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BMC Infectious Diseases Apr 2006Mycobacterium haemophilum is a slow-growing, fastidious, iron-requiring microorganism that, relative to other non-tuberculous mycobacterial species, has rarely been... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Mycobacterium haemophilum is a slow-growing, fastidious, iron-requiring microorganism that, relative to other non-tuberculous mycobacterial species, has rarely been documented as a cause of human infection. This microorganism appears to be acquired via environmental exposure although its natural habitat and mode of acquisition are unknown. It has primarily been implicated as a cause of ulcerating cutaneous or subcutaneous nodular skin lesions, particularly in immunocompromised patients, although infections at extracutaneous sites have also been described. Osteomyelitis, while rarely documented, appears to be an important complication of infection with M. haemophilum in these patients.
CASE PRESENTATION
We describe a unique case of culture-confirmed M. haemophilum osteomyelitis in an adult woman with polycythemia vera and review the world literature on bone infections due to this organism.
CONCLUSION
Mycobacterium haemophilum is an important but infrequently encountered cause of osteomyelitis in immunocompromised patients, often requiring months to years of medical therapy, with or without surgery, to effect a clinical cure.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium haemophilum; Osteomyelitis
PubMed: 16606464
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-70 -
Zebrafish Feb 2019In 2017, the zebrafish unit at University of Glasgow experienced a detrimental outbreak of pathogenic bacterium, Mycobacterium haemophilum. The presence of other...
In 2017, the zebrafish unit at University of Glasgow experienced a detrimental outbreak of pathogenic bacterium, Mycobacterium haemophilum. The presence of other bacterial species was also confirmed by bacteriology growth in the same unit. The affected individuals composed of a wild-origin parental population sourced from India and their F1 offspring generation. Bacteria were diagnostically confirmed to be present systemically in fish and within the water and biofilm of the recirculating zebrafish system. In the absence of a publicly accessible step-by-step disinfectant protocol for these difficult-to-eliminate pathogens, we devised a successful procedure to eradicate mycobacteria and Aeromonas species after colony removal using Cleanline Chlorine tablets (active ingredient Sodium dichloroisocyanurate) and Virkon Aquatic. Postdisinfection diagnostics did not detect pathogens in the system or in the new fish inhabiting the system that were tested. Newly established fish colonies have not shown similar clinical signs or disease-induced mortality in the 1-year period following system disinfection and repopulation. We present a historical background of the bacterial outbreak and a disinfection method which can be replicated in other zebrafish facilities-at small or large scales-for reliable mycobacterium removal. This procedure can be implemented as a disinfection protocol before the introduction of a new fish population to a previously contaminated system.
Topics: Animals; Disease Eradication; Disease Outbreaks; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Fish Diseases; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium haemophilum; Zebrafish
PubMed: 30358522
DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2018.1628 -
IDCases 2023is an increasingly recognized pathogen of the non-tuberculous mycobacteria family that largely infects immunocompromised adults and immunocompetent children. is a...
is an increasingly recognized pathogen of the non-tuberculous mycobacteria family that largely infects immunocompromised adults and immunocompetent children. is a fastidious and slow-growing organism that exhibits preferential growth at lower temperature with iron supplemented media, and therefore most clinical manifestations involve cutaneous infection or musculoskeletal infection of the distal extremities. It is believed that opportunistic infection occurs in immunocompromised hosts when the organism is acquired through environmental exposure. We describe the case of a 71-year-old renal transplant recipient who developed acute osteomyelitis of the left foot, likely contracted from Epsom salt soaks with contaminated tap water. Outcomes of infection are generally favorable in the literature. Our patient was treated with local debridement and partial amputation followed by a 3-drug anti-mycobacterial regimen until definitive amputation could be completed.
PubMed: 36687370
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01684 -
Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine 2013Opportunistic infections following immunosuppression in solid organ transplant (SOT) patients are common complications with the skin being a common sight of infection....
Opportunistic infections following immunosuppression in solid organ transplant (SOT) patients are common complications with the skin being a common sight of infection. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are rare but potential causes of skin infection in SOT patients. We present a case of an adult male immunosuppressed following renal transplantation who presented with an asymptomatic rash for several months. The patient's skin eruption consisted of erythematous papules and plaques coalescing into an annular formation. After failure of the initial empiric therapy, a punch biopsy was performed that demonstrated nerve involvement suspicious for Mycobacterium leprae. However, culture of the biopsy specimen grew acid-fast bacilli that were subsequently identified as M. haemophilum. His rash improved after a prolonged course of clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin. Both organisms are potential causes of opportunistic skin infections and can be difficult to distinguish with similar predilection for skin and other biochemical and genetic similarities. Ultimately they can be distinguished with culture as M. haemophilum will grow in culture and M. leprae will not. This case was unique due to nerve involvement on biopsy which is classically seen on biopsies of leprosy.
PubMed: 24369511
DOI: 10.1155/2013/793127 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Oct 1995An animal model of disseminated Mycobacterium haemophilum infection was utilized to compare treatment with azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, rifabutin, and the combination of...
An animal model of disseminated Mycobacterium haemophilum infection was utilized to compare treatment with azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, rifabutin, and the combination of clarithromycin with rifabutin. Following subcutaneous challenge with M. haemophilum, local and disseminated infection occurred only in immunosuppressed mice. For disseminated infection, ciprofloxacin was relatively ineffective therapy. Clarithromycin and rifabutin alone significantly reduced the tissue burden in the spleen after 4 weeks of therapy. Combination therapy with rifabutin and clarithromycin was superior to 4 weeks of treatment with the individual agents. When immunosuppressed mice were treated for 20 weeks with the combination of rifabutin and clarithromycin, the tissue burden remained reduced in the spleen at 1 month following the completion of therapy. Combined rifabutin and clarithromycin provide effective treatment for M. haemophilum in this model.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Clarithromycin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Nude; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium haemophilum; Rifabutin
PubMed: 8619588
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.39.10.2316 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Apr 1998Although Mycobacterium ulcerans, M. marinum, and M. haemophilum are closely related, their exact taxonomic placements have not been determined. We performed gas...
Differentiation of Mycobacterium ulcerans, M. marinum, and M. haemophilum: mapping of their relationships to M. tuberculosis by fatty acid profile analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.
Although Mycobacterium ulcerans, M. marinum, and M. haemophilum are closely related, their exact taxonomic placements have not been determined. We performed gas chromatography of fatty acids and alcohols, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, to clarify their relationships to each other and to M. tuberculosis. M. ulcerans and M. marinum were most closely related to one another, and each displayed very strong genetic affinities to M. tuberculosis; they are actually the two mycobacterial species outside the M. tuberculosis complex most closely related to M. tuberculosis. M. haemophilum was more distinct from M. ulcerans and M. marinum, and it appeared to be as related to these two species as to M. tuberculosis. These results are important with regard to the development of diagnostic and epidemiological tools such as species-specific DNA probes and PCR assays for M. ulcerans, M. marinum, and M. haemophilum. In addition, the finding that M. ulcerans and M. marinum are more closely related to M. tuberculosis than are other pathogenic mycobacterial species suggests that they may be evaluated as useful models for studying the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. M. marinum may be particularly useful in this regard since strains of this species grow much more rapidly than M. tuberculosis and yet can cause systemic disease in immunocompromised hosts.
Topics: Chromatography, Gas; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Fatty Acids; Mycobacterium haemophilum; Mycobacterium marinum; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mycobacterium ulcerans; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 9542909
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.36.4.918-925.1998 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 1992This paper reviews recent information on the systematics and clinical significance of potentially pathogenic environmental mycobacteria. A short history of these... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews recent information on the systematics and clinical significance of potentially pathogenic environmental mycobacteria. A short history of these mycobacteria is given. Information on species for which clinical and systematic aspects have already been well documented, i.e., Mycobacterium kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. simiae, M. szulgai, M. ulcerans, M. xenopi, and members of the M. fortuitum complex, is updated. Although the M. avium complex was extensively reviewed in earlier literature, major new systematic and clinical information is presented in some detail. Species that have received very limited prior coverage, i.e., M. asiaticum, M. haemophilum, M. malmoense, and M. shimoidei, are the main subjects of this review and are discussed in detail. The rare infections attributed to species that are normally considered nonpathogenic, i.e., M. gastri, M. gordonae, the M. terrae complex, and most of the rapidly growing mycobacteria outside of the M. fortuitum complex, are critically reviewed. Finally, suggestions are offered for practical measures that can minimize the risk of failing to isolate or misidentifying some of the more obscure potentially pathogenic environmental mycobacteria that are only infrequently recognized.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections
PubMed: 1735092
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.5.1.1 -
Frontiers in Medicine 2023is a slow-growing, aerobic mycobacterium that acts as a pathogen in immunocompromised adult patients and immunocompetent children. There are only a few rare cases in...
is a slow-growing, aerobic mycobacterium that acts as a pathogen in immunocompromised adult patients and immunocompetent children. There are only a few rare cases in the literature describing this species as a cause of subcutaneous infections. Here, we describe a subcutaneous infection caused by in an immunocompetent female after lipolysis injections at an unqualified beauty salon, suggesting that this bacteria can also be a potential causative agent of adverse events in medical aesthetics. In addition, caused lesions not only at the injection sites and adjacent areas but also invaded distant sections through the subcutaneous sinus tracts. Thus, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are vital to prevent further deterioration and improve prognosis.
PubMed: 36756175
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1098047 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Mar 2001A new DNA probe assay (INNO LiPA Mycobacteria; Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) for the simultaneous identification, by means of reverse hybridization and line-probe...
A new DNA probe assay (INNO LiPA Mycobacteria; Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) for the simultaneous identification, by means of reverse hybridization and line-probe technology, of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium xenopi, Mycobacterium gordonae, the species of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, and Mycobacterium chelonae was evaluated on a panel of 238 strains including, besides representatives of all the taxa identifiable by the system, a number of other mycobacteria, some of which are known to be problematic with the only other commercial DNA probe system (AccuProbe; Gen-Probe, San Diego, Calif.), and two nocardiae. The new kit, which includes a control probe reacting with the whole genus Mycobacterium, correctly identified 99.6% of the strains tested; the one discrepancy, which remained unresolved, concerned an isolate identified as MAC intermediate by INNO LiPA Mycobacteria and as Mycobacterium intracellulare by AccuProbe. In five cases, because of an imperfect checking of hybridization temperature, a very slight, nonspecific, line was visible which was no longer evident when the test was repeated. Two strains whose DNA failed amplification at the first attempt were regularly identified when the test was repeated. Interestingly, the novel kit dodged all the pitfalls presented by the strains giving anomalous reactions with AccuProbe. A unique feature of INNO LiPA Mycobacteria is its ability to recognize different subgroups within the species M. kansasii and M. chelonae, while the declared overlapping reactivity of probe 4 with some M. kansasii and Mycobacterium gastri organisms and of probe 9 with MAC, Mycobacterium haemophilum, and Mycobacterium malmoense, may furnish a useful aid for their identification. The turnaround time of the method is approximately 6 h, including a preliminary PCR amplification.
Topics: Animals; DNA Probes; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Mycobacterium; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Species Specificity
PubMed: 11230430
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.39.3.1079-1084.2001 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Sep 1984Eight isolates of Mycobacterium haemophilum were evaluated by radiometric methods to determine whether this test system could support the growth of these organisms as...
Eight isolates of Mycobacterium haemophilum were evaluated by radiometric methods to determine whether this test system could support the growth of these organisms as well as demonstrate their growth requirements for iron complexes such as hemin, ferric ammonium citrate, and blood. In addition, gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography were evaluated to determine whether these procedures could further differentiate M. haemophilum from other mycobacteria. During the initial 24 to 48 h, there was no significant difference between the radiometric test broths containing iron complexes and control broths without iron supplementation. After 48 h, the test growth index readings rapidly increased, and control broth readings leveled off and declined. The mean growth index reading of the test broths after 6 days of incubation was 100 times that of the controls. The mean incubation time with supplemented 7H10 agar was 17 days. The use of radiometric media resulted in the demonstration of hemin dependence by M. haemophilum significantly earlier than with 7H10 agar. Of the three supplements studied, whole blood provided the greatest growth rate, followed by ferric ammonium citrate and hemin. When 12 species of mycobacteria other than M. haemophilum were radiometrically evaluated, no isolate demonstrated an iron complex requirement. Gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography procedures were able to rapidly differentiate M. haemophilum from the other 12 Mycobacterium species.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Culture Media; Heme; Hemin; Iron; Mycobacterium
PubMed: 6436306
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.20.3.515-518.1984