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Seminars in Ophthalmology May 2021The investigations discussed in this review indicate that iron may exacerbate different eye diseases. Therefore, it is plausible that reducing cellular or body iron... (Review)
Review
The investigations discussed in this review indicate that iron may exacerbate different eye diseases. Therefore, it is plausible that reducing cellular or body iron stores could influence disease pathogenesis, so it is logical to consider the iron chelators' potential protective role in the various ophthalmic diseases in the form of topical eye drops or slow releasing injectable compounds as an adjuvant treatment.
Topics: Eye Diseases; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Macular Degeneration; Ophthalmic Solutions
PubMed: 33621147
DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.1887900 -
Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Feb 2011Sulfur mustard (SM) is highly toxic to the lung inducing both acute and chronic effects including upper and lower obstructive disease, airway inflammation, and acute... (Review)
Review
Sulfur mustard (SM) is highly toxic to the lung inducing both acute and chronic effects including upper and lower obstructive disease, airway inflammation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and with time, tracheobronchial stenosis, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis obliterans. Thus it is essential to identify effective strategies to mitigate the toxicity of SM and related vesicants. Studies in animals and in cell culture models have identified key mechanistic pathways mediating their toxicity, which may be relevant targets for the development of countermeasures. For example, following SM poisoning, DNA damage, apoptosis, and autophagy are observed in the lung, along with increased expression of activated caspases and DNA repair enzymes, biochemical markers of these activities. This is associated with inflammatory cell accumulation in the respiratory tract and increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and other proinflammatory cytokines, as well as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Matrix metalloproteinases are also upregulated in the lung after SM exposure, which are thought to contribute to the detachment of epithelial cells from basement membranes and disruption of the pulmonary epithelial barrier. Findings that production of inflammatory mediators correlates directly with altered lung function suggests that they play a key role in toxicity. In this regard, specific therapeutic interventions currently under investigation include anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., steroids), antioxidants (e.g., tocopherols, melatonin, N-acetylcysteine, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors), protease inhibitors (e.g., doxycycline, aprotinin, ilomastat), surfactant replacement, and bronchodilators. Effective treatments may depend on the extent of lung injury and require a multi-faceted pharmacological approach.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Humans; Lung; Models, Animal; Mustard Gas; Protease Inhibitors; Pulmonary Surfactants
PubMed: 20851203
DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.09.004 -
Disaster Medicine and Public Health... Dec 2020Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged as a health problem...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged as a health problem worldwide. It seems that COVID-19 is more lethal for Iranian veterans with a history of exposure to mustard gas. There are some similarities in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and mustard gas in immune system disruption and pulmonary infection. SARS-CoV-2 and mustard gas inducing oxidative stress, immune system dysregulation, cytokine storm, and overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor in lungs that act as functional entry receptors for SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, Iranian survivors of mustard gas exposure are more susceptible and vulnerable to COVID-19. It is suggested that the principles of COVID-19 infection prevention and control be adhered to more stringently in Iranian survivors of mustard gas exposure than others who have not been exposed to mustard gas. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the different pathologic aspects of lung injury caused by mustard gas and also the relationship between this damage and the increased susceptibility of Iranian mustard gas exposed survivors to COVID-19.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; COVID-19; Cytokines; Humans; Iran; Lung; Mustard Gas; Oxidative Stress; SARS-CoV-2; Survivors; Veterans
PubMed: 32418550
DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.156 -
Chinese Journal of Traumatology =... 2014Skin is the first organ exposed to sulfur mustard (SM). The mechanism of SM-induced cutaneous injury has not been fully clarified so far, which is a major obstacle to... (Review)
Review
Skin is the first organ exposed to sulfur mustard (SM). The mechanism of SM-induced cutaneous injury has not been fully clarified so far, which is a major obstacle to the development of effective treatments for SM-induced injury. So far, there is no satisfactory therapy for acute symptoms and long-term complications. This review summarized recent researches on the mechanisms of SM-induced cutaneous injuries and the therapies for acute symptoms and long-term complications.
Topics: Humans; Mustard Gas; Skin
PubMed: 25471431
DOI: No ID Found -
Iranian Journal of Public Health Feb 2022There is no comprehensive study addressing all the epidemiological aspects of Lung cancer (LC) in Iran, therefore this systematic review investigated the epidemiological... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
There is no comprehensive study addressing all the epidemiological aspects of Lung cancer (LC) in Iran, therefore this systematic review investigated the epidemiological aspects of lung cancer in Iran.
METHODS
The search was performed until the Aug. 2020 on the in international databases based on PRISMA protocol by Pulmonary Neoplasms, Lung Neoplasm, Neoplasm, Lung, Lung Cancer, Cancer, Pulmonary Cancer, Cancer, Pulmonary, Cancers, Cancer of the Lung, Iran, incidence, death, risk factors keywords and different combinations of them. Articles that evaluated epidemiological aspects of lung cancer were included in the analysis.
RESULTS
Of 1420 articles, 82 cases were entered the analysis. Based on studies, in Iran, lung cancer has been the most common cancer and its prevalence is increasing. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer in men and women, respectively. Cigarette smoking, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, mustard gas, occupational risk factors and genetic factors considered as the major reported risk factors for lung cancer and vegetarian diet as a protective factor.
CONCLUSION
In according to the increasing trend of incidence and mortality of lung cancer in Iran, elimination of the major risk factors can decrease this issue and national comprehensive planning should be considered in health promotion plans.
PubMed: 35866136
DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v51i2.8683 -
Frontiers in Chemistry 2022Rapid detection of Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) is of great significance in protecting civilians in public places and military personnel on the battlefield....
Rapid detection of Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) is of great significance in protecting civilians in public places and military personnel on the battlefield. Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS) nanosheets (NSs) can be integrated as a gas sensor at room temperature (25°C) due to their large specific surface area and excellent semiconductor properties. However, low sensitivity and long response-recovery time hinder the pure MoS application in CWAs gas sensors. In this work, we developed a CWAs sensor based on niobium-doped MoS NSs (Nb-MoS NSs) via direct chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) growth. Characterization results show that the high content of Nb elements (7.8 at%) are homogeneously dispersed on the large-area 2D structure of MoS. The Nb-MoS NSs-based CWAs sensor exhibits higher sensitivity (-2.09% and -3.95% to 0.05 mg/m sarin and sulfur mustard, respectively) and faster response speed (78 s and 30 s to 0.05 mg/m sarin and sulfur mustard, respectively) than MoS and other 2D materials at room temperature. And the sensor has certain specificity for sarin and sulfur mustard and is especially sensitive to sulfur mustard. This can be attributed to the improvement of adsorption properties via electronic regulation of Nb doping. This is the first report about CWAs detection based on two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) sensing materials, which demonstrates that the high sensitivity, rapid response, and low limit of detection of 2D TMDs-based CWAs sensor can meet the monitoring needs of many scenarios, thus showing a strong application potential.
PubMed: 36171997
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1011471 -
Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma, and... Oct 2017The long lasting inflammation and immune dysregulation is one of the main mechanisms involved in lung complication of veterans exposed to sulfur mustard (SM) gas....
Increased Genes Expression Levels of Cytokines Related to Th17/Treg Cells in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Correlate with Clinical Severity in COPD and Mustard Gas-exposed Patients.
The long lasting inflammation and immune dysregulation is one of the main mechanisms involved in lung complication of veterans exposed to sulfur mustard (SM) gas. Th17/Treg cells have an important role in immunopathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and mustard lung disease. In this study, expression of cytokines genes levels related to Th17/Treg cells was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) of mustard lung patients and was compared with COPD patients and healthy controls (HC). Real time-polymerase chain reaction was used to assay genes expression levels of Th17 related cytokines (IL-17, IL-6 and TGF-β) and Treg related cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β). IL-17 gene expression level considerably was higher in SM patients (9.98±0.65, p<0.001), and COPD (4.75±0.71, p<0.001), compare to HC group. Also, gene expression level of IL-6 in the SM group (3.31±0.93, p<0.001) and COPD group (2.93±0.21, p<0.001) were significantly higher than the HC group. The IL-10 gene expression level showed a high increase in SM patients (4.12±0.91, p<0.01), and COPD (2.1±0.45, p<0.01). Finally, the TGF-β gene expression level was increased in SM patients (4.91±0.69, p<0.001) as well as in COPD group (5.41±0.78, p<0.001). In SM patients, IL-17 (R=-0.721, p<0.05), IL-6 (R=-0.621, p<0.05) and TGF-β (R=-0.658, p<0.05) had significant negative association with FEV1 (%). Inversely, Il-10 showed positive correlation (R=0.673) with FEV1 (%). Th17/Treg cells related cytokines genes were highly expressed and imbalanced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SM and COPD patients which correlated with pulmonary dysfunction.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytokines; Gene Expression; Humans; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Middle Aged; Mustard Gas; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; RNA, Messenger; Respiratory Function Tests; Severity of Illness Index; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Th17 Cells
PubMed: 29149779
DOI: No ID Found -
Polymers Feb 2024There have been many studies on surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors for detecting sulfur-containing toxic or harmful gases. This paper aims to give an overview of the... (Review)
Review
There have been many studies on surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors for detecting sulfur-containing toxic or harmful gases. This paper aims to give an overview of the current state of polymer films used in SAW sensors for detecting deleterious gases. By covering most of the important polymer materials, the structures and types of polymers are summarized, and a variety of devices with different frequencies, such as delay lines and array sensors for detecting mustard gas, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide, are introduced. The preparation method of polymer films, the sensitivity of the SAW gas sensor, the limit of detection, the influence of temperature and humidity, and the anti-interference ability are discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of the films are analyzed, and the potential application of polymer films in the future is also forecasted.
PubMed: 38399835
DOI: 10.3390/polym16040457 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022The present work reveals a comprehensive decontamination study on real and simulated biological and chemical warfare agents (BCWA). The emphasis was on evaluating the...
Antimicrobial Activity and Degradation Ability Study on Nanoparticle-Enriched Formulations Specially Designed for the Neutralization of Real and Simulated Biological and Chemical Warfare Agents.
The present work reveals a comprehensive decontamination study on real and simulated biological and chemical warfare agents (BCWA). The emphasis was on evaluating the antimicrobial activity against real biological warfare agents, such as , and also the capacity of neutralizing real chemical warfare agents, such as mustard gas or soman, by employing three different types of organic solutions enriched with ZnO, TiO, and zeolite nanoparticles, specially designed for decontamination applications. The capacity of decontaminating BCWA was evaluated through specific investigation tools, including surface monitoring with the swabs method, minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) evaluations, time-kill tests for microorganisms, and GC-MS for monitoring chemical agents on different types of surfaces (glass, painted metal, rubber, and cotton butyl rubber). These tests revealed high decontamination factors for BCWA even after only 10 min, accomplishing the requirements imposed by NATO standards. At the completion of the decontamination process, the formulations reached 100% efficacy for after 10-15 min, for soman after 20-30 min, and for mustard gas in an interval comprised between 5 and 24 h depending on the type of surface analyzed.
PubMed: 35056158
DOI: 10.3390/ph15010097 -
Anticancer Research 2006Alkylating agents, for example nitrogen "mustards", are variably toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic, but by mechanisms which have not been clearly... (Review)
Review
Alkylating agents, for example nitrogen "mustards", are variably toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic, but by mechanisms which have not been clearly established. In particular, the mechanisms both of their delayed toxic effects (which are primarily against dividing cells, in association with retardation of the rate of cell division, disruption of mitoses, and breakages and other abnormalities of chromosomes) and of their carcinogenic actions are not understood. The literature on the testing of thousands of analogues has demonstrated great variability of effects on the various cell biological phenomena, and no aspect of chemical structure or biochemical reactivity of these agents has been established as especially related to any particular effect. Here theories of the mechanisms of action of alkylating agents are reviewed and it is suggested that impairment of the functions of DNA polymerase complexes might contribute to some of the effects of alkylating agents. In particular, impairment of replicative fidelity of DNA during the S-phase could contribute to some of the mitotic and chromosomal effects, as well as to their carcinogenic and teratogenic potencies. Some aspects of testing the effects of alkylating agents on components of the DNA synthetic pathway are mentioned. Emphasis is given to consideration of the various relevant levels (conventional plasma/tissue; tissue/tumour cell cytoplasm; tumour cell cytoplasm/tumour cell nucleus and tumour nuclear karyoplasm/tumour chromatin] of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the agents and their metabolites.
Topics: Alkylating Agents; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; DNA Replication; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; Humans; Models, Molecular; Mustard Gas; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
PubMed: 16619541
DOI: No ID Found