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Seminars in Immunopathology Mar 2014Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells that form a physical barrier protecting the body against external noxious substances and pathogens. At a molecular level,... (Review)
Review
Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells that form a physical barrier protecting the body against external noxious substances and pathogens. At a molecular level, the mucosal barrier is regulated by tight junctions (TJs) that seal the paracellular space between adjacent epithelial cells. Transmembrane proteins within TJs include junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) that belong to the cortical thymocyte marker for Xenopus family of proteins. JAM family encompasses three classical members (JAM-A, JAM-B, and JAM-C) and related molecules including JAM4, JAM-like protein, Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), CAR-like membrane protein and endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule. JAMs have multiple functions that include regulation of endothelial and epithelial paracellular permeability, leukocyte recruitment during inflammation, angiogenesis, cell migration, and proliferation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the roles of the JAM family members in the regulation of mucosal homeostasis and leukocyte trafficking with a particular emphasis on barrier function and its perturbation during pathological inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation; Leukocytes; Mucous Membrane; Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration
PubMed: 24667924
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0421-0 -
Journal of Immunology Research 2019Anesthetics have long been proven to have additional effects other than anesthesia on different organs and tissues of the human body. Barrier tissues play critical roles... (Review)
Review
Anesthetics have long been proven to have additional effects other than anesthesia on different organs and tissues of the human body. Barrier tissues play critical roles in human health and diseases, yet the impacts of anesthetics on barrier tissues are still not clear. This review article is aimed at summarizing different effects of anesthetics on the skin, the respiratory, and intestinal membranes from two aspects: inflammation/immunity and ischemia-reperfusion. Among volatile, intravenous, and local anesthetics, volatile anesthetics are less influential on barrier ischemia-perfusion function. Although direct comparisons between volatile and the other two types of anesthetics are still lacking, volatile anesthetics appear to have stronger anti-inflammatory effects on different barrier tissues through various mechanisms. These results suggested that when treating patients with barrier tissue complications, volatile anesthetics can provide better therapeutic outcomes.
Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Epithelium; Humans; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 31772948
DOI: 10.1155/2019/5920620 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2015Several enveloped RNA viruses of the arenavirus, bunyavirus, filovirus and flavivirus families are associated with a syndrome known as viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). VHF... (Review)
Review
Several enveloped RNA viruses of the arenavirus, bunyavirus, filovirus and flavivirus families are associated with a syndrome known as viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). VHF is characterized by fever, vascular leakage, coagulation defects and multi organ system failure. VHF is currently viewed as a disease precipitated by viral suppression of innate immunity, which promotes systemic virus replication and excessive proinflammatory cytokine responses that trigger the manifestations of severe disease. However, the mechanisms by which immune dysregulation contributes to disease remain poorly understood. Infection of nonhuman primates closely recapitulates human VHF, notably Ebola and yellow fever, thereby providing excellent models to better define the immunological basis for this syndrome. Here we review the current state of our knowledge and suggest future directions that will better define the immunological mechanisms underlying VHF.
Topics: Animals; Ebolavirus; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Mucous Membrane; Yellow Fever; Yellow fever virus
PubMed: 26163194
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.06.003 -
American Journal of Physiology. Lung... Jun 2019This historical article provides a comprehensive review of early research on the structure and function of airway submucosal glands. The literature before 1950 or so, is... (Review)
Review
This historical article provides a comprehensive review of early research on the structure and function of airway submucosal glands. The literature before 1950 or so, is virtually unknown, but in addition to being of historical interest it contains much of relevance to current research. Airway glands were first mentioned in 1602. The first description of their general form, size, and distribution was in 1712. Gland morphology was determined in 1827 by injecting mercury into their openings. Wax was later used. Detailed comparative information for all regions of the tracheobronchial tree was provided by Frankenhauser in 1879 (). Histological studies began in 1870, and by the end of the 19th century, all the major histological features had been described. The first physiological studies on airway mucous secretion were published in 1892. Kokin, in 1896 ( 63: 622-630), was the first to measure secretion from individual glands. It was not, however, until 1933 that gland secretion was quantified. This early literature raises important questions as to the role of the collecting duct epithelium in modifying primary secretions. It also provides perhaps the most accurate measure of basal gland secretion in vivo.
Topics: Bronchi; Epithelium; Exocrine Glands; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Mucous Membrane; Mucus; Trachea
PubMed: 30864819
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00068.2019 -
Immunological Reviews Jul 2014Immune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes have been studied extensively for over 80 years and intensively investigated over the last 30-40 years. The use of... (Review)
Review
Immune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes have been studied extensively for over 80 years and intensively investigated over the last 30-40 years. The use of laboratory models has led to the discovery of new mechanisms of protective immunity and made major contributions to our fundamental understanding of both innate and adaptive responses. In addition to host protection, it is clear that immunoregulatory processes are common in infected individuals and resistance often operates alongside modulation of immunity. This review aims to discuss the recent discoveries in both host protection and immunoregulation against gastrointestinal nematodes, placing the data in context of the specific life cycles imposed by the different parasites studied and the future challenges of considering the mucosal/immune axis to encompass host, parasite, and microbiome in its widest sense.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Chronic Disease; Gastrointestinal Tract; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunomodulation; Mucous Membrane; Nematoda; Nematode Infections; T-Lymphocyte Subsets
PubMed: 24942690
DOI: 10.1111/imr.12188 -
The European Respiratory Journal Jul 1997
Topics: Humans; Mucociliary Clearance; Mucous Membrane; Mucus; Respiratory System
PubMed: 9230226
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.97.10071438 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a multisystemic vasculitis, characterized by different clinical involvements, including mucocutaneous, ocular, vascular, neurological, and... (Review)
Review
Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a multisystemic vasculitis, characterized by different clinical involvements, including mucocutaneous, ocular, vascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal manifestations. Based on this heterogeneity, BS can be hardly considered as a single clinical entity. Growing evidence supports that, within BS, different phenotypes, characterized by clusters of co-existing involvements, can be distinguished. Namely, three major BS phenotypes have been reported: (a) the mucocutaneous and articular phenotype, (b) the extra-parenchymal neurological and peripheral vascular phenotype, and (c) the parenchymal neurological and ocular phenotype. To date, guidelines for the management of BS have been focused on the pharmacological treatment of each specific BS manifestation. However, tailoring the treatments on patient's specific phenotype, rather than on single disease manifestation, could represent a valid strategy for a personalized therapeutic approach to BS. In the present literature review, we summarize current evidence on the pharmacological treatments for the first-, second-, and third-line treatment of the major BS phenotypes.
Topics: Behcet Syndrome; Blood Vessels; Cartilage, Articular; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Management; Humans; Mucous Membrane; Phenotype
PubMed: 31921115
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02830 -
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &... Oct 2016The internal face of the detrusor smooth muscle wall of the urinary bladder is covered by a mucosa, separating muscle from the hostile environment of urine. However, the... (Review)
Review
The internal face of the detrusor smooth muscle wall of the urinary bladder is covered by a mucosa, separating muscle from the hostile environment of urine. However, the mucosa is more than a very low permeability structure and offers a sensory function that monitors the extent of bladder filling and composition of the urine. The mucosa may be considered as a single functional structure and comprises a tight epithelial layer under which is a basement membrane and lamina propria. The latter region itself is a complex of afferent nerves, blood vessels, interstitial cells and in some species including human beings a muscularis mucosae. Stress on the bladder wall through physical or chemical stressors elicits release of chemicals, such as ATP, acetylcholine, prostaglandins and nitric oxide that modulate the activity of either afferent nerves or the muscular components of the bladder wall. The release and responses are graded so that the mucosa forms a dynamic sensory structure, and there is evidence that the gain of this system is increased in pathologies such as overactive bladder and bladder pain syndrome. This system therefore potentially provides a number of drug targets against these conditions, once a number of fundamental questions are answered. These include how is mediator release regulated; what are the intermediate roles of interstitial cells that surround afferent nerves and blood vessels; and what is the mode of communication between urothelium and muscle - by diffusion of mediators or by cell-to-cell communication?
Topics: Animals; Humans; Models, Biological; Mucous Membrane; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth; Neurons, Afferent; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Bladder Diseases; Urinary Bladder, Overactive; Urothelium
PubMed: 27228303
DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12626 -
Infection and Immunity Jun 2020(group B [GBS]) is an important cause of invasive infection in newborns, maternal women, and older individuals with underlying chronic illnesses. GBS has many... (Review)
Review
(group B [GBS]) is an important cause of invasive infection in newborns, maternal women, and older individuals with underlying chronic illnesses. GBS has many mechanisms to adapt and survive in its host, and these mechanisms are often controlled via two-component signal transduction systems. In GBS, more than 20 distinct two-component systems (TCSs) have been classified to date, consisting of canonical TCSs as well as orphan and atypical sensors and regulators. These signal transducing systems are necessary for metabolic regulation, resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobials, pathogenesis, and adhesion to the mucosal surfaces to colonize the host. This minireview discusses the structures of these TCSs in GBS as well as how selected systems regulate essential cellular processes such as survival and colonization. GBS contains almost double the number of TCSs compared to the closely related and , and while research on GBS TCSs has been increasing in recent years, no comprehensive reviews of these TCSs exist, making this review especially relevant.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Bacterial Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microbial Viability; Mucous Membrane; Signal Transduction; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae; Virulence
PubMed: 31988177
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00931-19 -
Mucosal Immunology May 2018Interleukin (IL)-17A is a pro-inflammatory cytokine in mice and humans. It is recognized as a key factor for the protection of mice against various pathogens, but it... (Review)
Review
Interleukin (IL)-17A is a pro-inflammatory cytokine in mice and humans. It is recognized as a key factor for the protection of mice against various pathogens, but it also underlies pathogenic inflammatory responses in numerous mouse models. The inborn errors of IL-17A- and IL-17F-mediated immunity identified in humans in the last decade have revealed that IL-17A and IL-17F are key players in mucocutaneous immunity to Candida albicans, and, to a lesser extent, Staphylococcus aureus. By contrast, there is currently no genetic evidence for a causal link between excess of IL-17 and autoimmunity, autoinflammation, or allergy in humans. We discuss here the physiological and pathological roles of mouse and human IL-17A and IL-17F in host defense and excessive inflammation. We highlight recent advances in our understanding of the consequences of deficient or excessive IL-17 immunity at various mucocutaneous sites, including the oral cavity, skin, intestine, lungs, and vagina.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Inflammation; Interleukin-17; Mice; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 29186107
DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.97