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Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall and the main cause of cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease. In recent years, the...
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall and the main cause of cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease. In recent years, the mortality rate of atherosclerotic diseases has become higher and higher. This article aims to study the dysregulation of atherosclerotic vascular endothelial secretion and smooth muscle cell proliferation, and put forward and practice the pathological research of atherosclerotic disease. This article describes in detail atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and smooth muscle cell proliferation, and studies the causes of atherosclerosis. Research results indicate that atherosclerotic vascular endothelial dysfunction also has a great influence on the proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Many genes and environmental factors can regulate the functions of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and mononuclear macrophages and affect the formation of atherosclerosis. At the same time, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, etc. are the main causes of atherosclerosis. The number of patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases dying from atherosclerosis in the country is increasing, and the proportion is close to 30%.
Topics: Atherosclerosis; Cell Proliferation; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle
PubMed: 35310191
DOI: 10.1155/2022/9271879 -
Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 2017Various types of stem cells reside in the skin, including keratinocyte progenitor cells, melanocyte progenitor cells, skin-derived precursors (SKPs), and... (Review)
Review
Various types of stem cells reside in the skin, including keratinocyte progenitor cells, melanocyte progenitor cells, skin-derived precursors (SKPs), and nestin-expressing hair follicle-associated-pluripotent (HAP) stem cells. HAP stem cells, located in the bulge area of the hair follicle, have been shown to differentiate to nerve cells, glial cells, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and melanocytes. HAP stem cells are positive for the stem-cell marker CD34, as well as K15-negative, suggesting their relatively undifferentiated state. Therefore, HAP stem cells may be the most primitive stem cells in the skin. Moreover, HAP stem cells can regenerate the epidermis and at least parts of the hair follicle. These results suggest that HAP stem cells may be the origin of other stem cells in the skin. Transplanted HAP stem cells promote the recovery of peripheral-nerve and spinal-cord injuries and have the potential for heart regeneration as well. HAP stem cells are readily accessible from everyone, do not form tumors, and can be cryopreserved without loss of differentiation potential. These results suggest that HAP stem cells may have greater potential than iPS or ES cells for regenerative medicine.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Hair Follicle; Humans; Myocytes, Cardiac; Nestin; Neurons; Pluripotent Stem Cells
PubMed: 28749199
DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1356513 -
Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Mar 2020The oviduct (known as the fallopian tube in humans) is the site for fertilization and pre-implantation embryo development. Female steroid hormones, estrogen and... (Review)
Review
The oviduct (known as the fallopian tube in humans) is the site for fertilization and pre-implantation embryo development. Female steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone, are known to modulate the morphology and function of cells in the oviduct. In this review, we focus on the actions of estrogen and progesterone on secretory, ciliated, and muscle cell functions and morphologies during fertilization, pre-implantation embryo development, and embryo transport in humans, laboratory rodents and farm animals. We review some aspects of oviductal anatomy and histology and discuss current assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) that bypass the oviduct and their effects on embryo quality. Lastly, we review the causes of alterations in secretory, ciliated, and muscle cell functions that could result in embryo transport defects.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Embryonic Development; Epithelial Cells; Estrogens; Fallopian Tubes; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Mice; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Muscle Cells; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Ectopic; Progesterone; Rats; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted
PubMed: 32040278
DOI: 10.1530/REP-19-0189 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020The pathobiology of atherosclerotic disease requires further elucidation to discover new approaches to address its high morbidity and mortality. To date, over 17 million... (Review)
Review
The pathobiology of atherosclerotic disease requires further elucidation to discover new approaches to address its high morbidity and mortality. To date, over 17 million cardiovascular-related deaths have been reported annually, despite a multitude of surgical and nonsurgical interventions and advances in medical therapy. Existing strategies to prevent disease progression mainly focus on management of risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia. Even with optimum current medical therapy, recurrent cardiovascular events are not uncommon in patients with atherosclerosis, and their incidence can reach 10-15% per year. Although treatments targeting inflammation are under investigation and continue to evolve, clinical breakthroughs are possible only if we deepen our understanding of vessel wall pathobiology. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are one of the most abundant cells in vessel walls and have emerged as key players in disease progression. New technologies, including hybridization proximity ligation assays, cell fate tracing with the CreER-loxP system and single-cell sequencing technology with spatial resolution, broaden our understanding of the complex biology of these intriguing cells. Our knowledge of contractile and synthetic VSMC phenotype switching has expanded to include macrophage-like and even osteoblast-like VSMC phenotypes. An increasing body of data suggests that VSMCs have remarkable plasticity and play a key role in cell-to-cell crosstalk with endothelial cells and immune cells during the complex process of inflammation. These are cells that sense, interact with and influence the behavior of other cellular components of the vessel wall. It is now more obvious that VSMC plasticity and the ability to perform nonprofessional phagocytic functions are key phenomena maintaining the inflammatory state and senescent condition and actively interacting with different immune competent cells.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Humans; Inflammation; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Vasculitis
PubMed: 33324416
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599415 -
Cell Death & Disease Dec 2023Lipotoxicity, the accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues, alters the metabolic transcriptome and mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle. The mechanisms...
Lipotoxicity, the accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues, alters the metabolic transcriptome and mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle. The mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here we show that lipotoxicity increased histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) and histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), which reduced the expression of metabolic genes and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle, resulting in increased non-oxidative glucose metabolism. This metabolic reprogramming was also associated with impaired apoptosis and ferroptosis responses, and preserved muscle cell viability in response to lipotoxicity. Mechanistically, increased HDAC4 and 5 decreased acetylation of p53 at K120, a modification required for transcriptional activation of apoptosis. Redox drivers of ferroptosis derived from oxidative metabolism were also reduced. The relevance of this pathway was demonstrated by overexpression of loss-of-function HDAC4 and HDAC5 mutants in skeletal muscle of obese db/db mice, which enhanced oxidative metabolic capacity, increased apoptosis and ferroptosis and reduced muscle mass. This study identifies HDAC4 and HDAC5 as repressors of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism, which is linked to inhibition of cell death pathways and preservation of muscle integrity in response to lipotoxicity.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Histone Deacetylases; Muscle Cells; Muscle, Skeletal; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Cell Death
PubMed: 38040704
DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06319-5 -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Oct 2017Although skeletal muscle can naturally regenerate in response to minor injuries, more severe damage and myopathies can cause irreversible loss of muscle mass and... (Review)
Review
Although skeletal muscle can naturally regenerate in response to minor injuries, more severe damage and myopathies can cause irreversible loss of muscle mass and function. Cell therapies, while promising, have not yet demonstrated consistent benefit, likely due to poor survival of delivered cells. Biomaterials can improve muscle regeneration by presenting chemical and physical cues to muscle cells that mimic the natural cascade of regeneration. This brief review describes strategies for muscle repair utilizing biomaterials that can provide signals to either transplanted or host muscle cells. These strategies range from approaches that utilize biomaterials alone to those that combine biomaterials with exogenous growth factors, ex vivo cultured cells, and extensive culture time.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Humans; Models, Biological; Muscle Cells; Muscle, Skeletal; Regeneration; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 28575733
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.05.003 -
Physiological Reviews Oct 2021The design of the energy metabolism system in striated muscle remains a major area of investigation. Here, we review our current understanding and emerging hypotheses... (Review)
Review
The design of the energy metabolism system in striated muscle remains a major area of investigation. Here, we review our current understanding and emerging hypotheses regarding the metabolic support of muscle contraction. Maintenance of ATP free energy, so called energy homeostasis, via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is critical to sustained contractile activity, and this major design criterion is the focus of this review. Cell volume invested in mitochondria reduces the space available for generating contractile force, and this spatial balance between mitochondria acontractile elements to meet the varying sustained power demands across muscle types is another important design criterion. This is accomplished with remarkably similar mass-specific mitochondrial protein composition across muscle types, implying that it is the organization of mitochondria within the muscle cell that is critical to supporting sustained muscle function. Beyond the production of ATP, ubiquitous distribution of ATPases throughout the muscle requires rapid distribution of potential energy across these large cells. Distribution of potential energy has long been thought to occur primarily through facilitated metabolite diffusion, but recent analysis has questioned the importance of this process under normal physiological conditions. Recent structural and functional studies have supported the hypothesis that the mitochondrial reticulum provides a rapid energy distribution system via the conduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential to maintain metabolic homeostasis during contractile activity. We extensively review this aspect of the energy metabolism design contrasting it with metabolite diffusion models and how mitochondrial structure can play a role in the delivery of energy in the striated muscle.
Topics: Animals; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Mitochondria, Muscle; Muscle Cells; Muscle, Striated
PubMed: 33733879
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2020 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2021Arteriogenesis is one of the primary physiological means by which the circulatory collateral system restores blood flow after significant arterial occlusion in... (Review)
Review
Arteriogenesis is one of the primary physiological means by which the circulatory collateral system restores blood flow after significant arterial occlusion in peripheral arterial disease patients. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the predominant cell type in collateral arteries and respond to altered blood flow and inflammatory conditions after an arterial occlusion by switching their phenotype between quiescent contractile and proliferative synthetic states. Maintaining the contractile state of VSMC is required for collateral vascular function to regulate blood vessel tone and blood flow during arteriogenesis, whereas synthetic SMCs are crucial in the growth and remodeling of the collateral media layer to establish more stable conduit arteries. Timely VSMC phenotype switching requires a set of coordinated actions of molecular and cellular mediators to result in an expansive remodeling of collaterals that restores the blood flow effectively into downstream ischemic tissues. This review overviews the role of VSMC phenotypic switching in the physiological arteriogenesis process and how the VSMC phenotype is affected by the primary triggers of arteriogenesis such as blood flow hemodynamic forces and inflammation. Better understanding the role of VSMC phenotype switching during arteriogenesis can identify novel therapeutic strategies to enhance revascularization in peripheral arterial disease.
Topics: Animals; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Arteries; Cell Proliferation; Collateral Circulation; Gene Expression; Humans; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Phenotype; Vascular Remodeling
PubMed: 34638923
DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910585 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2023Cell-cultivated fish offers the potential for a more ethical, sustainable, and safe seafood system. However, fish cell culture is relatively understudied in comparison...
Cell-cultivated fish offers the potential for a more ethical, sustainable, and safe seafood system. However, fish cell culture is relatively understudied in comparison to mammalian cells. Here, we established and characterized a continuous Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) skeletal muscle cell line ("Mack" cells). The cells were isolated from muscle biopsies of fresh-caught fish, with separate isolations performed from two distinct fish. Mack1 cells (cells from the first isolation) were cultured for over a year and subcultured over 130 times. The cells proliferated at initial doubling times of 63.9 h (± 19.1 SD). After a spontaneous immortalization crisis from passages 37-43, the cells proliferated at doubling times of 24.3 h (± 4.91 SD). A muscle phenotype was confirmed through characterization of muscle stemness and differentiation via paired-box protein 7 and myosin heavy chain immunostaining, respectively. An adipocyte-like phenotype was also demonstrated for the cells through lipid accumulation, confirmed via Oil Red O staining and quantification of neutral lipids. New qPCR primers (HPRT, PAX3B, MYOD1, MYOG, TNNT3A, and PPARG) were tailored to the mackerel genome and used to characterize mackerel cell genotypes. This work provides the first spontaneously immortalized fish muscle cell line for research, ideally serving as a reference for subsequent investigation.
Topics: Animals; Muscles; Fishes; Perciformes; Muscle Cells; Cell Line; Phenotype; Mammals
PubMed: 36991012
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31822-2 -
Trends in Cell Biology Apr 2020The positioning of nuclei within the cell is a dynamic process that depends on the cell's fate and developmental stage and that is adjusted for optimal cell function.... (Review)
Review
The positioning of nuclei within the cell is a dynamic process that depends on the cell's fate and developmental stage and that is adjusted for optimal cell function. This is especially true in skeletal muscle cells, which contain hundreds of myonuclei distributed evenly along the periphery of the muscle cell. Mispositioned myonuclei are often associated with muscle dysfunction and disease. Different mechanisms governing myonuclear positioning are now emerging, with several of the new genes implicated in nuclear movement linked to human muscle disease. Here we discuss the recent advances in myonuclear positioning and its implications for muscle size and function from the view of Drosophila. Additionally, we highlight similarities and differences to mammalian systems and provide connections to human muscle disease.
Topics: Animals; Cell Nucleus; Drosophila melanogaster; Humans; Movement; Muscle Cells; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 32008895
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.01.002