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International Journal of Infectious... Oct 2019Mycobacterium bovis BCG is a live, attenuated tuberculosis vaccine. While the vaccine protects infants from tuberculosis, complications including disseminated infections...
BACKGROUND
Mycobacterium bovis BCG is a live, attenuated tuberculosis vaccine. While the vaccine protects infants from tuberculosis, complications including disseminated infections have been reported following vaccination. Genetically diverse BCG sub-strains now exist following continuous passaging of the original Pasteur strain for vaccine manufacture. This genetic diversity reportedly influences the severity of disseminated BCG infections and the efficacy of BCG immunization.
METHODS
M. bovis BCG was isolated from infants suspected of being infected with tuberculosis. The whole genome of the clinical isolates and BCG Moscow were sequenced using Illumina Miseq and the sequences were analysed using CLC Genomics Workbench 7.0, PhyResSE v1.0, and Parsnp.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Genetic variations between the clinical strains and the reference BCG Copenhagen were identified. The clinical strains shared only one mutation in a secretion protein. Mutations were identified in various antibiotic resistance genes in the BCG isolates, which suggests their potential as multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two isolates were distantly related, and the M1_S48 clinical isolate was closely related to M. bovis BCG Moscow. The phylogenomics results imply that two different BCG strains may be circulating in South Africa. However, it is difficult to associate the BCG vaccine strain administered and the BCG strain supplied with specific adverse events, as BCGiosis is under-reported. This study presents background genomic information for future surveillance and tracking of the distribution of BCGiosis-associated mycobacteria. It is also the first to report on the genomes of clinical BCG strains in Africa.
Topics: BCG Vaccine; Base Sequence; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Mutation; Mycobacterium bovis; Phylogeny; South Africa; Tuberculosis; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 31442625
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.08.010 -
BMC Veterinary Research Nov 2012In Zambia, the presence of bovine tuberculosis in both wild and domestic animals has long been acknowledged and mutual transmission between them has been predicted...
BACKGROUND
In Zambia, the presence of bovine tuberculosis in both wild and domestic animals has long been acknowledged and mutual transmission between them has been predicted without any direct evidence. Elucidation of the circulating Mycobacterium bovis strains at wild and domestic animals interphase area in Zambia, where bovine tuberculosis was diagnosed in wildlife seemed to be important.
RESULTS
A PCR identified 15 and 37 M. bovis isolates from lechwe and cattle, respectively. Spoligotype analysis revealed that M. bovis strains from lechwe and cattle in Kafue basin clustered into a major node SB0120, where isolates outside the Kafue basin clustered into different nodes of SB0131 and SB0948. The comparatively higher variety of strains in cattle compared to lechwe elucidated by Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Number Tandem Repeats analyses are consistent with cattle being the probable source of M. bovis in wild and domestic animals interphase area in Zambia.
CONCLUSIONS
These results provide strong evidence of M. bovis strains transfer between cattle and lechwe, with the latter having developed into a sylvatic reservoir host.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Antelopes; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Mycobacterium bovis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tuberculosis, Bovine; Zambia
PubMed: 23151267
DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-221 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Mar 2020Mycobacterium bovis is the pathogenic agent responsible for bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a zoonotic disease affecting mostly cattle, but also transmittable to humans and...
Mycobacterium bovis is the pathogenic agent responsible for bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a zoonotic disease affecting mostly cattle, but also transmittable to humans and wildlife. Genetic studies on M. bovis allow to detect possible routes of bTB transmission and the identification of genetic reservoirs that may provide an essential framework for public health action. We used a database with 1235 M. bovis genotypes collected from different regions in Africa with 45 new Mozambican samples. Our analyses, based on phylogeographic and population genetics' approaches, allowed to identify two clear trends. First, the genetic diversity of M. bovis is geographically clustered across the continent, with the only incidences of long-distance sharing of genotypes, between South Africa and Algeria, likely due to recent European introductions. Second, there is a broad gradient of diversity from Northern to Southern Africa with a diversity focus on the proximity to the Near East, where M. bovis likely emerged with animal domestication in the last 10,000 years. Diversity indices are higher in Eastern Africa, followed successively by Northern, Central, Southern and Western Africa, roughly correlating with the regional archaeological records of introduction of animal domesticates. Given this scenario M. bovis in Africa was probably established millennia ago following a concomitant spread with cattle, sheep and goat. Such scenario could translate into long-term locally adapted lineages across Africa. This work describes a novel scenario for the spread of M. bovis in Africa using the available genetic data, opening the field to further studies using higher resolution genomic data.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Cattle; Cluster Analysis; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Goats; Humans; Livestock; Molecular Epidemiology; Mycobacterium bovis; Phylogeny; Sheep; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 32119671
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008081 -
Virulence Feb 2014Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, a disease that affects approximately 5% of Argentine cattle. The aim of this research was to study if...
Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, a disease that affects approximately 5% of Argentine cattle. The aim of this research was to study if it is possible to infer the degree of virulence of different M. bovis genotypes based on scorified observations of tuberculosis lesions in cattle. In this study, we performed association analyses between several parameters with tuberculosis lesions: M. bovis genotype, degree of progression of tuberculosis, and animal age. For this purpose, the genotype was determined by spoligotyping and the degree of bovine tuberculosis gross lesion was quantified with a score based on clinical observations (number, size, and location of granulomas along with histopathologic features). This study was performed with naturally infected cattle of slaughterhouses from three provinces in Argentina. A total of 265 M. bovis isolates were obtained from 378 pathological lesion samples and 192 spoligotyping and VNTR (based on ETR sequences) typing patterns were obtained. SB0140 was the most predominant spoligotype, followed by SB0145. The spoligotype with the highest lesion score was SB0273 (median score of 27 ± 4.46), followed by SB0520 (18 ± 5.8). Furthermore, the most common spoligotype, SB0140, had a median score of 11 ± 0.74. Finally, the spoligotype with the lowest score was SB0145 (8 ± 1.0). ETR typing of SB0140, SB0145, SB0273, and SB0520 did not subdivide the lesion scores in those spoligotypes. In conclusion, SB0273 and SB0520 were the spoligotypes with the strongest association with hypervirulence and both spoligotypes were only found in Río Cuarto at the south of Córdoba province. Interestingly, there is no other report of any of these spoligotyes in Latin America.
Topics: Animals; Argentina; Cattle; Cluster Analysis; Genotype; Molecular Typing; Mycobacterium bovis; Severity of Illness Index; Tuberculosis, Bovine; Virulence
PubMed: 24398919
DOI: 10.4161/viru.27193 -
PloS One 2017Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is endemic in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) population in the Kruger National Park and other conservation areas in...
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is endemic in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) population in the Kruger National Park and other conservation areas in South Africa. The disease has been diagnosed in a total of 21 free ranging or semi-free ranging wildlife species in the country with highly variable presentations in terms of clinical signs as well as severity and distribution of tuberculous lesions. Most species are spillover or dead-end hosts without significant role in the epidemiology of the disease. White rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) are translocated from the Kruger National Park in substantial numbers every year and a clear understanding of their risk to manifest overt tuberculosis disease and to serve as source of infection to other species is required. We report the findings of experimental infection of three white rhinoceroses with a moderately low dose of a virulent field isolate of Mycobacterium bovis. None of the animals developed clinical signs or disseminated disease. The susceptibility of the white rhinoceros to bovine tuberculosis was confirmed by successful experimental infection based on the ante mortem isolation of M. bovis from the respiratory tract of one rhinoceros, the presence of acid-fast organisms and necrotizing granulomatous lesions in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes and the detection of M. bovis genetic material by PCR in the lungs of two animals.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Buffaloes; Cattle; Mycobacterium bovis; Perissodactyla; Tuberculosis, Bovine
PubMed: 28686714
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179943 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jul 2017Members of the complex (MTBC) have evolved causing tuberculosis (TB) in different mammalian hosts. MTBC ecotypes have adapted to diverse animal species, with being the... (Review)
Review
Members of the complex (MTBC) have evolved causing tuberculosis (TB) in different mammalian hosts. MTBC ecotypes have adapted to diverse animal species, with being the most common cause of TB in livestock. Cattle-to-human transmission of through ingestion of raw milk was common before introduction of the pasteurization process. TB in humans is mainly caused by . This bacterium is considered a genetically clonal pathogen that has coevolved with humans due to its ability to manipulate and subvert the immune response. TB is a major public health problem due to airborne person-to-person transmission of . The essential yet unanswered question on the natural history of TB is when decides to establish latent infection in the host (resambling the lysogenic cycle of lambda phage) or to cause pulmonary disease (comparable to the lytic cycle of lambda phage). In this latter case, kills the host with the aim of achieving transmission to new hosts. Combating the TB epidemic requires stopping transmission. BCG, the present vaccine against TB, is derived from and only protects against disseminated forms of TB. Thus, a priority in TB research is development of new effective vaccines to prevent pulmonary disease. Attenuated vaccines based on as MTBVAC are potential candidates that could contribute to break the TB transmission cycle.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Humans; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis Vaccines
PubMed: 28710848
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.MTBP-0001-2016 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2016The species Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis are the causal agents, respectively, of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in animals....
The species Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis are the causal agents, respectively, of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in animals. Both mycobacteria, especially M. bovis, are also important to public health because they can infect humans. In recent years, this and the impact of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis on animal production have led to significant advances in knowledge about both pathogens and their host interactions. This article describes the contribution of genomics and functional genomics to studies of the evolution, virulence, epidemiology and diagnosis of both these pathogenic mycobacteria.
Topics: Animals; Evolution, Molecular; Genomics; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Molecular Epidemiology; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium bovis; Tuberculosis; Virulence
PubMed: 27217180
DOI: 10.20506/rst.35.1.2429 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2016In this article we present experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection models in domestic livestock species and how these models were applied to vaccine development,... (Review)
Review
In this article we present experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection models in domestic livestock species and how these models were applied to vaccine development, biomarker discovery, and the definition of specific antigens for the differential diagnosis of infected and vaccinated animals. In particular, we highlight synergies between human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) research approaches and data and propose that the application of bovine TB models could make a valuable contribution to human TB vaccine research and that close alignment of both research programs in a one health philosophy will lead to mutual and substantial benefits.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Deer; Disease Models, Animal; Goats; Livestock; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium bovis; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis Vaccines
PubMed: 27726786
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0017-2016 -
Microbiology Spectrum Oct 2021Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine which can result in local or disseminated infection, most commonly in immunocompromised...
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine which can result in local or disseminated infection, most commonly in immunocompromised individuals. Differentiation of BCG from other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is required to diagnose BCG disease, which requires specific management. Current methods for BCG diagnosis are based on mycobacterial culture and conventional PCR; the former is time-consuming and the latter often unavailable. Further, there are reports that certain BCG strains may be associated with a higher rate of adverse events. This study describes the development of a two-step multiplex real-time PCR assay which uses single nucleotide polymorphisms to detect BCG and identify early or late BCG strains. The assay has a limit of detection of 1 pg BCG boiled lysate DNA and was shown to detect BCG in both pure cultures and experimentally infected tissue. Its performance was assessed on 19 suspected BCG clinical isolates at Christian Medical College in Vellore, India, taken from January 2018 to August 2020. Of these 19 isolates, 10 were identified as BCG (6 early and 4 late strains), and 9 were identified as other MTBC members. Taken together, the results demonstrate the ability of this assay to identify and characterize BCG disease from cultures and infected tissue. The capacity to identify BCG may improve patient management, and the ability to discriminate between BCG strains may enable BCG vaccine pharmacovigilance. Vaccination against tuberculosis with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can lead to adverse events, including a rare but life-threatening complication of disseminated BCG. This complication often occurs in young children with immunodeficiencies and is associated with an ∼60% mortality rate. A rapid method of reliably identifying BCG infection is important because BCG requires treatment unique to tuberculosis. BCG is resistant to the first-line antituberculosis drug pyrazinamide. Additionally, diagnosis of BCG disease would lead to further investigation of a possible underlying immune condition. We have developed a diagnostic assay to identify BCG which improves upon previously published methods and can reliably identify BCG from bacterial culture or directly from infected tissue. This assay can also differentiate between strains of BCG, which have been suggested to be associated with different rates of adverse events. This assay was validated on 19 clinical isolates collected at Christian Medical College in Vellore, India.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Limit of Detection; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium bovis; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tuberculosis; Vaccines, Attenuated; Young Adult
PubMed: 34494864
DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.01098-21 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Aug 2018
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Cancer Vaccines; Humans; Immunotherapy; Mycobacterium bovis; Neoplasms
PubMed: 30104771
DOI: No ID Found