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Epilepsia 2007Mood disorders (MD) are a frequent comorbidity of epilepsy with a negative impact on quality of life. The higher prevalence of MD in people with epilepsy (PWE) is most... (Review)
Review
Mood disorders (MD) are a frequent comorbidity of epilepsy with a negative impact on quality of life. The higher prevalence of MD in people with epilepsy (PWE) is most likely a reflection of a bidirectional relation between the two conditions, and common pathogenic mechanisms. Treatment of MD in PWE is safe with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), but nonpsychiatrists need to know when to refer these patients to a psychiatrist for further evaluation and treatment.
Topics: Anxiety Disorders; Comorbidity; Cost of Illness; Depressive Disorder, Major; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe; Health Status; Humans; Mood Disorders; Quality of Life
PubMed: 18047595
DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01395.x -
Annual Review of Medicine 2015Ketamine is the prototype for a new generation of glutamate-based antidepressants that rapidly alleviate depression within hours of treatment. Over the past decade,... (Review)
Review
Ketamine is the prototype for a new generation of glutamate-based antidepressants that rapidly alleviate depression within hours of treatment. Over the past decade, there has been replicated evidence demonstrating the rapid and potent antidepressant effects of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression. Moreover, preclinical and biomarker studies have begun to elucidate the mechanism underlying the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine, offering a new window into the biology of depression and identifying a plethora of potential treatment targets. This article discusses the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ketamine, summarizes the neurobiology of depression, reviews the mechanisms underlying the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine, and discusses the prospects for next-generation rapid-acting antidepressants.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Brain; Depressive Disorder, Major; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Ketamine; Mood Disorders; Neuronal Plasticity; Prefrontal Cortex
PubMed: 25341010
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-053013-062946 -
Australian Family Physician May 2010Depression is a common disorder in primary care. Disruptions to the circadian rhythms associated with depression have received little attention yet offer new and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Depression is a common disorder in primary care. Disruptions to the circadian rhythms associated with depression have received little attention yet offer new and exciting approaches to treatment.
OBJECTIVE
This article discusses circadian rhythms and the disruption to them associated with depression, and reviews nonpharmaceutical and pharmaceutical interventions to shift circadian rhythms.
DISCUSSION
Features of depression suggestive of a disturbance to circadian rhythms include early morning waking, diurnal mood changes, changes in sleep architecture, changes in timing of the temperature nadir, and peak cortisol levels. Interpersonal social rhythm therapy involves learning to manage interpersonal relationships more effectively and stabilisation of social cues, such as including sleep and wake times, meal times, and timing of social contact. Bright light therapy is used to treat seasonal affective disorders. Agomelatine is an antidepressant that works in a novel way by targeting melatonergic receptors.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Circadian Rhythm; Depressive Disorder; Family Practice; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Melatonin; Mood Disorders; New South Wales; Risk Assessment; Seasonal Affective Disorder; Sleep Wake Disorders; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 20485718
DOI: No ID Found -
Brain Injury May 2022The objective of this study was to identify characteristics associated with an increased risk of anxiety and mood disorder prior to 25 years of age, in children who...
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to identify characteristics associated with an increased risk of anxiety and mood disorder prior to 25 years of age, in children who sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) prior to age 10.
METHODS
This population-based study identified 562 TBI cases from a 1976-1982 birth cohort in Olmsted County, Minnesota. TBI cases were manually confirmed and classified by injury severity. Separate Cox proportional hazards regression models were fit to estimate the association of TBI and secondary non-TBI related characteristics with the risk of a subsequent clinically determined anxiety or mood disorder. Multivariable-adjusted population attributable risk (PAR) estimates were calculated for TBI characteristics.
RESULTS
Older age at initial TBI and extracranial injury at time of initial TBI were significantly associated with an increased risk of anxiety (adjusted HR [95% CI]: 1.33 [1.16, 1.52] per 1-year increase and 2.41 [1.26, 4.59]), respectively. Older age at initial TBI was significantly associated with an increased risk of a mood disorder (adjusted HR 1.17 [1.08-1.27]).
CONCLUSION
In individuals sustaining a TBI prior to age 10, age at injury greater than 5 years old was the largest contributor to development of a mood or anxiety disorder.
Topics: Anxiety Disorders; Birth Cohort; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Mood Disorders; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35604956
DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2022.2077987 -
Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao... Oct 2009To review studies that have evaluated the comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder and mood disorders, as well as between posttraumatic stress disorder and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review studies that have evaluated the comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder and mood disorders, as well as between posttraumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders.
METHOD
We searched Medline for studies, published in English through April, 2009, using the following keywords: 'posttraumatic stress disorder', 'PTSD', 'mood disorder', 'major depressive disorder', 'major depression', 'bipolar disorder', 'dysthymia', 'anxiety disorder', 'generalized anxiety disorder', 'agoraphobia', 'obsessive-compulsive disorder', 'panic disorder', 'social phobia', and 'comorbidity'.
RESULTS
Major depression is one of the most frequent comorbid conditions in posttraumatic stress disorder individuals, but individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder are also more likely to present with bipolar disorder, other anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviors. These comorbid conditions are associated with greater clinical severity, functional impairment, and impaired quality of life in already compromised individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression symptoms also mediate the association between posttraumatic stress disorder and severity of pain among patients with chronic pain.
CONCLUSION
Available studies suggest that individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder are at increased risk of developing affective disorders compared with trauma-exposed individuals who do not develop posttraumatic stress disorder. Conversely, pre-existing affective disorders increase a person's vulnerability to the posttraumatic stress disorder--inducing effects of traumatic events. Also, common genetic vulnerabilities can help to explain these comorbidity patterns. However, because the studies addressing this issue are few in number, heterogeneous and based on a limited sample, more studies are needed in order to adequately evaluate these comorbidities, as well as their clinical and therapeutic implications.
Topics: Anxiety Disorders; Comorbidity; Humans; Mood Disorders; Risk Factors; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Violence
PubMed: 19967202
DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462009000600005 -
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 2008Research designed to examine the relationship between creativity and mental illnesses must confront multiple challenges. What is the optimal sample to study? How should... (Review)
Review
Research designed to examine the relationship between creativity and mental illnesses must confront multiple challenges. What is the optimal sample to study? How should creativity be defined? What is the most appropriate comparison group? Only a limited number of studies have examined highly creative individuals using personal interviews and a noncreative comparison group. The majority of these have examined writers. The preponderance of the evidence suggests that in these creative individuals the rate of mood disorder is high, and that both bipolar disorder and unipolar depression are quite common. Clinicians who treat creative individuals with mood disorders must also confront a variety of challenges, including the fear that treatment may diminish creativity. In the case of bipolar disorder, however, it is likely that reducing severe manic episodes may actually enhance creativity in many individuals.
Topics: Antimanic Agents; Career Choice; Creativity; Famous Persons; Humans; Intelligence; Mood Disorders; Temperament
PubMed: 18689294
DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.2/ncandreasen -
Psychiatria Polska Feb 2023Defense mechanisms are unconscious, automatic processes that allow us to cope with tension and stress. They play a significant role in maintaining mental health, but the... (Review)
Review
Defense mechanisms are unconscious, automatic processes that allow us to cope with tension and stress. They play a significant role in maintaining mental health, but the use of some of them, especially immature ones which strongly distort reality, can be associated with psychopathological symptoms. Multiple studies show a relationship between immature defensive styles and mood disorders. Individuals with depressive and bipolar affective disorders use more immature mechanisms compared to non-clinical control groups. At the same time, they rely less on mature, adaptive defense mechanisms. Immature defense mechanisms may negatively affect the course and effectiveness of treatment, while improvements toward the use of more mature defenses due to psychotherapy and other treatment interventions are observed. Estimation of the maturity level of defense mechanisms may prove useful in the diagnostic process, especially in differentiating depressive disorders from anxiety disorders, differentiating between subtypes of mood disorders and in assessing the risk of suicidal behavior. Enhancing mature defense mechanisms and reducing reliance on immature ones may improve the overall functioning of patients with mood disorders and contribute to reducing the severity of psychopathological symptoms.
Topics: Humans; Mood Disorders; Bipolar Disorder; Psychotherapy; Anxiety Disorders; Defense Mechanisms
PubMed: 37350724
DOI: 10.12740/PP/145919 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2020Mood disorders remain a major public health concern worldwide. Monoaminergic hypotheses of pathophysiology of bipolar and major depressive disorders have led to the... (Review)
Review
Mood disorders remain a major public health concern worldwide. Monoaminergic hypotheses of pathophysiology of bipolar and major depressive disorders have led to the development of monoamine transporter-inhibiting antidepressants for the treatment of major depression and have contributed to the expanded indications of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of bipolar disorders. In spite of psychopharmacological progress, current pharmacotherapy according to the monoaminergic hypothesis alone is insufficient to improve or prevent mood disorders. Recent approval of esketamine for treatment of treatment-resistant depression has attracted attention in psychopharmacology as a glutamatergic hypothesis of the pathophysiology of mood disorders. On the other hand, in the last decade, accumulated findings regarding the pathomechanisms of mood disorders emphasised that functional abnormalities of tripartite synaptic transmission play important roles in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. At first glance, the enhancement of astroglial connexin seems to contribute to antidepressant and mood-stabilising effects, but in reality, antidepressive and mood-stabilising actions are mediated by more complicated interactions associated with the astroglial gap junction and hemichannel. Indeed, several depressive mood-inducing stress stimulations suppress connexin43 expression and astroglial gap junction function, but enhance astroglial hemichannel activity. On the other hand, monoamine transporter-inhibiting antidepressants suppress astroglial hemichannel activity and enhance astroglial gap junction function, whereas several non-antidepressant mood stabilisers activate astroglial hemichannel activity. Based on preclinical findings, in this review, we summarise the effects of antidepressants, mood-stabilising antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants on astroglial connexin, and then, to establish a novel strategy for treatment of mood disorders, we reveal the current progress in psychopharmacology, changing the question from "what has been revealed?" to "what should be clarified?".
Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Astrocytes; Connexin 43; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Mood Disorders
PubMed: 33396966
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010339 -
Assessment Mar 2020The Mood Disorder Questionnaire is a screening measure for bipolar disorder, previously found to comprise separate Positive and Negative Activation subscales. We sought...
The Mood Disorder Questionnaire is a screening measure for bipolar disorder, previously found to comprise separate Positive and Negative Activation subscales. We sought to replicate these factors and examine their associations with a range of psychopathology. To further explicate the nature of Negative Activation, we examined associations with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, a measure of emotion dysregulation. The sample consisted of 1,787 participants from an outpatient treatment facility. Confirmatory factor analysis replicated the existence of Positive and Negative Activation subscales. Logistic regressions, as hypothesized, found that Positive Activation was positively associated only with bipolar disorder, while Negative Activation was associated with almost all disorders. The Impulse and Goals subscales of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were uniquely associated with Negative Activation, suggesting it may specifically assess impulsive behavior in emotional situations. The findings suggest that it may be important to attend to both Mood Disorder Questionnaire subscales.
Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mood Disorders; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychopathology; Rhode Island
PubMed: 31137947
DOI: 10.1177/1073191119851574 -
Development and Psychopathology Aug 2018Following recent advances in behavioral and psychiatric epigenetics, researchers are increasingly using epigenetic methods to study prenatal exposure to maternal mood... (Review)
Review
Following recent advances in behavioral and psychiatric epigenetics, researchers are increasingly using epigenetic methods to study prenatal exposure to maternal mood disorder and its effects on fetal and newborn neurobehavior. Despite notable progress, various methodological limitations continue to obscure our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underpinning prenatal exposure to maternal mood disorder on newborn neurobehavioral development. Here we detail this problem, discussing limitations of the currently dominant analytical approaches (i.e., candidate epigenetic and epigenome-wide association studies), then present a solution that retains many benefits of existing methods while minimizing their shortcomings: epigenetic pathway analysis. We argue that the application of pathway-based epigenetic approaches that target DNA methylation at transcription factor binding sites could substantially deepen our mechanistic understanding of how prenatal exposures influence newborn neurobehavior.
Topics: Child of Impaired Parents; DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Humans; Infant Behavior; Infant, Newborn; Mood Disorders; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
PubMed: 30068429
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579418000688