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Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Immunity, Mucosal; Immune System Diseases
PubMed: 37228613
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208798 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021The oral mucosa, which is the lining tissue of the oral cavity, is a gateway to the body and it offers first-line protection against potential pathogens, exogenous... (Review)
Review
The oral mucosa, which is the lining tissue of the oral cavity, is a gateway to the body and it offers first-line protection against potential pathogens, exogenous chemicals, airborne allergens, etc. by means of its physical and microbiological-immune barrier functions. For this reason, oral mucosa is considered as a mirror to the health of the individual as well as a guard or early warning system. It is organized in two main components: a physical barrier, which consists of stratified epithelial cells and cell-cell junctions, and a microbiological-immune barrier that keeps the internal environment in a condition of homeostasis. Different factors, including microorganism, saliva, proteins and immune components, have been considered to play a critical role in disruption of oral epithelial barrier. Altered mucosal structure and barrier functions results in oral pathologies as well as systemic diseases. About 700 kinds of microorganisms exist in the human mouth, constituting the oral microbiota, which plays a significant role on the induction, training and function of the host immune system. The immune system maintains the symbiotic relationship of the host with this microbiota. Crosstalk between the oral microbiota and immune system includes various interactions in homeostasis and disease. In this review, after reviewing briefly the physical barriers of oral mucosa, the fundamentals of oral microbiome and oral mucosal immunity in regard to their barrier properties will be addressed. Furthermore, their importance in development of new diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for certain diseases as well as in the application for personalized medicine will be discussed.
Topics: Animals; Homeostasis; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Microbiota; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 34360589
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157821 -
Journal of Interferon & Cytokine... Feb 2017Several chemokines have important functions in mucosal immunity. While there are many chemokines, 4 of them (CCL25, CCL28, CXCL14, and CXCL17) are especially important... (Review)
Review
Several chemokines have important functions in mucosal immunity. While there are many chemokines, 4 of them (CCL25, CCL28, CXCL14, and CXCL17) are especially important in mucosal immunity because they are homeostatically expressed in mucosal tissues. Of these, only CCL25 and CCL28 have been widely recognized as mucosal chemokines. In this study, we review the physiology of these chemokines with specific emphasis on their function in mucosal immunity. CCL25 recruits certain important subsets of T cells that express CCR9 to the small intestine. These CCR9 T cells also express the integrin α4β7 and have been shown to play important roles in the control of intestinal inflammation. CCL28 recruits CCR10 IgA plasmablasts to the lactating mammary gland. The role of CXCL14 in mucosal immunity is less well defined, but a Cxcl14 mouse exhibits significant metabolic abnormalities. Finally, CXCL17 was the last chemokine to be described and signals through a new chemokine receptor (GPR35/CXCR8), which is expressed in a subset of macrophages that are recruited to mucosal tissues by this chemokine. We conclude that these 4 chemokines play very important roles in mucosal immunity and their continued functional characterization will likely identify novel therapeutic targets.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Biomarkers; Chemokines; Disease Susceptibility; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 28207301
DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0076 -
Immunity Nov 2022While blood antibodies mediate protective immunity in most organs, whether they protect nasal surfaces in the upper airway is unclear. Using multiple viral infection...
While blood antibodies mediate protective immunity in most organs, whether they protect nasal surfaces in the upper airway is unclear. Using multiple viral infection models in mice, we found that blood-borne antibodies could not defend the olfactory epithelium. Despite high serum antibody titers, pathogens infected nasal turbinates, and neurotropic microbes invaded the brain. Using passive antibody transfers and parabiosis, we identified a restrictive blood-endothelial barrier that excluded circulating antibodies from the olfactory mucosa. Plasma cell depletions demonstrated that plasma cells must reside within olfactory tissue to achieve sterilizing immunity. Antibody blockade and genetically deficient models revealed that this local immunity required CD4 T cells and CXCR3. Many vaccine adjuvants failed to generate olfactory plasma cells, but mucosal immunizations established humoral protection of the olfactory surface. Our identification of a blood-olfactory barrier and the requirement for tissue-derived antibody has implications for vaccinology, respiratory and CNS pathogen transmission, and B cell fate decisions.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Plasma Cells; B-Lymphocytes; T-Lymphocytes; Immunoglobulins; Brain; Immunity, Mucosal; Antibodies, Viral
PubMed: 36137543
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.017 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Aug 2021As the gastrointestinal tract may also be a crucial entry or interaction site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the role of the gut... (Review)
Review
As the gastrointestinal tract may also be a crucial entry or interaction site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the role of the gut mucosal immune system as a first-line physical and immunological defense is critical. Furthermore, gastrointestinal involvement and symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have been linked to worse clinical outcomes. This review discusses recent data on the interactions between the virus and the immune cells and molecules in the mucosa during the infection. By carrying out appropriate investigations, the mucosal immune system role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in therapy and prevention can be established. In line with this, COVID-19 vaccines that stimulate mucosal immunity against the virus may have more advantages than the others.
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34497434
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i30.5047 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Inflammation; Mouth Mucosa; Homeostasis
PubMed: 37346036
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1214926 -
Clinical and Experimental Immunology May 2019There is an urgent and unmet need to develop effective vaccines to reduce the global burden of infectious disease in both animals and humans, and in particular for the... (Review)
Review
There is an urgent and unmet need to develop effective vaccines to reduce the global burden of infectious disease in both animals and humans, and in particular for the majority of pathogens that infect via mucosal sites. Here we summarise the impediments to developing mucosal vaccines and review the new and emerging technologies aimed at overcoming the lack of effective vaccine delivery systems that is the major obstacle to developing new mucosal vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane; Vaccination; Vaccines
PubMed: 30963541
DOI: 10.1111/cei.13285 -
Mediators of Inflammation 2015
Topics: Chemokines; Cytokines; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa
PubMed: 25969627
DOI: 10.1155/2015/765303 -
Expert Review of Vaccines 2023The unique mucosal immune system allows the generation of robust protective immune responses at the front line of pathogen encounters. The needle-free delivery route and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The unique mucosal immune system allows the generation of robust protective immune responses at the front line of pathogen encounters. The needle-free delivery route and cold chain-free logistic requirements also provide additional advantages in ease and economy. However, the development of mucosal vaccines faces several challenges, and only a handful of mucosal vaccines are currently licensed. These vaccines are all in the form of live attenuated or inactivated whole organisms, whereas no subunit-based mucosal vaccine is available.
AREAS COVERED
The selection of antigen, delivery vehicle, route and adjuvants for mucosal vaccination are highly important. This is particularly crucial for subunit vaccines, as they often fail to elicit strong immune responses. Emerging research is providing new insights into the biological and immunological uniqueness of mucosal tissues. However, many aspects of the mucosal immunology still await to be investigated.
EXPERT OPINION
This article provides an overview of the current understanding of mucosal vaccination and discusses the remaining knowledge gaps. We emphasize that because of the potential benefits mucosal vaccines can bring from the biomedical, social and economic standpoints, the unmet goal to achieve mucosal vaccine success is worth the effort.
Topics: Humans; Vaccination; Mucous Membrane; Vaccines; Immunity; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Immunity, Mucosal
PubMed: 37817433
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2268724 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Humans; Female; Immunity, Mucosal; Bacterial Proteins
PubMed: 37854596
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282709