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Clinical & Developmental Immunology 2011Interactions between mucosal surfaces and microbial microbiota are key to host defense, health, and disease. These surfaces are exposed to high numbers of microbes and... (Review)
Review
Interactions between mucosal surfaces and microbial microbiota are key to host defense, health, and disease. These surfaces are exposed to high numbers of microbes and must be capable of distinguishing between those that are beneficial or avirulent and those that will invade and cause disease. Our understanding of the mechanisms involved in these discriminatory processes has recently begun to expand as new studies bring to light the importance of epithelial cells and novel immune cell subsets such as T(h)17 T cells in these processes. Elucidating how these mechanisms function will improve our understanding of many diverse diseases and improve our ability to treat patients suffering from these conditions. In our voyage to discover these mechanisms, mucosal interactions with opportunistic commensal organisms such as the fungus Candida albicans provide insights that are invaluable. Here, we review current knowledge of the interactions between C. albicans and epithelial surfaces and how this may shape our understanding of microbial-mucosal interactions.
Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cytokines; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 21776285
DOI: 10.1155/2011/346307 -
Viruses Aug 2017The mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1) was first reported in 2011 and has since become a powerful research tool. Through collective efforts from different groups, significant... (Review)
Review
The mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1) was first reported in 2011 and has since become a powerful research tool. Through collective efforts from different groups, significant progress has been made in the understanding of molecular, virological, and immunological mechanisms of MmuPV1 infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. This mouse papillomavirus provides, for the first time, the opportunity to study papillomavirus infections in the context of a small common laboratory animal for which abundant reagents are available and for which many strains exist. The model is a major step forward in the study of papillomavirus disease and pathology. In this review, we summarize studies using MmuPV1 over the past six years and share our perspectives on the value of this unique model system. Specifically, we discuss viral pathogenesis in cutaneous and mucosal tissues as well as in different mouse strains, immune responses to the virus, and local host-restricted factors that may be involved in MmuPV1 infections and associated disease progression.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Mice; Mouth Diseases; Mucous Membrane; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Skin; Skin Neoplasms; T-Lymphocytes; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 28867783
DOI: 10.3390/v9090246 -
Mucosal Immunology Jul 2021The urinary tract consists of the bladder, ureters, and kidneys, and is an essential organ system for filtration and excretion of waste products and maintaining systemic... (Review)
Review
The urinary tract consists of the bladder, ureters, and kidneys, and is an essential organ system for filtration and excretion of waste products and maintaining systemic homeostasis. In this capacity, the urinary tract is impacted by its interactions with other mucosal sites, including the genitourinary and gastrointestinal systems. Each of these sites harbors diverse ecosystems of microbes termed the microbiota, that regulates complex interactions with the local and systemic immune system. It remains unclear whether changes in the microbiota and associated metabolites may be a consequence or a driver of urinary tract diseases. Here, we review the current literature, investigating the impact of the microbiota on the urinary tract in homeostasis and disease including urinary stones, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and urinary tract infection. We propose new avenues for exploration of the urinary microbiome using emerging technology and discuss the potential of microbiome-based medicine for urinary tract conditions.
Topics: Animals; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Feedback, Physiological; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Homeostasis; Host Microbial Interactions; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Metagenome; Metagenomics; Microbiota; Mucous Membrane; Organ Specificity; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 33542492
DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00372-5 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Survival in patients with hematological malignancies has improved over the years, both due to major developments in anticancer treatment, as well as in supportive care....
Survival in patients with hematological malignancies has improved over the years, both due to major developments in anticancer treatment, as well as in supportive care. Nevertheless, important and debilitating complications of intensive treatment regimens still frequently occur, including mucositis, fever and bloodstream infections. Exploring potential interacting mechanisms and directed therapies to counteract mucosal barrier injury is of the utmost importance if we are to continue to improve care for this increasingly growing patient population. In this perspective, I highlight recent advances in our understanding of the relation of mucositis and infection.
Topics: Humans; Mucositis; Mucous Membrane; Hematologic Neoplasms; Fever; Hematology
PubMed: 37298545
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119592 -
Immunological Reviews Jul 2013Recent advances in the immunology, pathogenesis, and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continue to reveal clues to the mechanisms involved in... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in the immunology, pathogenesis, and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continue to reveal clues to the mechanisms involved in the progressive immunodeficiency attributed to infection, but more importantly have shed light on the correlates of immunity to infection and disease progression. HIV selectively infects, eliminates, and/or dysregulates several key cells of the human immune system, thwarting multiple arms of the host immune response, and inflicting severe damage to mucosal barriers, resulting in tissue infiltration of 'symbiotic' intestinal bacteria and viruses that essentially become opportunistic infections promoting systemic immune activation. This leads to activation and recruitment or more target cells for perpetuating HIV infection, resulting in persistent, high-level viral replication in lymphoid tissues, rapid evolution of resistant strains, and continued evasion of immune responses. However, vaccine studies and studies of spontaneous controllers are finally providing correlates of immunity from protection and disease progression, including virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses, binding anti-bodies, innate immune responses, and generation of antibodies with potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity. Emerging correlates of immunity indicate that prevention of HIV infection may be possible through effective vaccine strategies that protect and stimulate key regulatory cells and immune responses in susceptible hosts. Furthermore, immune therapies specifically directed toward boosting specific aspects of the immune system may eventually lead to a cure for HIV-infected patients.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Animals; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; Immunity, Innate; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus; Vagina
PubMed: 23772612
DOI: 10.1111/imr.12072 -
Current HIV Research Apr 2012
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Coinfection; Female; HIV-1; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 22497695
DOI: 10.2174/157016212800618174 -
Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS Mar 2019This review summarizes our current understanding of HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in mucosal tissues, emphasizing recent work and specifically highlighting papers... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review summarizes our current understanding of HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in mucosal tissues, emphasizing recent work and specifically highlighting papers published over the past 18 months.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent work has improved the standardization of tissue sampling approaches and provided new insights on the abundance, phenotype and distribution of HIV-1-specific T-cell populations in mucosal tissues. In addition, it has recently been established that some lymphocytes exist in tissues as "permanent resident" memory cells that differ from their counterparts in blood.
SUMMARY
HIV-1-specific T-cell responses have been extensively characterized; however, the vast majority of reports have focused on T-cells isolated from peripheral blood. Mucosal tissues of the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts serve as the primary sites of HIV-1 transmission, and provide "front line" barrier defenses against HIV-1 and other pathogens. In addition, the gastrointestinal tract remains a significant viral reservoir throughout the chronic phase of infection. Tissue-based immune responses may be critical in fighting infection, and understanding these defenses may lead to improved vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies.
Topics: Animals; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 30601239
DOI: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000530 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2019Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that require the protein synthesis machinery of the host cells to replicate. These microorganisms have evolved mechanisms to... (Review)
Review
Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that require the protein synthesis machinery of the host cells to replicate. These microorganisms have evolved mechanisms to avoid detection from the host immune innate and adaptive response, which are known as viral evasion mechanisms. Viruses enter the host through skin and mucosal surfaces that happen to be colonized by communities of thousands of microorganisms collectively known as the commensal microbiota, where bacteria have a role in the modulation of the immune system and maintaining homeostasis. These bacteria are necessary for the development of the immune system and to prevent the adhesion and colonization of bacterial pathogens and parasites. However, the interactions between the commensal microbiota and viruses are not clear. The microbiota could confer protection against viral infection by priming the immune response to avoid infection, with some bacterial species being required to increase the antiviral response. On the other hand, it could also help to promote viral evasion of certain viruses by direct and indirect mechanisms, with the presence of the microbiota increasing infection and viruses using LPS and surface polysaccharides from bacteria to trigger immunosuppressive pathways. In this work, we reviewed the interaction between the microbiota and viruses to prevent their entry into host cells or to help them to evade the host antiviral immunity. This review is focused on the influence of the commensal microbiota in the viruses' success or failure of the host cells infection.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity, Innate; Lipopolysaccharides; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Mucous Membrane; Probiotics; Symbiosis; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication; Viruses
PubMed: 31380299
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00256 -
BMJ Case Reports Apr 2021A 9-year-old boy presented to the emergency department of a paediatric hospital with non-painful lesions on his lips and inside his mouth, associated with lip swelling....
A 9-year-old boy presented to the emergency department of a paediatric hospital with non-painful lesions on his lips and inside his mouth, associated with lip swelling. On examination, his oral mucosa and lips showed numerous blisters with yellowish serofibrinous content and lip oedema. An eye examination revealed bilateral conjunctival injection. Genitalia was unaffected and no other skin lesions were found. He was on day 4 of clarithromycin prescribed for atypical pneumonia caused by The patient was diagnosed with -associated mucositis and was started on topical treatment with fusidic acid and betamethasone, with gradual improvement of the oral lesions.
Topics: Child; Clarithromycin; Humans; Male; Mouth Mucosa; Mucositis; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma
PubMed: 33858884
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-239086 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Dec 2017Candida albicans is a human fungal pathogen that causes millions of mucosal and life-threatening infections annually. C. albicans initially interacts with epithelial... (Review)
Review
Candida albicans is a human fungal pathogen that causes millions of mucosal and life-threatening infections annually. C. albicans initially interacts with epithelial cells, resulting in fungal recognition and the formation of hyphae. Hypha formation is critical for host cell damage and immune activation, which are both driven by the secretion of Candidalysin, a recently discovered peptide toxin. Epithelial activation leads to the production of inflammatory mediators that recruit innate immune cells including neutrophils, macrophages and innate Type 17 cells, which together work with epithelial cells to clear the fungal infection. This review will focus on the recent discoveries that have advanced our understanding of C. albicans-epithelial interactions and the induction of mucosal innate immunity.
Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 29156234
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.030