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Clinical Oral Implants Research Jun 2022
Topics: Consensus; Dental Implants; Humans; Mucous Membrane; Osteology
PubMed: 35763019
DOI: 10.1111/clr.13950 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2012Immune responses in the aerodigestive tract are characterized by production and transport of specific IgA antibodies across the epithelium to act as a first line of... (Review)
Review
Immune responses in the aerodigestive tract are characterized by production and transport of specific IgA antibodies across the epithelium to act as a first line of defense against pathogens in the external environment. To sample antigens on mucosal surfaces in the intestine and upper respiratory tract, the immune system relies on a close collaboration between specialized antigen-sampling epithelial M cells and lymphoid cells. Depending on various factors, local antigen presentation in the mucosal tissue leads to tolerance or initiation of an active immune response. Recently, molecules that could be used to target vaccine antigens to apical M cell surfaces have been identified. Here we review the M cell-targeted vaccine strategy, an approach that could be used to enhance uptake and efficacy of vaccines delivered in the nasal cavity or intestine.
Topics: Animals; Epithelium; Humans; Intestines; Mucous Membrane; Vaccines
PubMed: 21688209
DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_134 -
The European Respiratory Journal Jul 1997The airway mucosa is lined by a continuous epithelium comprised of multiple cell phenotypes, several of which are secretory. Secretions produced by these cells mix with... (Review)
Review
The airway mucosa is lined by a continuous epithelium comprised of multiple cell phenotypes, several of which are secretory. Secretions produced by these cells mix with a variety of macromolecules, ions and water to form a respiratory tract fluid that protects the more distal airways and alveoli from injury and infection. The present article highlights the structure of the mucosa, particularly its secretory cells, gives a synopsis of the structure of mucus, and provides new information on the localization of mucin (MUC) genes that determine the peptide sequence of the protein backbone of the glycoproteins, which are a major component of mucus. Airway secretory cells comprise the mucous, serous, Clara and dense-core granulated cells of the surface epithelium, and the mucous and serous acinar cells of the submucosal glands. Several transitional phenotypes may be found, especially during irritation or disease. Respiratory tract mucins constitute a heterogeneous group of high molecular weight, polydisperse richly glycosylated molecules: both secreted and membrane-associated forms of mucin are found. Several mucin (MUC) genes encoding the protein core of mucin have been identified. We demonstrate the localization of MUC gene expression to a number of distinct cell types and their upregulation both in response to experimentally administered lipopolysaccharide and cystic fibrosis.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression; Humans; Mucins; Mucous Membrane; Mucus; Respiratory System
PubMed: 9230262
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.97.10071655 -
Infection and Immunity Jun 2020(group B [GBS]) is an important cause of invasive infection in newborns, maternal women, and older individuals with underlying chronic illnesses. GBS has many... (Review)
Review
(group B [GBS]) is an important cause of invasive infection in newborns, maternal women, and older individuals with underlying chronic illnesses. GBS has many mechanisms to adapt and survive in its host, and these mechanisms are often controlled via two-component signal transduction systems. In GBS, more than 20 distinct two-component systems (TCSs) have been classified to date, consisting of canonical TCSs as well as orphan and atypical sensors and regulators. These signal transducing systems are necessary for metabolic regulation, resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobials, pathogenesis, and adhesion to the mucosal surfaces to colonize the host. This minireview discusses the structures of these TCSs in GBS as well as how selected systems regulate essential cellular processes such as survival and colonization. GBS contains almost double the number of TCSs compared to the closely related and , and while research on GBS TCSs has been increasing in recent years, no comprehensive reviews of these TCSs exist, making this review especially relevant.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Bacterial Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microbial Viability; Mucous Membrane; Signal Transduction; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae; Virulence
PubMed: 31988177
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00931-19 -
Immunology Apr 2016Initially understood to be a key regulator of interferon-γ-producing helper T cells, our knowledge of T-bet's functional roles has expanded to encompass a growing range... (Review)
Review
Initially understood to be a key regulator of interferon-γ-producing helper T cells, our knowledge of T-bet's functional roles has expanded to encompass a growing range of cellular lineages. In addition to regulating other interferon-γ-producing adaptive immune cells, it is now clear that T-bet plays a fundamental role in the regulation of innate immune responses across mucosal surfaces. This homeostatic role is demonstrated by the spontaneous colitis that occurs when T-bet is deleted from innate immune cells in RAG(-/-) mice. Using this model as a focal point, we review our understanding of T-bet's regulation of adaptive and innate immune systems, focusing particularly on mucosal populations including innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes. With the increasingly diverse effects of T-bet on different lineages, the classical binding-centric paradigm of T-bet's molecular functionality has increasingly struggled to account for the versatility of T-bet's biological effects. Recent recognition of the synergistic interactions between T-bet and other canonical transcription factors has led to a co-operative paradigm that has provided greater explanatory power. Synthesizing insights from ChIP-seq and comparative biology, we expand the co-operative paradigm further and suggest a network approach as a powerful way to understand and model T-bet's diverse functionality.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Drug Discovery; Gene Expression Regulation; Homeostasis; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunomodulation; Mucous Membrane; T-Box Domain Proteins; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 26726991
DOI: 10.1111/imm.12575 -
Mucosal Immunology Jun 2024The microbiome has emerged as a crucial modulator of host-immune interactions and clearly impacts tumor development and therapy efficacy. The microbiome is a... (Review)
Review
The microbiome has emerged as a crucial modulator of host-immune interactions and clearly impacts tumor development and therapy efficacy. The microbiome is a double-edged sword in cancer development and therapy as both pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic bacterial taxa have been identified. The staggering number of association-based studies in various tumor types has led to an enormous amount of data that makes it difficult to identify bacteria that promote tumor development or modulate therapy efficacy from bystander bacteria. Here we aim to comprehensively summarize the current knowledge of microbiome-host immunity interactions and cancer therapy in various mucosal tissues to find commonalities and thus identify potential functionally relevant bacterial taxa. Moreover, we also review recent studies identifying specific bacteria and mechanisms through which the microbiome modulates cancer development and therapy efficacy.
Topics: Humans; Immunotherapy; Animals; Neoplasms; Microbiota; Mucous Membrane; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Immunity, Mucosal
PubMed: 38521413
DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.03.007 -
Mucosal Immunology May 2008The mucosal tissues of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts, and the surface of the eye present an enormous surface area to the exterior... (Review)
Review
The mucosal tissues of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts, and the surface of the eye present an enormous surface area to the exterior environment. All of these tissues are covered with resident microbial flora, which vary considerably in composition and complexity. Mucosal tissues represent the site of infection or route of access for the majority of viruses, bacteria, yeast, protozoa, and multicellular parasites that cause human disease. Mucin glycoproteins are secreted in large quantities by mucosal epithelia, and cell surface mucins are a prominent feature of the apical glycocalyx of all mucosal epithelia. In this review, we highlight the central role played by mucins in accommodating the resident commensal flora and limiting infectious disease, interplay between underlying innate and adaptive immunity and mucins, and the strategies used by successful mucosal pathogens to subvert or avoid the mucin barrier, with a particular focus on bacteria.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunity, Active; Immunity, Innate; Immunity, Mucosal; Infections; Mucins; Mucous Membrane; Protein Conformation
PubMed: 19079178
DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.5 -
Annual Review of Physiology 2011The mesenchymal elements of the intestinal lamina propria reviewed here are the myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, mural cells (pericytes) of the vasculature, bone... (Review)
Review
The mesenchymal elements of the intestinal lamina propria reviewed here are the myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, mural cells (pericytes) of the vasculature, bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells, smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosae, and smooth muscle surrounding the lymphatic lacteals. These cells share similar marker molecules, origins, and coordinated biological functions previously ascribed solely to subepithelial myofibroblasts. We review the functional anatomy of intestinal mesenchymal cells and describe what is known about their origin in the embryo and their replacement in adults. As part of their putative role in intestinal mucosal morphogenesis, we consider the intestinal stem cell niche. Lastly, we review emerging information about myofibroblasts as nonprofessional immune cells that may be important as an alarm system for the gut and as a participant in peripheral immune tolerance.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Differentiation; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Female; Hedgehog Proteins; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Intestines; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mesoderm; Mice; Mucous Membrane; Myofibroblasts; Pericytes; Signal Transduction; Stromal Cells
PubMed: 21054163
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100646 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare but serious adverse drug effect. There are multiple hypotheses to explain the development of MRONJ. Reduced... (Review)
Review
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare but serious adverse drug effect. There are multiple hypotheses to explain the development of MRONJ. Reduced bone remodeling and infection or inflammation are considered central to the pathogenesis of MRONJ. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that bisphosphonates (BPs)-mediated immunity dysfunction is associated with the pathophysiology of MRONJ. In a healthy state, mucosal immunity provides the first line of protection against pathogens and oral mucosal immune cells defense against potentially invading pathogens by mediating the generation of protective immunoinflammatory responses. In addition, the immune system takes part in the process of bone remodeling and tissue repair. However, the treatment of BPs disturbs the mucosal and osteo immune homeostasis and thus impairs the body's ability to resist infection and repair from injury, thereby adding to the development of MRONJ. Here, we present the current knowledge about immunity dysfunction to shed light on the role of local immune disorder in the development of MRONJ.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Cytokines; Diphosphonates; Disease Susceptibility; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Inflammation Mediators; Jaw; Mucous Membrane; Osteogenesis; Osteonecrosis; Signal Transduction; Wound Healing
PubMed: 33717086
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.606043 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Mar 2013The SH-2 containing inositol 5'-polyphosphatase 1 (SHIP1) is a multifunctional protein expressed predominantly, but not exclusively, by hematopoietic cells. SHIP1... (Review)
Review
The SH-2 containing inositol 5'-polyphosphatase 1 (SHIP1) is a multifunctional protein expressed predominantly, but not exclusively, by hematopoietic cells. SHIP1 removes the 5'-phosphate from the product of PI3K, PI(3,4,5)P₃, to generate PI(3,4)P₂. Both PIP species influence the activity level of Akt and ultimately regulate cell survival and differentiation. SHIP1 also harbors several protein interaction domains that endow it with many nonenzymatic cell signaling or receptor masking functions. In this review, we discuss the opposing roles of SHIP1 in cancer and in mucosal inflammation. On one hand, germline loss of SHIP1 causes myeloid lung consolidation and severe inflammation in the ileum, a phenotype that closely mimics human Crohn's disease and can be rescued by reconstitution with SHIP1-competent T cells. On the other, transient inhibition of the enzymatic activity of SHIP1 in cancer cells leads to apoptosis and enhances survival in lethal murine xenograft models. Overall, careful dissection of the different pathological mechanisms involved in several diseases provides novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention targeting SHIP1.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Survival; Humans; Inflammation; Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatases; Mucous Membrane; Neoplasms; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Trisphosphate 5-Phosphatases; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 23551094
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12038