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BioMed Research International 2015Three species of freshwater Brazilian fishes (pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus; piavussu, Leporinus macrocephalus, and curimbatá, Prochilodus lineatus) were exposed to an...
Three species of freshwater Brazilian fishes (pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus; piavussu, Leporinus macrocephalus, and curimbatá, Prochilodus lineatus) were exposed to an acute dose of 5 ppm methyl parathion organophosphate pesticide. Three to five individuals per species were exposed, one at a time, to 40 liters tap water spiked with Folidol 600. Pesticide concentrations and cholinesterase (ChE) activities were evaluated in serum, liver, brain, heart, and muscle. The bioconcentration of methyl parathion was similar for all studied fishes. Brain tissue showed the highest pesticide concentration, reaching 80 ppm after exposure for 30 min to methyl parathion. Three to 5 hours of 5 ppm methyl parathion exposure provoked the death of all P. lineatus at 92% brain AChE inhibition, whereas fish from the other two species survived for up to 78 hours with less than 80% brain AChE inhibition. Our results indicate that acute toxic effects of methyl parathion to fish are correlated with brain AChE sensitivity to methyl paraoxon.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Brazil; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterases; Fishes; Fresh Water; Humans; Insecticides; Liver; Methyl Parathion; Muscles; Organophosphates; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 26339593
DOI: 10.1155/2015/197196 -
Toxicological Sciences : An Official... May 2009Although the use of organophosphate (OP) insecticides has been restricted, sufficient exposure can occur to induce detrimental neurobehavioral effects. In this study, we...
Although the use of organophosphate (OP) insecticides has been restricted, sufficient exposure can occur to induce detrimental neurobehavioral effects. In this study, we measured physical and reflex development and spatial learning and memory in rats repeatedly exposed to incremental doses of chlorpyrifos (CPS) and methyl parathion (MPS) from postnatal day (PND) 1 to PND21. Other than decreased body weight in the higher dosage groups, no effects on physical or reflex development were observed. Significant hippocampal cholinesterase inhibition was induced in all treatment groups for up to 19 days following exposure. Beginning on PND36, working and reference memory was tested using a 12-arm radial maze, with subject animals trained and tested 4 days a week for 4 weeks. In males, working memory was decreased with the medium and high dosage of MPS but only the high dosage of CPS; while in females, no deficits were observed. For reference memory, errors were significantly increased in males exposed to the high dosage of CPS and all dosages of MPS. In females, enhanced performance was observed within the medium and high dosages of CPS but not with MPS. These data show that repeated developmental exposure to OP insecticides can induce sex-selective alterations and long-lasting changes in spatial learning and memory formation when measured using a radial arm maze and that MPS and CPS induce different neurobehavioral outcomes.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Chlorpyrifos; Cholinesterases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hippocampus; Insecticides; Male; Maze Learning; Methyl Parathion; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 19293373
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp053 -
Neurochemical Research Jan 2021Organophosphate (OP) compounds are widely used as pesticides and herbicides and exposure to these compounds has been associated with both chronic and acute forms of...
Organophosphate (OP) compounds are widely used as pesticides and herbicides and exposure to these compounds has been associated with both chronic and acute forms of neurological dysfunction including cognitive impairment, neurophysiological problems and cerebral ataxia with evidence of mitochondrial impairment being associated with this toxicity. In view of the potential mitochondrial impairment, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of exposure to commonly used OPs, dichlorvos, methyl-parathion (parathion) and chloropyrifos (CPF) on the cellular level of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) electron carrier, coenzyme Q (CoQ) in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The effect of a perturbation in CoQ status was also evaluated on mitochondrial function and cell viability. A significant decreased (P < 0.0001) in neuronal cell viability was observed following treatment with all three OPs (100 µM), with dichlorvos appearing to be the most toxic to cells and causing an 80% loss of viability. OP treatment also resulted in a significant diminution in cellular CoQ status, with levels of this isoprenoid being decreased by 72% (P < 0.0001), 62% (P < 0.0005) and 43% (P < 0.005) of control levels following treatment with dichlorvos, parathion and CPF (50 µM), respectively. OP exposure was also found to affect the activities of the mitochondrial enzymes, citrate synthase (CS) and mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complex II+III. Dichlorvos and CPF (50 µM) treatment significantly decreased CS activity by 38% (P < 0.0001) and 35% (P < 0.0005), respectively compared to control levels in addition to causing a 54% and 57% (P < 0.0001) reduction in complex II+III activity, respectively. Interestingly, although CoQ supplementation (5 μM) was able to restore cellular CoQ status and CS activity to control levels following OP treatment, complex II+III activity was only restored to control levels in neuronal cells exposed to dichlorvos (50 µM). However, post supplementation with CoQ, complex II+III activity significantly increased by 33% (P < 0.0005), 25% (P < 0.005) and 35% (P < 0.0001) in dichlorvos, parathion and CPF (100 µM) treated cells respectively compared to non-CoQ supplemented cells. In conclusion, the results of this study have indicated evidence of neuronal cell CoQ deficiency with associated mitochondrial dysfunction following OP exposure. Although CoQ supplementation was able to ameliorate OP induced deficiencies in CS activity, ETC complex II+III activity appeared partially refractory to this treatment. Accordingly, these results indicate the therapeutic potential of CoQ supplementation in the treatment of OP poisoning. However, higher doses may be required to engender therapeutic efficacy.
Topics: Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Chlorpyrifos; Dichlorvos; Electron Transport Complex II; Electron Transport Complex III; Humans; Insecticides; Methyl Parathion; Mitochondria; Neurons; Ubiquinone
PubMed: 32306167
DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03033-y -
Environmental Toxicology Jun 2013Methyl parathion (C₈H₁₀NO₅PS) and parathion (C₁₀H14 NO₅PS) are both organophosphate insecticides (OPI) widely used for household and agricultural...
Methyl parathion (C₈H₁₀NO₅PS) and parathion (C₁₀H14 NO₅PS) are both organophosphate insecticides (OPI) widely used for household and agricultural applications. They are known for their ability to irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase which often leads to a profound effect on the nervous system of exposed organisms. Many recently published studies have indicated that human exposure to OPI may be associated with neurologic, hematopoietic, cardiovascular, and reproductive adverse effects. Studies have also linked OPI exposure to a number of degenerative diseases including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Also, oxidative stress (OS) has been reported as a possible mechanism of OPI toxicity in humans. Hence, the aim of the present investigation was to use human liver carcinoma (HepG₂) cells as a test model to evaluate the role of OS in methyl parathion- and parathion-induced toxicity. To achieve this goal, we performed the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay for cell viability, lipid peroxidation assay for malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and Comet assay for DNA damage, respectively. Results from MTT assay indicated that methyl parathion and parathion gradually reduce the viability of HepG₂ cells in a dose-dependent manner, showing 48 h-LD₅₀ values of 26.20 mM and 23.58 mM, respectively. Lipid peroxidation assay resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) of MDA level in methyl parathion- and parathion-treated HepG₂ cells compared with controls, suggesting that OS plays a key role in OPI-induced toxicity. Comet assay indicated a significant increase in genotoxicity at higher concentrations of OPI exposure. Overall, we found that methyl-parathion is slightly less toxic than parathion to HepG₂ cells. The cytotoxic effect of these OPI was found to be associated, at least in part, with oxidative cell/tissue damage.
Topics: Cell Survival; Comet Assay; DNA Damage; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Insecticides; Lethal Dose 50; Lipid Peroxidation; Malondialdehyde; Methyl Parathion; Oxidative Stress; Parathion
PubMed: 21544925
DOI: 10.1002/tox.20725 -
Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical Jun 2019In the current work we report a simple and scalable technique for synthesis of ordered nanoporous Si-ZrO composite derived from the diatom . The composite was well...
In the current work we report a simple and scalable technique for synthesis of ordered nanoporous Si-ZrO composite derived from the diatom . The composite was well characterized using SEM, TEM-EDX, FTIR, TGA, BET and DLS. The diatom-ZrO was found to have a specific surface area of 140 m/g, Si:Zr ratio of 1:4 and a particle size of 80 ± 2 nm. This composite was evaluated as an enzyme free electrochemical sensor towards the detection of methyl parathion (MP) and showed excellent sensing ability at extremely low detection limits of 54.3 pM and a linear concentration range of 3.4 nM to 64 μM. The diatom-ZrO composite was also found to be highly selective towards MP as shown by its response even in the presence of high concentrations of other interfering molecules and ions.
PubMed: 31772421
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2019.03.036 -
Journal of Toxicology and Pharmacology 2017The effects of developmental exposure to two organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and methyl parathion (MPS), on cholinesterase (ChE) activity and...
The effects of developmental exposure to two organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and methyl parathion (MPS), on cholinesterase (ChE) activity and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) binding were investigated in preweanling rat brain. Animals were orally gavaged daily with low, medium, and high dosages of the insecticides using an incremental dosing regimen from postnatal day 1 (PND1) to PND20. On PND12, PND17 and PND20, the cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, hippocampus, and medulla-pons were collected for determination of ChE activity, total mAChR density, and the density of the individual mAChR subtypes. ChE activity was inhibited by the medium and high dosages of CPF and MPS at equal levels in all four brain regions at all three ages examined. Exposure to both compounds decreased the levels of the M1, M2/M4, and M3 subtypes and the total mAChR level in all brain regions, but the effects varied by dosage group and brain region. On PND12, only the high dosages induced receptor changes while on PND17 and PND20, greater effects became evident. In general, the effects on the M1 subtype and total receptor levels appeared to be greater in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus than in the corpus striatum and medulla-pons. This did not appear to be the case for the M2/M4 and M3 subtypes effects. The differences between CPF and MPS were minimal even though in some cases, CPF exerted statistically greater effects than MPS did. In general, repeated exposure to organophosphorus insecticides can alter the levels of the various mAChR subtypes in various brain regions which could induce perturbation in cholinergic neurochemistry during the maturation of the brain regions.
PubMed: 30035273
DOI: No ID Found -
RSC Advances Dec 2018We report a rapid, sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on pillar[5]arene (CP5) reduced graphene (rGO) nanohybrid-modified glassy carbon electrode...
We report a rapid, sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on pillar[5]arene (CP5) reduced graphene (rGO) nanohybrid-modified glassy carbon electrode CP5-rGO/GCE for the trace detection of methyl parathion (MP) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) for the first time. Compared to beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-functionalized reduced graphene (rGO)-modified GCE β-CD-rGO/GCE, the proposed CP5-rGO/GCE sensor exhibits excellent electrochemical catalytic activity, rapid response, high sensitivity, good reproducibility and anti-interference ability towards MP. The recognition mechanism of β-CD/MP and CP5/MP was studied by H NMR. The results indicate a higher supramolecular recognition capability between CP5 and MP compared to that between β-CD and MP. The β-CD-rGO and CP5-rGO nano-composites were prepared a wet chemistry approach. The resulting nano-composites have been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), charge transfer resistance ( ) and zeta potential. The CP5-rGO/GCE combines the merits of CP5 and rGO, and is used for quantitative detection of MP. It has a low detection limit of 0.0003 μM (S/N = 3) and a linear response range of 0.001-150 μM for MP. This method has been used to detect MP in soil and waste water samples with satisfactory results. This study provides a promising electrochemical sensing platform and is a promising tool for the rapid, facile and sensitive analysis of MP.
PubMed: 35521608
DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08555b -
ACS Omega Dec 2022Pesticide usage is one of the significant issues in modern agricultural practices; hence, monitoring pesticide content and its degradation is of utmost importance. A...
Pesticide usage is one of the significant issues in modern agricultural practices; hence, monitoring pesticide content and its degradation is of utmost importance. A novel and simple one-pot deep eutectic solvent-based solvothermal method has been developed for the synthesis of FeVO/reduced graphene oxide (FeV/RGO) nanocomposite. The band gap of FeV decreased upon anchoring with RGO. Enhanced activity in the detection and photocatalytic degradation has been achieved in the FeV/RGO nanocomposite compared to pure FeV and RGO. FeV/RGO was used to modify glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and the fabricated electrode was evaluated for its electrochemical detection of methyl parathion (MP). The amperometric technique was found to be more sensitive with a 0.001-260 μM (two linear ranges; 0.001-20 and 25-260 μM) wide linear range and low limit of detection value (0.70 nM). The practical applicability of modified GCE is more selective and sensitive to real samples like river water and green beans. Photocatalytic degradation of MP has been examined using FeV, RGO, and FeV/RGO nanocomposite. FeV/RGO managed to degrade 95% of MP under solar light in 80 min. Degradation parameters were optimized carefully to attain maximum efficiency. Degradation intermediates were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The degradation mechanism has been studied in detail. FeV/RGO could serve as a material of choice in the field of electrochemical sensors as well as heterogeneous catalysis toward environmental remediation.
PubMed: 36530306
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05729 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023An unprecedented photocatalyst, SmEuSbO, was successfully fabricated in this paper, through a high-temperature solid-state calcination method, which represented its...
An unprecedented photocatalyst, SmEuSbO, was successfully fabricated in this paper, through a high-temperature solid-state calcination method, which represented its first ever synthesis. Additionally, using the solvothermal method, the SmEuSbO/ZnBiSbO heterojunction photocatalyst (SZHP) was fabricated, marking its debut in this study. XRD analysis confirmed that both SmEuSbO and ZnBiSbO exhibited pyrochlore-type crystal structures with a cubic lattice, belonging to the Fd3m space group. The crystal cell parameter was determined to be 10.5682 Å or 10.2943 Å for SmEuSbO or ZnBiSbO, respectively. The band gap width measured for SmEuSbO or ZnBiSbO was 2.73 eV or 2.61 eV, respectively. Under visible light irradiation for 150 min (VLTI-150 min), SZHP exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activity, achieving 100% removal of parathion methyl (PM) concentration and 99.45% removal of total organic carbon (TOC) concentration. The kinetic constant () for PM degradation and visible light illumination treatment was determined to be 0.0206 min, with a similar constant of 0.0202 min observed for TOC degradation. Remarkably, SZHP exhibited superior PM removal rates compared with SmEuSbO, ZnBiSbO, or N-doped TiO photocatalyst, accompanied by removal rates 1.09 times, 1.20 times, or 2.38 times higher, respectively. Furthermore, the study investigated the oxidizing capability of free radicals through the use of trapping agents. The results showed that hydroxyl radicals had the strongest oxidative capability, followed by superoxide anions and holes. These findings provide a solid scientific foundation for future research and development of efficient heterojunction compound catalysts.
PubMed: 38067453
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237722 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2017We have developed a sensitive electrochemical sensor for Organophosphorus pesticide methyl parathion (MP) using silver particles supported graphene nanoribbons...
We have developed a sensitive electrochemical sensor for Organophosphorus pesticide methyl parathion (MP) using silver particles supported graphene nanoribbons (Ag@GNRs). The Ag@GNRs nanocomposite was prepared through facile wet chemical strategy and characterized by TEM, EDX, XRD, Raman, UV-visible, electrochemical and impedance spectroscopies. The Ag@GNRs film modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) delivers excellent electrocatalytic ability to the reduction of MP. The Ag@GNRs/SPCE detects sub-nanomolar concentrations of MP with excellent selectivity. The synergic effects between special electrocatalytic ability of Ag and excellent physicochemical properties of GNRs (large surface area, high conductivity, high area-normalized edge-plane structures and abundant catalytic sites) make the composite highly suitable for MP sensing. Most importantly, the method is successfully demonstrated in vegetables and fruits which revealed its potential real-time applicability in food analysis.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Fruit; Methyl Parathion; Nanocomposites; Nanotubes, Carbon; Vegetables
PubMed: 28425441
DOI: 10.1038/srep46471