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International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2019The oral cavity contributes to overall health, psychosocial well-being and quality of human life. Oral inflammatory diseases represent a major global health problem with... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity contributes to overall health, psychosocial well-being and quality of human life. Oral inflammatory diseases represent a major global health problem with significant social and economic impact. The development of effective therapies, therefore, requires deeper insights into the etiopathogenesis of oral diseases. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection results in a life-long persistence of the virus in the host and has been associated with numerous oral inflammatory diseases including oral lichen planus (OLP), periodontal disease and Sjogren's syndrome (SS). There is considerable evidence that the EBV infection is a strong risk factor for the development and progression of these conditions, but is EBV a true pathogen? This long-standing EBV paradox yet needs to be solved. This review discusses novel viral aspects of the etiopathogenesis of non-tumorigenic diseases in the oral cavity, in particular, the contribution of EBV in OLP, periodontitis and SS, the tropism of EBV infection, the major players involved in the etiopathogenic mechanisms and emerging contribution of EBV-pathogenic bacteria bidirectional interaction. It also proposes the involvement of EBV-infected plasma cells in the development and progression of oral inflammatory diseases. A new direction for preventing and treating these conditions may focus on controlling pathogenic EBV with anti-herpetic drugs.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 31766729
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235861 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2017
Topics: Australia; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Humans; Information Storage and Retrieval; Mouth Diseases; Oral Health
PubMed: 28393808
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_133_17 -
Medecine Et Sante Tropicales 2013
Topics: Cysticercosis; Humans; Male; Mouth Diseases; Young Adult
PubMed: 24344407
DOI: No ID Found -
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Jan 2017Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology or pathogenesis with varied disease severity that waxes and wanes over a long period of time.... (Review)
Review
Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology or pathogenesis with varied disease severity that waxes and wanes over a long period of time. Although a common oral mucosal disease, accurate diagnosis is often challenging due to the overlapping clinical and histopathological features of oral lichen planus and other mucosal diseases. Other immune-mediated mucocutaneous diseases can exhibit lichenoid features including mucous membrane pemphigoid, chronic graft-versus-host disease, and discoid lupus erythematosus. Reactive changes to dental materials or to systemic medications can mimic oral lichen planus both clinically and histologically. In these situations the clinical presentation can be useful, as oral lichen planus presents as a multifocal process and is usually symmetrical and bilateral. Dysplasia of the oral cavity can exhibit a lichenoid histology, which may mask the potentially premalignant features. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, an unusual clinical disease, can often mimic oral lichen planus clinically, requiring careful correlation of the clinical and pathologic features.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Graft vs Host Disease; Humans; Lichen Planus, Oral; Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 28060366
DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.121 -
Medical Principles and Practice :... 2003It is well known that smoking contributes to the development of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, and there is weighty evidence that it has a considerable... (Review)
Review
It is well known that smoking contributes to the development of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, and there is weighty evidence that it has a considerable influence on oral health. Smoking has many negative effects on the mouth, including staining of teeth and dental restorations, reduction of the ability to smell and taste, and the development of oral diseases such as smoker's palate, smoker's melanosis, coated tongue, and, possibly, oral candidosis and dental caries, periodontal disease, implant failure, oral precancer and cancer. From a qualitative point of view the latter is obviously the most serious tobacco-related effect in the mouth. Quantitatively, however, importance has been attached to periodontitis, which affects a large proportion of the population, and during recent years more attention has been given to implant survival rates. Dentists have an important role to play in preventing the harmful effects of smoking in the mouth, and consequently smoking counselling should be as much a part of the dentist's job as plaque control and dietary advice.
Topics: Dental Caries; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Neoplasms; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Preventive Dentistry; Smoking; Nicotiana; Tobacco, Smokeless
PubMed: 12707498
DOI: 10.1159/000069845 -
American Family Physician Oct 2008Older persons are at risk of chronic diseases of the mouth, including dental infections (e.g., caries, periodontitis), tooth loss, benign mucosal lesions, and oral... (Review)
Review
Older persons are at risk of chronic diseases of the mouth, including dental infections (e.g., caries, periodontitis), tooth loss, benign mucosal lesions, and oral cancer. Other common oral conditions in this population are xerostomia (dry mouth) and oral candidiasis, which may lead to acute pseudomembranous candidiasis (thrush), erythematous lesions (denture stomatitis), or angular cheilitis. Xerostomia caused by underlying disease or medication use may be treated with over-the-counter saliva substitutes. Primary care physicians can help older patients maintain good oral health by assessing risk, recognizing normal versus abnormal changes of aging, performing a focused oral examination, and referring patients to a dentist, if needed. Patients with chronic, disabling medical conditions (e.g., arthritis, neurologic impairment) may benefit from oral health aids, such as electric toothbrushes, manual toothbrushes with wide-handle grips, and floss-holding devices.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Oral Health; Risk Factors; Tooth Diseases
PubMed: 18841733
DOI: No ID Found -
Protein & Cell Mar 2015Oral mucositis, a severe oral ulceration, is a common toxic effect of radio- or chemoradio-therapy and a limiting factor to using the maximum dose of radiation for... (Review)
Review
Oral mucositis, a severe oral ulceration, is a common toxic effect of radio- or chemoradio-therapy and a limiting factor to using the maximum dose of radiation for effective cancer treatment. Among cancer patients, at least 40% and up to 70%, of individuals treated with standard chemotherapy regimens or upper-body radiation, develop oral mucositis. To date, there is no FDA approved drug to treat oral mucositis in cancer patients. The key challenges for oral mucositis treatment are to repair and protect ulcerated oral mucosa without promoting cancer cell growth. Oral mucositis is the result of complex, multifaceted pathobiology, involving a series of signaling pathways and a chain of interactions between the epithelium and submucosa. Among those pathways and interactions, the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is critical to the inflammation process of oral mucositis. We recently found that activation of TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) signaling is associated with the development of oral mucositis. Smad7, the negative regulator of TGFβ signaling, inhibits both NF-κB and TGFβ activation and thus plays a pivotal role in the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis by attenuating growth inhibition, apoptosis, and inflammation while promoting epithelial migration. The major objective of this review is to evaluate the known functions of Smad7, with a particular focus on its molecular mechanisms and its function in blocking multiple pathological processes in oral mucositis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Smad7 Protein; Stomatitis
PubMed: 25566830
DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0130-4 -
Oral Diseases Jul 2008Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving hematopoietic cell transplant. It is estimated that 40-70% of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving hematopoietic cell transplant. It is estimated that 40-70% of engrafted patients surviving the initial transplant eventually develop chronic GVHD (cGVHD), which can persist for months to years and require long-term management from multiple disciplines. This review describes the oral component of this transplant complication.
DESIGN
The search related to GVHD patho-biology, salivary gland disease after hematopoietic cell transplant and treatments for oral GVHD encompassed literature from 1966 through 2008. Searches were limited to the MEDLINE/PubMed database and English language literature in peer-reviewed journals.
RESULTS
Our understanding of the patho-biology of oral cGVHD is based on studies of other affected tissues. It is difficult to determine the prevalence and incidence of salivary gland disease after transplant because there is no universally accepted case definition. In general, clinical trials for treatment of oral cGVHD have been too small to make strong recommendations for use in clinical practice.
CONCLUSIONS
Larger well-designed clinical studies are needed to understand the patho-biology of oral cGVHD and determine best treatments for this disease.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Graft vs Host Disease; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 18593456
DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01448.x -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2014Extrahepatic manifestations (EHMs) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can affect a variety of organ systems with significant morbidity and mortality. Some of the most... (Review)
Review
Extrahepatic manifestations (EHMs) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can affect a variety of organ systems with significant morbidity and mortality. Some of the most frequently reported EHM of HCV infection, involve the oral region predominantly or exclusively. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory condition that is potentially malignant and represents cell-mediated reaction to a variety of extrinsic antigens, altered self-antigens, or super antigens. Robust epidemiological evidence support the link between OLP and HCV. As the virus may replicate in the oral mucosa and attract HCV-specific T lymphocytes, HCV may be implicated in OLP pathogenesis. Sjögren syndrome (SjS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy, characterized by dryness of the mouth and eyes and a multitude of other systemic signs and symptoms. SjS patients have also an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Patients with chronic hepatitis C do frequently have histological signs of Sjögren-like sialadenitis with mild or even absent clinical symptoms. However, it is still unclear if HCV may cause a disease mimicking SjS or it is directly responsible for the development of SjS in a specific subset of patients. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common oral malignant tumour and at least in some part of the world could be linked to HCV.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Humans; Lichen Planus, Oral; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Neoplasms; Risk Factors; Sialadenitis; Sjogren's Syndrome
PubMed: 24976694
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7534 -
Head and Neck Pathology Jun 2022Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum and characterized by a complex and variable clinical presentation. Cases of unexpected...
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum and characterized by a complex and variable clinical presentation. Cases of unexpected oral syphilis presenting as non-healing ulcers are uncommonly reported. We report 3 cases (one female and two males, aged 35, 35, and 56 years, respectively) in which patients presented with non-healing oral ulcers. Biopsies revealed surface ulceration and a significant neutrophilic infiltrate rather than the more conventional plasma cell infiltrate seen with most reported syphilis infections, potentially leading to an inaccurate diagnosis. Treponema pallidum immunohistochemistry highlighted spirochetes within the epithelium, with additional diagnostic confirmation by serum T. pallidum particle agglutination assay. Sexual history documentation by the clinician with nonspecific oral ulcers is paramount to aiding diagnosis and leading to proper management. Further, it is important to perform immunohistochemistry for T. pallidum in oral biopsies from non-healing ulcers, especially when clinical history raises the differential diagnosis or when other clinical manifestations may support this consideration.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Diseases; Oral Ulcer; Syphilis; Treponema pallidum; Ulcer
PubMed: 34342809
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01348-y