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Behavioral and Brain Functions : BBF May 2013Most children who are diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have moderate-to-severe motor problems using the Motor Function Neurological...
BACKGROUND
Most children who are diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have moderate-to-severe motor problems using the Motor Function Neurological Assessment battery (MFNU). The MFNU focuses on specific muscle adjustment problems associated with ADHD, especially motor inhibition problems and high muscle tone. Here we investigated whether adults with ADHD/hyperkinetic disorder (HKD) have similar motor problems. In our clinical experience, adults with ADHD often complain about back, shoulder, hip, and leg pain. We also investigate reported pain in adults with ADHD.
METHODS
Twenty-five adult outpatients diagnosed with ADHD/HKD who were responders to methylphenidate (MPH) were compared to 23 non-ADHD controls on 16 MFNU subtests and using a 'total score' ('TS') parameter. The MFNU test leader was blinded to group identity. The two groups were also compared using the Pain Drawing and Numerical Pain Rating Scale.
RESULTS
The adult ADHD group had significantly (p < .001) more motor problems (higher TS) than controls. On the muscle regulation subtests, 36-96% of the ADHD group showed 'moderate' to 'severe' problems compared to 13-52% of the control group, and 80% of the ADHD group reported widespread pain. Highly significant differences were found between the ADHD and control groups for the variables 'pain level' (p < .001) and 'pain location' (p < .001). Significant correlations were found between TS and 'pain location' and between TS and 'pain level'.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that similar to children with ADHD, adults diagnosed with ADHD also have motor inhibition problems and heightened muscle tone. The presence of significantly higher pain levels and more widespread pain in the ADHD group compared to non-ADHD controls might indicate that pain is a long-term secondary effect of heightened muscle tone and restricted movement that can be demonstrated in children and adults by the MFNU battery.
Topics: Adult; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Female; Humans; Male; Methylphenidate; Middle Aged; Muscle Tonus; Neuropsychological Tests; Pain; Pain Measurement; Psychomotor Performance; Reproducibility of Results; Young Adult
PubMed: 23642255
DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-9-18 -
Journal of Ultrasound Jun 2017The aim of this study is to quantitatively assess lower limbs muscle elasticity in a court of healthy subjects and to evaluate the influence of technical variables...
PURPOSE
The aim of this study is to quantitatively assess lower limbs muscle elasticity in a court of healthy subjects and to evaluate the influence of technical variables (e.g., diameter of the ROI-region of interest) and examined subjects' characteristics (e.g., sex, levels of physical activity, side evaluated) on muscle stiffness.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
54 healthy subjects (48 men, 6 women) were evaluated for a total of 108 lower limbs. Shear wave elastography was performed with a multifrequency linear probe (15-4 MHz). Two radiologists performed the evaluation of lower limbs from left to right side (first calf and then thigh). The measures were taken on gastrocnemius and on femoral biceps muscle belly. We chose to place for this study two ROIs of 4 and 2 mm of diameter.
RESULTS
The mean muscle stiffness was 1.98 ± 0.48 (range between 1.89 ± 0.36 and 2.15 ± 0.57 m/s). The difference in muscle stiffness between left and right side of the body and between different levels of physical activity never became statistically significant ( value between 0.314 and 0.915). Only in one test out of eight the difference of muscle stiffness between male and female resulted statistically significant ( value 0.020). When comparing the measurement obtained with a 2 and 4 mm diameter ROIs the values were statistically different only for the left thigh ( value 0.028).
CONCLUSION
Our study, despite its limitations (low sample and low female population), seems to give some clear advice: physiological or technical factors do not determine statistically significant differences on passive muscle stiffness.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Elasticity; Elasticity Imaging Techniques; Exercise; Female; Humans; Lower Extremity; Male; Muscle Tonus; Muscle, Skeletal; Sex Characteristics; Young Adult
PubMed: 28593004
DOI: 10.1007/s40477-017-0242-9 -
The European Respiratory Journal Aug 1999Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is present in nerves in the vicinity of bronchial and vascular smooth muscle in the airways. At least one... (Review)
Review
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is present in nerves in the vicinity of bronchial and vascular smooth muscle in the airways. At least one endogenous form of PACAP, PACAP 1-27, has high affinity binding sites in the lung, probably including cholinergic nerve terminals, bronchial smooth muscle, epithelial and mononuclear inflammatory cells. The mechanism of action for PACAP 1-27 and 1-38 in vivo involves endogenous catecholamines, peptidases and nitric oxide, depending on tissue type. Intracellularly, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as well as calcium and sodium mobilization is probably involved. PACAP 1-27 and 1-38 inhibit airway smooth muscle tone in vitro and in vivo. The inhibitory effect of PACAP 1-38 is more sustained than that of PACAP 1-27, in vitro as well as in vivo. PACAP 1-38 also causes more sustained inhibition of bronchoconstriction after inhalation in vivo, than does vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). PACAP 1-27 given intravenously virtually abolishes allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in vivo. Novel synthetic analogues of PACAP 1-27 cause more sustained inhibition of airway smooth muscle tone in vitro and in vivo than do PACAP 1-27 or 1-38. Both PACAP 1-27 and 1-38 inhibit arterial smooth muscle tone but, administration of PACAP 1-27, 1-38 or a structural analogue of PACAP 1-27 in the airways, induces no cardiovascular side effects at doses inhibiting bronchoconstriction. PACAP 1-38 enhances phagocytosis in macrophages and inhibits the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-2 in lymphocytes, suggesting antiinflammatory effects. It is concluded that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide 1-27 and 1-38, or structurally related molecules, may be useful as bronchodilators but their effect on human bronchial smooth muscle and on human inflammatory cells is in need of evaluation.
Topics: Airway Resistance; Bronchi; Bronchoconstriction; Endopeptidases; Hemodynamics; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Muscle Tonus; Muscle, Smooth; Neuropeptides; Neurotransmitter Agents; Peptide Fragments; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
PubMed: 10515428
DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14b34.x -
TheScientificWorldJournal Nov 2013The purpose of this paper is to review the methods used for the assessment of muscular tension dysphonia (MTD). The MTD is a functional voice disorder associated with... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this paper is to review the methods used for the assessment of muscular tension dysphonia (MTD). The MTD is a functional voice disorder associated with abnormal laryngeal muscle activity. Various assessment methods are available in the literature to evaluate the laryngeal hyperfunction. The case history, laryngoscopy, and palpation are clinical methods for the assessment of patients with MTD. Radiography and surface electromyography (EMG) are objective methods to provide physiological information about MTD. Recent studies show that surface EMG can be an effective tool for assessing muscular tension in MTD.
Topics: Dysphonia; Electromyography; Humans; Laryngeal Muscles; Muscle Tonus; Palpation; Radiography
PubMed: 24319372
DOI: 10.1155/2013/507397 -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Oct 1999
Review
Topics: Cerebral Palsy; Child; Electromyography; Humans; Locomotion; Movement Disorders; Muscle Tonus; Muscle, Skeletal; Spinal Nerves
PubMed: 10587049
DOI: 10.1017/s0012162299001449 -
Neurogastroenterology and Motility Oct 2018In order to understand the pathophysiology of rectal sensorimotor dysfunctions in women with fecal incontinence (FI) and rectal urgency, we evaluated the effects of a... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
In order to understand the pathophysiology of rectal sensorimotor dysfunctions in women with fecal incontinence (FI) and rectal urgency, we evaluated the effects of a muscarinic antagonist and an adrenergic α agonist on these parameters.
METHODS
Firstly, rectal distensibility and sensation were evaluated with a barostat and sinusoidal oscillation at baseline and after randomization to intravenous saline or atropine in 16 healthy controls and 44 FI patients. Thereafter, FI patients were randomized to placebo or clonidine for 4 wk; rectal compliance and sensation were revaluated thereafter. The effect of atropine and clonidine on rectal functions and the relationship between them were evaluated.
RESULTS
At baseline, compared to controls, rectal capacity was lower (P = .03) while the mean pressure (P = .02) and elastance (P = .01) during sinusoidal oscillation were greater, signifying reduced distensibility, in FI. Compared to placebo, atropine increased (P ≤ .02) the heart rate in controls and FI and reduced (P = .03) the variability in rectal pressures during sinusoidal oscillation in controls. Clonidine increased rectal compliance (P = .04) and reduced rectal capacity (P = .03) in FI. The effects of atropine and clonidine on compliance (r = .44, P = .003), capacity (r = .34, P = .02), pressures during sinusoidal oscillation (r = .3, P = .057), pressure (r = .6, P < .0001), and volume sensory thresholds (r = .48, P = .003) were correlated.
CONCLUSIONS
The effects of atropine and clonidine on rectal distensibility and sensation were significantly correlated. A preserved response to atropine suggests that reduced rectal distensibility is partly reversible, mediated by cholinergic mechanisms, and may predict the response to clonidine, providing a pharmacological challenge.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Atropine; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Fecal Incontinence; Female; Humans; Manometry; Middle Aged; Muscarinic Antagonists; Muscle Tonus; Rectum; Sensory Thresholds
PubMed: 29856103
DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13383 -
PloS One Dec 2009Cooperative activation of striated muscle by calcium is based on the movement of tropomyosin described by the steric blocking theory of muscle contraction. Presently,...
Cooperative activation of striated muscle by calcium is based on the movement of tropomyosin described by the steric blocking theory of muscle contraction. Presently, the Hill model stands alone in reproducing both myosin binding data and a sigmoidal-shaped curve characteristic of calcium activation (Hill TL (1983) Two elementary models for the regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium. Biophys J 44: 383-396.). However, the free myosin is assumed to be fixed by the muscle lattice and the cooperative mechanism is based on calcium-dependent interactions between nearest neighbor tropomyosin subunits, which has yet to be validated. As a result, no comprehensive model has been shown capable of fitting actual tension data from striated muscle. We show how variable free myosin is a selective advantage for activating the muscle and describe a mechanism by which a conformational change in tropomyosin propagates free myosin given constant total myosin. This mechanism requires actin, tropomyosin, and filamentous myosin but is independent of troponin. Hence, it will work equally well with striated, smooth and non-muscle contractile systems. Results of simulations with and without data are consistent with a strand of tropomyosin composed of approximately 20 subunits being moved by the concerted action of 3-5 myosin heads, which compares favorably with the predicted length of tropomyosin in the overlap region of thick and thin filaments. We demonstrate that our model fits both equilibrium myosin binding data and steady-state calcium-dependent tension data and show how both the steepness of the response and the sensitivity to calcium can be regulated by the actin-troponin interaction. The model simulates non-cooperative calcium binding both in the presence and absence of strong binding myosin as has been observed. Thus, a comprehensive model based on three well-described interactions with actin, namely, actin-troponin, actin-tropomyosin, and actin-myosin can explain the cooperative calcium activation of striated muscle.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Fluorescence; Isometric Contraction; Models, Biological; Muscle Tonus; Muscle, Striated; Myosins; Oxadiazoles; Protein Binding
PubMed: 19997610
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008052 -
The Journal of Experimental Biology Oct 2019During extended bouts of exercise, muscle can increase in volume by as much as 20% as vascular fluid moves into the tissue. Recent findings suggest that the fluid...
During extended bouts of exercise, muscle can increase in volume by as much as 20% as vascular fluid moves into the tissue. Recent findings suggest that the fluid content of muscle can influence the mechanics of force production; however, the extent to which natural volume fluctuations should be expected to influence muscle mechanics remains unclear. Here, using osmotic perturbations of bullfrog muscle, we explored the impacts of physiologically relevant volume fluctuations on a fundamental property of muscle: passive force production. We found that passive force and fluid volume were correlated over a 20% increase in muscle volume, with small changes in volume having significant effects on force (e.g. a 5% volume increase results in a >10% passive force increase). A simple physical model of muscle morphology reproduces these effects. These findings suggest that physiologically relevant fluid fluxes could alter passive muscle mechanics and affect organismal performance.
Topics: Animals; Muscle Tonus; Muscle, Skeletal; Rana catesbeiana
PubMed: 31558592
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.209668 -
Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Sep 2008Snoring is the noise caused by vibration during the in-breath; and which structure actually vibrates depends on many factors. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Snoring is the noise caused by vibration during the in-breath; and which structure actually vibrates depends on many factors.
OBJECTIVE
The treatment of snoring with methods to increase muscle tonus of upper airway has been controversial, and poorly reported, thus a review of evidence is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of these methods.
METHOD
A review of randomized or quasi-randomized, double blind trials on snoring treatment that have employed any method to increase muscle tonus of upper airway like phonotherapy or physical therapy among others.
OUTCOMES
decrease or completely stop of snoring, sleep quality, quality of life, and adverse events.
RESULTS
Three eligible trials were potentially analyzed, but none of them could provide good scientific evidence favoring the intervention. The objective analyses of one study showed improvement of snoring, although the objective sub-analyses and subjective analyses showed controversial results. The adverse events were not reported.
CONCLUSION
There is no enough evidence to support the recommendation of methods to increase muscle tonus of upper airways in treatment of snoring. Well designed randomized clinical trials are needed to asses the efficacy of such methods, and a standard and worldwide accepted method for snoring assessment would be useful for future researches.
Topics: Breathing Exercises; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Muscle Tonus; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Respiratory Muscles; Snoring
PubMed: 18949285
DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2008000500037 -
The Journal of Neuroscience : the... Dec 1988Electrical stimulation studies have implicated the medial medulla in the inhibition of muscle tone. In the present report we present evidence for suppression of muscle...
Electrical stimulation studies have implicated the medial medulla in the inhibition of muscle tone. In the present report we present evidence for suppression of muscle tone by chemical activation of the medial medulla. We find 2 distinct zones within the classically defined medial medullary inhibitory area. A rostral region corresponding to the nucleus magnocellularis (NMC) is sensitive to glutamate. Atonia produced by activation of this region is mediated by non-NMDA receptors. A caudal region, corresponding to the nucleus paramedianus (NPM) is sensitive to ACh. Atonia produced by activation of this region is mediated by muscarinic receptors. Activation of these regions both in acute decerebrate and intact cats suppresses muscle tone. We find that the cholinoceptive dorsolateral pontine region, previously implicated in atonia control, can be activated by glutamate-sensitive non-NMDA receptors. Microinjection of atropine into the NPM or of glutamylglycine into the NMC blocks atonia elicited by pontine carbachol injection. The medullary regions identified here are hypothesized to mediate the suppression of muscle tone that occurs in rapid eye movement sleep and in cataplexy and may have a role in postural control in waking.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Carbachol; Cats; Dipeptides; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Medulla Oblongata; Muscle Tonus; Pons; Receptors, Cell Surface
PubMed: 2904495
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-12-04790.1988