrix core tablets. The core tablets were coated with blends of ethyl cellulose (EC) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) to modulate the drug release. Results of a selective two-level, three-factor experiment design revealed that a blend of 41.75% of EC and 58.25% of HPMC at 4.5% weight gained could produce the coated tablets having dissolution profiles similar to those of Kaleorid®. A two-treatment, two-period, two-sequence crossover bioequivalence study was carried out on 24 healthy volunteers to compare the absorption of potassium ion from experimental tablets to that from Kaleorid®. The potassium ion in the urine was measured by a selective electrode of the ADVIA 1650 system (Bayer) and used to calculate cumulative urinary excretion and urinary excretion rate. Results of 90 percent confidence interval analysis showed that the limits for natural log-transformed cumulative urinary potassium excretion (Ln Ae) of test product were in the range of 3.73-3.79 mEq, corresponding to 99.08%-100.92% of Kaleorid, respectively, and the limits for natural log-transformed maximal potassium excretion rate ( ) of test product were in the range of 1.72-1.82 mEq/h, corresponding to 97.34%-102.66% of reference product, respectively. Both of them fell within the bioequivalence interval (80%-125%) of reference product, proving that experimental product is bioequivalent to Kaleorid.
PubMed: 32104409
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.05.010 -
Biomacromolecules Oct 2023Due to increasing public concern over hygiene, there have been many studies investigating antimicrobial and antiviral agents recently. With the aim of developing...
Due to increasing public concern over hygiene, there have been many studies investigating antimicrobial and antiviral agents recently. With the aim of developing biobased virucidal/virus capture agents, we report a chemical modification of the cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) surface with poly(2-dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate) methyl chloride quaternary salt (Q-PDMAEA) to introduce the positively charged functional groups. The surface of CNCs was modified through direct and indirect graft polymerization. Subsequently, the direct and indirect cationization effect on the degree of functionalization, thermal stability, crystallinity, and antiviral activity of CNCs was investigated. Indirect cationization produced the highest degree of polymer grafting, increasing particle size and thermal stability. Further, the modified CNCs were tested for their ability to capture nonenveloped bacteriophages PhiX174 (ΦX174) and MS2. We observed a significant (>4.19 log) reduction in total viral load by specific functionalized CNCs. However, the activity depended on the structure of functional groups, surface charge density, and the type of virus under study. Overall, the direct and indirect cationization of CNC leads to biobased agents with immobilized cationic charge, with good virus capture activity. Such agents can be used for various applications including textiles, packaging, wastewater treatment, etc.
PubMed: 36464847
DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01045 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Jul 2009The title compound, C(12)H(12)N(3)O(2) (+)·Cl(-)·H(2)O, was prepared by the reaction of N'-[(5-methyl-2-fur-yl)methyl-ene]isonicotino-hydrazide and hydro-chloric acid...
The title compound, C(12)H(12)N(3)O(2) (+)·Cl(-)·H(2)O, was prepared by the reaction of N'-[(5-methyl-2-fur-yl)methyl-ene]isonicotino-hydrazide and hydro-chloric acid at room temperature. The entire molecule is approximately planar with a maximum deviation of 0.047 (2) Å. An intramolecular C-H⋯O interaction is observed. O-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯O, N-H⋯N, C-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯O hydrogen-bonds stabilize the crystal structure.
PubMed: 21583659
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809028426 -
Letters in Organic Chemistry Dec 2017Combination of urea hydrogen peroxide and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in methanol was proved to be facile and highly efficient for the oxidative methyl esterification of...
Combination of urea hydrogen peroxide and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in methanol was proved to be facile and highly efficient for the oxidative methyl esterification of various aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic methyl esters.
PubMed: 29430217
DOI: 10.2174/1570178614666170918121035 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Apr 2008The title compound, C(12)H(17)FNO(+)·Cl(-), is a degradation impurity of paroxetine hydro-chloride hemihydrate (PAXIL), an anti-depressant belonging to the group of...
The title compound, C(12)H(17)FNO(+)·Cl(-), is a degradation impurity of paroxetine hydro-chloride hemihydrate (PAXIL), an anti-depressant belonging to the group of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Similar to the paroxetine hydro-chloride salt with protonation having taken place on the basic piperidine ring, the degradation impurity also exists as the hydro-chloride salt. The cyclic six-membered piperidinium ring adopts a chair conformation with the hydroxy-methyl and 4-fluoro-phenyl groups in the equatorial positions. The ions form a tape along the b axis through charge-assisted N(+)-H⋯Cl(-) hydrogen bonds; these tapes are connected by O-H⋯Cl(-) hydrogen bonds along the a axis.
PubMed: 21202292
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536808008593 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Jan 2009The title compound, {(C(6)H(11)N(2))[CrCl(3)]}(n), was generated via mixing of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride with CrCl(2) in ethanol. Crystals...
The title compound, {(C(6)H(11)N(2))[CrCl(3)]}(n), was generated via mixing of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride with CrCl(2) in ethanol. Crystals were obtained by a diffusion method. In the crystal structure, the anion forms one-dimensional chains of chloride-bridged Jahn-Teller distorted chromium(II) centers extending along the [100] direction. The imidazolium cations are positioned between these chains.
PubMed: 21581818
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809002281 -
The FEBS Journal Apr 2014The ionic liquid N-ethyl-N'-methyl imidazolium chloride (EMIMCl) has been described as being very efficient in promoting refolding of the recombinant plasminogen...
UNLABELLED
The ionic liquid N-ethyl-N'-methyl imidazolium chloride (EMIMCl) has been described as being very efficient in promoting refolding of the recombinant plasminogen activator rPA. Our study reveals that molar concentrations of EMIMCl increase the solubility of native and unfolded proteins due to favorable interactions with amino acid side chains rather than favorably interacting with the peptide backbone. This delicate balance of favorable interactions with side chains and unfavorable interactions with the peptide backbone provides a molecular explanation of how EMIMCl suppresses protein aggregation and simultaneously promotes refolding. By contrast, high concentrations of EMIMCl denature proteins because of a reduced water content and strong favorable interactions with amino acid side chains. This denatured species is not soluble and aggregates because, in contrast to the classical denaturants, guanidine hydrochloride and urea, EMIMCl does not solubilize the peptide backbone.
STRUCTURED DIGITAL ABSTRACT
PNP and PNP bind by molecular sieving (1, 2, 3, 4).
Topics: Chlorides; Imidazoles; Plasminogen Activators; Protein Denaturation; Protein Folding; Solubility; Solvents
PubMed: 24506586
DOI: 10.1111/febs.12736