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Frontiers in Immunology 2022
Topics: Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane; Vaccination
PubMed: 35572599
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905150 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have opened the door to a wellspring of information regarding the composition of the gut microbiota.... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have opened the door to a wellspring of information regarding the composition of the gut microbiota. Leveraging NGS technology, early metagenomic studies revealed that several diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, autism, and myalgic encephalomyelitis, are characterized by alterations in the diversity of gut-associated microbes. More recently, interest has shifted toward understanding how these microbes impact their host, with a special emphasis on their interactions with the brain. Such interactions typically occur either systemically, through the production of small molecules in the gut that are released into circulation, or through signaling via the vagus nerves which directly connect the enteric nervous system to the central nervous system. Collectively, this system of communication is now commonly referred to as the gut-microbiota-brain axis. While equally important, little attention has focused on the causes of the alterations in the composition of gut microbiota. Although several factors can contribute, mucosal immunity plays a significant role in shaping the microbiota in both healthy individuals and in association with several diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the components of mucosal immunity that impact the gut microbiota and then discuss how altered immunological conditions may shape the gut microbiota and consequently affect neuroimmune diseases, using a select group of common neuroimmune diseases as examples.
Topics: Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Enteric Nervous System; Parkinson Disease; Brain
PubMed: 36362150
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113328 -
Nutrients May 2023This study presents the first bibliometric evaluation and systematic analysis of publications related to mucosal immunity and commensal microbiota over the last two... (Review)
Review
This study presents the first bibliometric evaluation and systematic analysis of publications related to mucosal immunity and commensal microbiota over the last two decades and summarizes the contribution of countries, institutions, and scholars in the study of this field. A total of 1423 articles related to mucosal immunity and commensal microbiota in vivo published in 532 journals by 7774 authors from 1771 institutions in 74 countries/regions were analyzed. The interaction between commensal microbiota in vivo and mucosal immunity is essential in regulating the immune response of the body, maintaining communication between different kinds of commensal microbiota and the host, and so on. Several hot spots in this field have been found to have received extensive attention in recent years, especially the effects of metabolites of key strains on mucosal immunity, the physiopathological phenomena of commensal microbiota in various sites including the intestine, and the relationship between COVID-19, mucosal immunity and microbiota. We hope that the full picture of the last 20 years in this research area provided in this study will serve to deliver necessary cutting-edge information to relevant researchers.
Topics: Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; COVID-19; Microbiota; Intestines; Bibliometrics
PubMed: 37242281
DOI: 10.3390/nu15102398 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Humans; Female; Immunity, Mucosal; Bacterial Proteins
PubMed: 37854596
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282709 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2023Delivery of vaccines via the mucosal route is regarded as the most effective mode of immunization to counteract infectious diseases that enter via mucosal tissues,... (Review)
Review
Delivery of vaccines via the mucosal route is regarded as the most effective mode of immunization to counteract infectious diseases that enter via mucosal tissues, including oral, nasal, pulmonary, intestinal, and urogenital surfaces. Mucosal vaccines not only induce local immune effector elements, such as secretory Immunoglobulin A (IgA) reaching the luminal site of the mucosa, but also systemic immunity. Moreover, mucosal vaccines may trigger immunity in distant mucosal tissues because of the homing of primed antigen-specific immune cells toward local and distant mucosal tissue via the common mucosal immune system. While most licensed intramuscular vaccines induce only systemic immunity, next-generation mucosal vaccines may outperform parenteral vaccination strategies by also eliciting protective mucosal immune responses that block infection and/or transmission. Especially the nasal route of vaccination, targeting the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, is attractive for local and distant mucosal immunization. In numerous studies, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have proved attractive as vaccine platform for homologous bacterial strains, but also as antigen delivery platform for heterologous antigens of nonbacterial diseases, including viruses, parasites, and cancer. Their application has also been extended to mucosal delivery. Here, we will summarize the characteristics and clinical potential of (engineered) OMVs as vaccine platform for mucosal, especially intranasal delivery.
Topics: Humans; Vaccines; Administration, Intranasal; Immunization; Vaccination; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 37598549
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102376 -
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery Oct 2021: The oral route of vaccination is pain- and needle-free and can induce systemic and mucosal immunity. However, gastrointestinal barriers and antigen degradation impose... (Review)
Review
: The oral route of vaccination is pain- and needle-free and can induce systemic and mucosal immunity. However, gastrointestinal barriers and antigen degradation impose significant hurdles in the development of oral vaccines. Live attenuated viruses and bacteria can overcome these barriers but at the risk of introducing safety concerns. As an alternative, particles have been investigated for antigen protection and delivery, yet there are no FDA-approved oral vaccines based on particle-based delivery systems. Our objective was to discover underlying determinants that can explain the current inadequacies and identify paradigms that can be implemented in future for successful development of oral vaccines relying on particle-based delivery systems.: We reviewed literature related to the use of particles for oral vaccination and placed special emphasis on formulation characteristics and administration schedules to gain an insight into how these parameters impact production of antigen-specific antibodies in systemic and mucosal compartments.: Despite the long history of vaccines, particle-based oral vaccination is a relative new field with the first study published in 1989. Substantial variability exists between different studies with respect to dosing schedules, number of doses, and the amount of vaccine per dose. Most studies have not used adjuvants in the formulations. Better standardization in vaccination parameters is required to improve comparison between experiments, and adjuvants should be used to enhance the systemic and mucosal immune responses and to reduce the number of doses, which will make oral vaccines more attractive.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Drug Delivery Systems; Immunity, Mucosal; Vaccination; Vaccines
PubMed: 34148474
DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1946511 -
Clinical and Experimental Immunology May 2019There is an urgent and unmet need to develop effective vaccines to reduce the global burden of infectious disease in both animals and humans, and in particular for the... (Review)
Review
There is an urgent and unmet need to develop effective vaccines to reduce the global burden of infectious disease in both animals and humans, and in particular for the majority of pathogens that infect via mucosal sites. Here we summarise the impediments to developing mucosal vaccines and review the new and emerging technologies aimed at overcoming the lack of effective vaccine delivery systems that is the major obstacle to developing new mucosal vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane; Vaccination; Vaccines
PubMed: 30963541
DOI: 10.1111/cei.13285 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Apr 2021Most infectious agents use mucosal tissues as entry portals, thus, mucosae are frequently defined as a first line of defense against pathogens. Mucosal protection... (Review)
Review
Most infectious agents use mucosal tissues as entry portals, thus, mucosae are frequently defined as a first line of defense against pathogens. Mucosal protection generally operates through antibody-mediated and cytotoxic T-cell responses which can be triggered by mucosal vaccines. Sublingual vaccination provides many advantages such as systemic and mucosal responses (both locally and at remote mucosal sites), besides being a needle-free administration route with high patient compliance and limited adverse effects. Buccal mucosa complexity nonetheless represents a challenge for vaccine administration, hence, many efforts were recently deployed to improve vaccine components, mucoadhesion and/or penetration. Several innovative approaches indeed confirmed that a robust and protective immunity can be achieved by sublingual vaccines. This review will then specify the most recent delivery systems and improvements developed to increase sublingual vaccines efficiency. We will focus our description on the immune mechanisms involved and the requirements for optimal sublingual immunization and mucosal protection.
Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunization; Vaccination; Vaccines
PubMed: 33737202
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.017 -
Annals of the American Thoracic Society Jan 2014By definition, the mucosal immune system is responsible for interfacing with the outside world, specifically responding to external threats, of which pathogenic microbes...
By definition, the mucosal immune system is responsible for interfacing with the outside world, specifically responding to external threats, of which pathogenic microbes represent a primary challenge. However, it has become apparent that the human host possesses a numerically vast and taxonomically diverse resident microbiota, predominantly in the gut, and also in the airway, genitourinary tract, and skin. The microbiota is generally considered symbiotic, and has been implicated in the regulation of cellular growth, restitution after injury, maintenance of barrier function, and importantly, in the induction, development, and modulation of immune responses. The mucosal immune system uses diverse mechanisms that protect the host from overt pathogens, but necessarily has coevolved to monitor, nurture, and exploit the normal microbiota. As a whole, mucosal immunity encompasses adaptive immune regulation that can involve systemic processes, local tissue-based innate and inflammatory events, intrinsic defenses, and highly conserved cell autonomous cytoprotective responses. Interestingly, specific taxa within the normal microbiota have been implicated in roles shaping specific adaptive, innate, and cell autonomous responses. Taken together, the normal microbiota exerts profound effects on the mucosal immune system, and likely plays key roles in human physiology and disease.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunity, Mucosal; Inflammation; Microbiota; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 24437401
DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201306-161MG -
Nature Reviews. Immunology Oct 2017Fungi and mammals share a co-evolutionary history and are involved in a complex web of interactions. Studies focused on commensal bacteria suggest that pathological... (Review)
Review
Fungi and mammals share a co-evolutionary history and are involved in a complex web of interactions. Studies focused on commensal bacteria suggest that pathological changes in the microbiota, historically known as dysbiosis, are at the root of many inflammatory diseases of non-infectious origin. However, the importance of dysbiosis in the fungal community - the mycobiota - was only recently acknowledged to have a pathological role, as novel findings have suggested that mycobiota disruption can have detrimental effects on host immunity. Fungal dysbiosis and homeostasis are dynamic processes that are probably more common than actual fungal infections, and therefore constantly shape the immune response. In this Review, we summarize specific mycobiota patterns that are associated with fungal dysbiosis, and discuss how mucosal immunity has evolved to distinguish fungal infections from dysbiosis and how it responds to these different conditions. We propose that gut microbiota dysbiosis is a collective feature of complex interactions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial communities that can affect immunity and that can influence health and disease.
Topics: Animals; Dysbiosis; Fungi; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Skin; Symbiosis
PubMed: 28604735
DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.55