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Mutation Research. Genetic Toxicology... Apr 2018Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) is a trifunctional acrylate monomer which polymerizes rapidly when exposed to sources of free radicals. It is widely used as a... (Review)
Review
Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) is a trifunctional acrylate monomer which polymerizes rapidly when exposed to sources of free radicals. It is widely used as a reactive diluent and polymer building block in the formulation of overprint varnishes, inks and a variety of wood, plastic and metal coatings. TMPTA has been tested in a range of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity tests. There is no clear evidence of induction of gene mutations by TMPTA in bacteria or mammalian cells in vitro, but there is evidence of clastogenicity from induction of small colony tk mutants in the mouse lymphoma assay, and also induction of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. However, TMPTA was negative in bone marrow or blood micronucleus tests in vivo following oral or repeated dermal application, and did not induce comets in bone marrow or liver of mice following intravenous administration, which would have achieved plasma (and therefore tissue) concentrations estimated to exceed those inducing clastogenic effects in vitro. It is concluded that TMPTA is not genotoxic in vivo.
Topics: Acrylates; Animals; Bacteria; Bone Marrow; Comet Assay; Mammals; Mice; Micronucleus Tests; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens; Mutation
PubMed: 29555063
DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.02.006 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 198814C-labeled benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was used as a model-compound for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in order to assess the effect of photolytic pretreatment on the...
14C-labeled benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was used as a model-compound for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in order to assess the effect of photolytic pretreatment on the subsequent fate of BaP in sewage sludge and soil test systems. Photolysis was performed in methanolic solution with or without 0.1 M H2O2, under either UV light (300 nm) or natural sunlight. The presence of H2O2 greatly enhanced the rate of photolysis both with UV and with natural sunlight. Intact BaP resisted biodegradation in both test systems. Photolysis transformed BaP to polar materials that were subject to increased mineralization and binding in both biological test systems. As shown by the Ames assay, photolysis decreased the mutagenicity of BaP to test strains TA98 and TA104 only moderately. The photolysate had an increased acute toxicity and lost its need for activation by S-9 enzymes. However, during subsequent incubation in soil or sewage sludge, mutagenicity decreased rapidly by one to two orders of magnitude and acute toxicity disappeared due to the mineralization and binding of photoproducts to humic materials. Photolysis of BaP and similar PAH compounds represents a useful treatment option that could be applied to certain PAH-containing petroleum refinery sludge and to coal tar residues in order to facilitate their detoxification and environmentally safe disposal.
Topics: Benzo(a)pyrene; Biodegradation, Environmental; Mutagenicity Tests; Photolysis; Sewage; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 3415236
DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.7.1724-1730.1988 -
International Journal of Toxicology 2023Hesperetin glucosides such as hesperidin and hesperetin-7-glucoside are abundantly present in citrus fruits and have various pharmacological properties. However, the...
Hesperetin glucosides such as hesperidin and hesperetin-7-glucoside are abundantly present in citrus fruits and have various pharmacological properties. However, the potential toxicity of hesperetin glucosides remains unclear. An initial assessment of the safety of hesperetin-7-glucoside-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (HPTGCD) as a functional food ingredient was undertaken to assess toxicity and mutagenic potential. A bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) using (strains TA98, TA1535, TA100, and TA1537) and (strain WP2 uvrA) with HPTGCD (up to 5000 µg/plate) in the absence and presence of metabolic activation was negative. In a single oral (gavage) toxicity study in male and female rats, HPTGCD at dose up to 2000 mg/kg did not produce mortality nor clinical signs of toxicity or change in body weight. In a subchronic oral (dietary admix) toxicity study in rats receiving 0, 1.5, 3, and 5% HPTGCD for 13 weeks, no adverse effects were noted and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 5% in the diet (equivalent to 3267.7 mg/kg/day for males and to 3652.4 mg/kg/day for females). These results provide initial evidence of the safety of HPTGCD.
Topics: Rats; Male; Female; Animals; Mutagens; Mutagenicity Tests; Hesperidin; Mutation
PubMed: 36280476
DOI: 10.1177/10915818221134022 -
PloS One 2015In the present study, the wastewater sample collected from the Dongming discharging river in Shijiazhuang city was analysed using both chemical analysis and biological...
In the present study, the wastewater sample collected from the Dongming discharging river in Shijiazhuang city was analysed using both chemical analysis and biological assays including the Salmonella mutagenicity test, micronucleus test and single-cell gel electrophoresis. Chemical analysis of the sample was performed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The Salmonella mutagenicity test was performed on Salmonella typhimurium TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA102 strains with and without S9 mixture. The mice received the wastewater in natura through drinking water at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%. One group of mice was exposed for 2 consecutive days, and the other group of mice was exposed for 15 consecutive days. To establish the levels of primary DNA damage, single-cell gel electrophoresis was performed on treated mouse liver cell. The concentrations of chromium and lead in the sample exceeded the national standard (GB20922-2007) by 0.78 and 0.43-fold, respectively. More than 30 organic compounds were detected, and some of the detected compounds were mutagens, carcinogens and environmental endocrine disrupters. A positive response for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 strain was observed. Mouse exposure via drinking water containing 50% and 100% of wastewater for 15 consecutive days caused a significant increase of MN frequencies in a dose-response manner. Mouse exposure via drinking water containing 50% and 100% of wastewater for 15 consecutive days caused a significant increase of the Olive tail moments in a dose-response manner. All the results indicated that the sample from the Dongming discharging river in Shijiazhuang city exhibited genotoxicity and might pose harmful effects on the local residents.
Topics: Agricultural Irrigation; Animals; China; DNA Damage; Female; Liver; Male; Mice; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens; Random Allocation; Rivers; Single-Cell Analysis; Wastewater; Water Pollution, Chemical
PubMed: 26658348
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144729 -
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis Apr 2011Appropriate follow-up actions and decisions are needed when evaluating and interpreting clear positive results obtained in the in vitro assays used in the initial... (Review)
Review
Appropriate follow-up actions and decisions are needed when evaluating and interpreting clear positive results obtained in the in vitro assays used in the initial genotoxicity screening battery (i.e., the battery of tests generally required by regulatory authorities) to assist in overall risk-based decision making concerning the potential effects of human exposure to the agent under test. Over the past few years, the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Project Committee on the Relevance and Follow-up of Positive Results in In Vitro Genetic Toxicity (IVGT) Testing developed a decision process flow chart to be applied in case of clear positive results in vitro. It provides for a variety of different possibilities and allows flexibility in choosing follow-up action(s), depending on the results obtained in the initial battery of assays and available information. The intent of the Review Subgroup was not to provide a prescriptive testing strategy, but rather to reinforce the concept of weighing the totality of the evidence. The Review Subgroup of the IVGT committee highlighted the importance of properly analyzing the existing data, and considering potential confounding factors (e.g., possible interactions with the test systems, presence of impurities, irrelevant metabolism), and chemical modes of action when analyzing and interpreting positive results in the in vitro genotoxicity assays and determining appropriate follow-up testing. The Review Subgroup also examined the characteristics, strengths, and limitations of each of the existing in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays to determine their usefulness in any follow-up testing.
Topics: Animals; Decision Support Techniques; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endpoint Determination; Hazardous Substances; Humans; International Cooperation; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 20963811
DOI: 10.1002/em.20617 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Sep 2019
Topics: DNA Transposable Elements; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Molecular Chaperones; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens
PubMed: 31434787
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912725116 -
Toxins Jun 2018Griseb. has a long history of collection from the wild as a traditional remedy for respiratory and gastrointestinal complaints. It has also been investigated for its...
Griseb. has a long history of collection from the wild as a traditional remedy for respiratory and gastrointestinal complaints. It has also been investigated for its promising pharmacological activities in the central nervous system. However, its toxicological data is entirely missing. This study investigated the acute and repeated-dose oral toxicity of a 20% (/) ethanol extract in Sprague Dawley rats, and mutagenicity using the Ames test. No gross pathological abnormalities and no toxicity signs or mortality were detected in animals treated with the dose of 2000 mg/kg bw during 14 days of observation. The tested extract was assigned to category 5 of the GHS. To evaluate a repeated-dose toxicity, an extract has been tested over a 28-day period followed by a 14-day recovery period. No mortality and no changes in body/organ weight or food consumption have been observed. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level of the extract was determined at 1000 mg/kg bw. The results of Ames tests conducted on extracts of different polarity (water; 20% (/) ethanol; 50% (/) ethanol; n-heptane), were unequivocally negative. The study reveals no toxicity of and no concerns for its mutagenic effects, supports its positive safety profile, and confirms the acknowledged traditional medicinal use in human.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Female; Male; Mutagenicity Tests; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sideritis; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Toxicity Tests, Subchronic
PubMed: 29937516
DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070258 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2021Wildland fires, increasing in recent decades in the Mediterranean region due to climate change, can contribute to PM levels and composition. This study aimed to...
Wildland fires, increasing in recent decades in the Mediterranean region due to climate change, can contribute to PM levels and composition. This study aimed to investigate biological effects of PM (Ø < 2.5 µm) and PM (Ø < 10 µm) collected near a fire occurred in the North-West of Italy in 2017 and in three other areas (urban and rural areas). Organic extracts were assessed for mutagenicity using Ames test (TA98 and TA100 strains), cell viability (WST-1 and LDH assays) and genotoxicity (Comet assay) with human bronchial cells (BEAS-2B) and estrogenic activity using a gene reporter assay (MELN cells). In all sites, high levels of PM and PM were measured during the fire suggesting that near and distant sites were influenced by fire pollutants. The PM and PM extracts induced a significant mutagenicity in all sites and the mutagenic effect was increased with respect to historical data. All extracts induced a slight increase of the estrogenic activity but a possible antagonistic activity of PM samples collected near fire was observed. No cytotoxicity or DNA damage was detected. Results confirm that fires could be relevant for human health, since they can worsen the air quality increasing PM concentrations, mutagenic and estrogenic effects.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Humans; Italy; Mutagenicity Tests; Particulate Matter; Wildfires
PubMed: 34682553
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010812 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jan 2024This study aimed to evaluate the ecotoxicity and mutagenicity of fire water runoff generated during fire operations in a closed non-production facility (apartment,...
This study aimed to evaluate the ecotoxicity and mutagenicity of fire water runoff generated during fire operations in a closed non-production facility (apartment, house, warehouse, etc.). For this purpose, insulation and furnishing materials used, especially in houses and apartments, including wood (pine and oak), chipboard, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polyurethane foam, were burned. Experiments involving burning one of the selected materials each time and extinguishing the resulting fire with a specific amount of water were conducted in a test chamber equipped with systems for continuous monitoring of the process, including continuous measurement of the weight of the sample and mechanical smoke extraction systems. The fire water runoff samples were tested for ecotoxicity and mutagenicity. Ecotoxicity was evaluated using commercial biotests, i.e., Daphtoxkit F magna (crustaceans), Rotoxkit F (rotifers), Spirodela duckweed toxkit (plants: Spirodela polyrhiza), and Microtox test (bacteria Alivibrio fischeri), whereas mutagenicity was evaluated using the Ames test (Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TAmix). The results demonstrated that the water used to extinguish the polyurethane foam had the highest toxicity. Moreover, Ames test results verified that the fire water runoff generated during testing with polyurethane foam was characterized by the highest mutagenicity. Consequently, water from extinguishing polyurethane foam may pose a greater environmental hazard than water from wood, chipboard, or PMMA.
Topics: Mutagens; Polymethyl Methacrylate; Fires; Smoke; Mutagenicity Tests
PubMed: 37793445
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167394 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Apr 2018A number of transgenic animal models and mutation detection systems have been developed for mutagenicity testing of carcinogens in mammalian cells. Of these, transgenic...
A number of transgenic animal models and mutation detection systems have been developed for mutagenicity testing of carcinogens in mammalian cells. Of these, transgenic mice and the Lambda (λ) Select cII Mutation Detection System have been employed for mutagenicity experiments by many research groups worldwide. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the Lambda Select cII mutation assay, which can be applied to cultured cells of transgenic mice/rats or the corresponding animals treated with a chemical/physical agent of interest. The protocol consists of the following steps: (1) isolation of genomic DNA from the cells or organs/tissues of transgenic animals treated in vitro or in vivo, respectively, with a test compound; (2) recovery of the lambda shuttle vector carrying a mutational reporter gene (i.e., cII transgene) from the genomic DNA; (3) packaging of the rescued vectors into infectious bacteriophages; (4) infecting a host bacteria and culturing under selective conditions to allow propagation of the induced cII mutations; and (5) scoring the cII-mutants and DNA sequence analysis to determine the cII mutant frequency and mutation spectrum, respectively.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriophage lambda; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutation; Rats; Rats, Transgenic; Transcription Factors; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 29757290
DOI: 10.3791/57510