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Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... 2004Of all infections associated to oral pathology, the most relevant ones are those that are related to dental pathology. Cellulitis is an infection of the cellular adipose...
Of all infections associated to oral pathology, the most relevant ones are those that are related to dental pathology. Cellulitis is an infection of the cellular adipose tissue located in the aponeurotic spaces. It can be classified on the basis of location, severity and evolution. The aponeurotic compartments that allow odontogenic infections to spread have been categorised as: superficial compartment, floor of the mouth, masticator compartment, parapharyngeal space, parotid space and paratonsillar space. The present work describes the anatomical structures that comprise these spaces. The clinical forms of facial cellulitis are divided into acute and chronic. Potential complications consist of orbital infections, necrotising fascitis, thrombosis of the cavernous sinus, cerebral abscess and mediastinitis. Diagnosis is made on the basis of anamnesis, physical examination and complementary procedures (analytical tests and imaging studies). Treatment includes: treatment of causes (depending on the underlying cause in each case), incision and drainage, antibiotic therapy (chosen empirically) and complementary medical care. Odontogenic infections are primarily treated with surgery and coadjuvant antibiotic therapy.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cellulitis; Drainage; Face; Focal Infection, Dental; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Neck
PubMed: 15580131
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2011The aim of this paper is to review the literature and identify orofacial manifestations of hematological diseases, with particular reference to anemias and disorders of... (Review)
Review
The aim of this paper is to review the literature and identify orofacial manifestations of hematological diseases, with particular reference to anemias and disorders of hemostasis. A computerized literature search using MEDLINE was conducted for published articles on orofacial manifestations of hematological diseases, with emphasis on anemia. Mesh phrases used in the search were: oral diseases AND anaemia; orofacial diseases AND anaemia; orofacial lesions AND anaemia; orofacial manifestations AND disorders of haemostasis. The Boolean operator "AND" was used to combine and narrow the searches. Anemic disorders associated with orofacial signs and symptoms include iron deficiency anemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, megaloblastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassaemia and aplastic anemia. The manifestations include conjunctiva and facial pallor, atrophic glossitis, angular stomatitis, dysphagia, magenta tongue, midfacial overgrowth, osteoclerosis, osteomyelitis and paraesthesia/anesthesia of the mental nerve. Orofacial petechiae, conjunctivae hemorrhage, nose-bleeding, spontaneous and post-traumatic gingival hemorrhage and prolonged post-extraction bleeding are common orofacial manifestations of inherited hemostatic disorders such as von Willebrand's disease and hemophilia. A wide array of anemic and hemostatic disorders encountered in internal medicine has manifestations in the oral cavity and the facial region. Most of these manifestations are non-specific, but should alert the hematologist and the dental surgeon to the possibilities of a concurrent disease of hemopoiesis or hemostasis or a latent one that may subsequently manifest itself.
Topics: Anemia; Facies; Hemostatic Disorders; Humans; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 22048588
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.87070 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021The oral microbiome, one of the most complex and intensive microbial ecosystems in the human body, comprises bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Dysbiosis... (Review)
Review
The oral microbiome, one of the most complex and intensive microbial ecosystems in the human body, comprises bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Dysbiosis of the oral microbiome is the initiating factor that leads to oral infectious diseases. Infection is a sophisticated biological process involving interplay between the pathogen and the host, which often leads to activation of programmed cell death. Studies suggest that pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis are involved in multiple oral infectious diseases. Further understanding of crosstalk between cell death pathways has led to pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis being integrated into a single term: PANoptosis. PANoptosis is a multifaceted agent of the immune response that has important pathophysiological relevance to infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. As such, it plays an important role in innate immune cells that detect and eliminate intracellular pathogens. In addition to the classical model of influenza virus-infected and -infected macrophages, other studies have expanded the scope of PANoptosis to include other microorganisms, as well as potential roles in cell types other than macrophages. In this review, we will summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying inflammation and tissue destruction caused by oral pathogens. We present an overview of different pathogens that may induce activation of PANoptosis, along with the functional consequences of PANoptosis in the context of oral infectious diseases. To advance our understanding of immunology, we also explore the strategies used by microbes that enable immune evasion and replication within host cells. Improved understanding of the interplay between the host and pathogen through PANoptosis will direct development of therapeutic strategies that target oral infectious diseases.
Topics: Animals; Antimicrobial Peptides; Apoptosis; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; Communicable Diseases; Dysbiosis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Microbiota; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Necroptosis; Pyroptosis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34970269
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789610 -
Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2019White lesions of the oral cavity are quite common and can have a variety of etiologies, both benign and malignant. Although the vast majority of publications focus on... (Review)
Review
White lesions of the oral cavity are quite common and can have a variety of etiologies, both benign and malignant. Although the vast majority of publications focus on leukoplakia and other potentially malignant lesions, most oral lesions that appear white are benign. This review will focus exclusively on reactive white oral lesions. Included in the discussion are frictional keratoses, irritant contact stomatitis, and smokeless tobacco keratoses. Leukoedema and hereditary genodermatoses that may enter in the clinical differential diagnoses of frictional keratoses including white sponge nevus and hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis will be reviewed. Many products can result in contact stomatitis. Dentrifice-related stomatitis, contact reactions to amalgam and cinnamon can cause keratotic lesions. Each of these lesions have microscopic findings that can assist in patient management.
Topics: Humans; Keratosis; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Tobacco, Smokeless
PubMed: 30671762
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0986-3 -
Oral Diseases Jun 2019To detail a scoping review on the global and regional relative frequencies of oral mucosal disorders in the children based on both clinical studies and those reported... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To detail a scoping review on the global and regional relative frequencies of oral mucosal disorders in the children based on both clinical studies and those reported from biopsy records.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature search was completed from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2018 using PubMed and EMBASE.
RESULTS
Twenty clinical studies (sample size: 85,976) and 34 studies from biopsy services (40,522 biopsies) were included. Clinically, the most frequent conditions were aphthous ulcerations (1.82%), trauma-associated lesions (1.33%) and herpes simplex virus (HSV)-associated lesions (1.33%). Overall, the most commonly biopsied lesions were mucoceles (17.12%), fibrous lesions (9.06%) and pyogenic granuloma (4.87%). By WHO geographic region, the pooled relative frequencies of the most common oral lesions were similar between regions in both clinical and biopsy studies. Across regions, geographic tongue (migratory glossitis), HSV lesions, fissured tongue and trauma-associated ulcers were the most commonly reported paediatric oral mucosal lesions in clinical studies, while mucoceles, fibrous lesions and pyogenic granuloma were the most commonly biopsied lesions.
CONCLUSIONS
The scoping review suggests data from the clinical studies and biopsy records shared similarities in the most commonly observed mucosal lesions in children across regions. In addition, the majority of lesions were benign in nature.
Topics: Biopsy; Child; Congresses as Topic; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Medicine; Oral Ulcer; Stomatitis, Aphthous
PubMed: 31034120
DOI: 10.1111/odi.13112 -
Head and Neck Pathology Sep 2021Syphilis is a sexually-transmitted infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum. Cases of primary and secondary syphilis are on the rise in the United States, with a... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Syphilis is a sexually-transmitted infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum. Cases of primary and secondary syphilis are on the rise in the United States, with a 14.4% increase in new cases noted from 2017 to 2018 and an escalation of 71% between the years 2014 and 2018. Fulfilling its nickname of "the great imitator," oral manifestations of syphilis may mimic a variety of infectious, neoplastic, or immune-mediated processes, both clinically and histopathologically. This large spectrum of appearances can create a diagnostic challenge to the clinician and/or pathologist, leading to delay in diagnosis or misdiagnosis.
METHODS
A database of oral syphilis cases was created from archives at the University of Kentucky, University of Pittsburgh, LIJMC, Columbia University MC, and University of Tennessee. The age, sex, race, location, duration, and clinical description were recorded. Cases without positive reaction upon immunohistochemistry or serologic tests were excluded.
RESULTS
We identified 19 new cases of oral syphilis (17 males, one female, and one case unknown sex) and described the clinical and histopathological features of this re-emerging and potentially fatal disease. All cases demonstrated dense lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, often with inflammatory exocytosis or ulceration at the surface, and perivascular inflammation.
CONCLUSIONS
Early recognition of the histopathologic and clinical manifestations of oral syphilis is imperative for prompt diagnosis, improved patient outcomes, and disease prevention.
Topics: Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Diseases; Syphilis
PubMed: 33459991
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01283-4 -
Dental Clinics of North America Apr 2017An opportunistic infection (OI) is a disease of microbial cause or pathogenesis generally thought to occur in hosts with weakened immunity. Oral OIs are associated with... (Review)
Review
An opportunistic infection (OI) is a disease of microbial cause or pathogenesis generally thought to occur in hosts with weakened immunity. Oral OIs are associated with many risk factors and pathogens. Causative organisms for oral OIs have unique modes of transmission. The clinical presentation of oral OIs is heterogeneous and diagnosis can be challenging. Therefore, laboratory identification of causative pathogens is useful for definitive diagnosis and targeted therapeutics, and can be achieved by biological, serologic, histologic, and/or molecular methods. Clinical risk assessment and history with review of systems, and accurate diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up, are essential.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Diseases; Opportunistic Infections
PubMed: 28317572
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.12.007 -
The Journal of International Medical... Dec 2023The aetiology of oral mucosal diseases, such as recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), oral lichen planus (OLP) and burning mouth syndrome (BMS), involves many factors, and it... (Review)
Review
The aetiology of oral mucosal diseases, such as recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), oral lichen planus (OLP) and burning mouth syndrome (BMS), involves many factors, and it remains difficult for clinicians to effectively relieve disease symptoms and formulate coping strategies. With the rapid development of psychology, the role of mental and psychological factors in RAU, OLP and BMS has gradually attracted researchers attention, but the specific mechanism has not been completely determined. This narrative review describes the potential neurobiological mechanism of oral mucosal diseases and detailed psychological factors after introducing relevant research into psychological factors and oral mucosal diseases. Future research strategies and innovations needed to understand and treat oral mucosal diseases and psychological factors, as well as how to prevent oral mucosal diseases by regulation of the neuroendocrine system, are also discussed.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Diseases; Stomatitis, Aphthous; Lichen Planus, Oral; Burning Mouth Syndrome
PubMed: 38150546
DOI: 10.1177/03000605231218619 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022Oral diseases are among the most common human diseases yet less studied. These diseases affect both the physical, mental, and social health of the patients resulting in... (Review)
Review
Oral diseases are among the most common human diseases yet less studied. These diseases affect both the physical, mental, and social health of the patients resulting in poor quality of life. They affect all ages, although severe stages are mostly observed in older individuals. Poor oral hygiene, genetics, and environmental factors contribute enormously to the development and progression of these diseases. Although there are available treatment options for these diseases, the recurrence of the diseases hinders their efficiency. Oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are highly produced in oral cavity as a result of bacteria activities. Together with bacteria components such as lipopolysaccharides, VSCs participate in the progression of oral diseases by regulating cellular activities and interfering with the immune response. Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a gaseous neurotransmitter primarily produced endogenously and is involved in the regulation of cellular activities. The gas is also among the VSCs produced by oral bacteria. In numerous diseases, HS have been reported to have dual effects depending on the cell, concentration, and donor used. In oral diseases, high production and subsequent utilization of this gas have been reported. Also, this high production is associated with the progression of oral diseases. In this review, we will discuss the production of HS in oral cavity, its interaction with cellular activities, and most importantly its role in oral diseases.
Topics: Apoptosis; Bacteria; Cystathionine gamma-Lyase; Humans; Hydrogen Sulfide; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Neoplasms; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 35116090
DOI: 10.1155/2022/1886277 -
Head and Neck Pathology Dec 2017A 44-year-old female presented to her general dentist with the chief complaint of a painful mouth sore of 2 weeks duration. Clinical examination revealed an irregularly...
A 44-year-old female presented to her general dentist with the chief complaint of a painful mouth sore of 2 weeks duration. Clinical examination revealed an irregularly shaped ulcer of the buccal and lingual attached gingiva of the anterior mandible. A biopsy was performed and microscopic evaluation revealed histoplasmosis. Histoplasmosis, caused by Histoplasma capsulate, is the most common fungal infection in the United States. Oral lesions of histoplasmosis are generally associated with the disseminated form of histoplasmosis and may present as a fungating or ulcerative lesion of the oral mucosa. The histologic findings and differential diagnosis for oral histoplasmosis are discussed.
Topics: Adult; Female; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 28220360
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-017-0797-y