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The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2018Mycobacterium marinum is an opportunistic pathogen inducing infection in fresh and marine water fish. This pathogen causes necrotizing granuloma like tuberculosis,... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterium marinum is an opportunistic pathogen inducing infection in fresh and marine water fish. This pathogen causes necrotizing granuloma like tuberculosis, morbidity and mortality in fish. The cell wall-associated lipid phthiocerol dimycocerosates, phenolic glycolipids and ESAT-6 secretion system 1 (ESX-1) are the conserved virulence determinant of the organism. Human infections with Mycobacterium marinum hypothetically are classified into four clinical categories (type I-type IV) and have been associated with the exposure of damaged skin to polluted water from fish pools or contacting objects contaminated with infected fish. Fish mycobacteriosis is clinically manifested and characterized in man by purple painless nodules, liable to develop into superficial crusting ulceration with scar formation. Early laboratory diagnosis of M. marinum including histopathology, culture and PCR is essential and critical as the clinical response to antibiotics requires months to be attained. The pathogenicity and virulence determinants of M. marinum need to be thoroughly and comprehensively investigated and understood. In spite of accumulating information on this pathogen, the different relevant data should be compared, connected and globally compiled. This article is reviewing the epidemiology, virulence factors, diagnosis and disease management in fish while casting light on the potential associated public health hazards.
Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium marinum; Water Microbiology; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29493404
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2018.1447171 -
Hand (New York, N.Y.) Jul 2022Hand infections caused by mycobacteria are relatively uncommon compared to infections caused by other pathogens; therefore, much of the available literature consists of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Hand infections caused by mycobacteria are relatively uncommon compared to infections caused by other pathogens; therefore, much of the available literature consists of case reports and limited case series. Broadly categorized into tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections, both tuberculous and NTM infections are typically insidious with long incubation periods and with the ability to remain dormant for prolonged periods.
METHODS
We reviewed the most current literature on the epidemiology, presentations, treatment methods, and resistance patterns of mycobacterial infections of the hand focusing on the indications and outcomes of nonoperative as well as operative interventions.
RESULTS
The worldwide burden of tuberculosis remains high and while the overall rate of new diagnosis drug resistant tuberculosis has been on the decline some regions of the world have demonstrated staggeringly high resistance rates to first-line tuberculosis therapies. Signs and symptoms of mycobacterial hand infection are typically inconsistent, and highly dependent on the specific structures of the hand that are affected; therefore, these infections may mimic other infections of the hand like tenosynovitis, joint space infections, and cutaneous infections. The main stay of treatment remains antimycobacterial therapies including but not limited to rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol.
CONCLUSIONS
The complications associated with mycobacterial hand infections can be significant. Prompt evaluation, including a thorough history to evaluate for potential exposures to infectious sources, followed by appropriate antibiotic choice and duration, with surgical management as needed, is key to reducing the chance that patients experience lasting effects of the infection.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Hand; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Tenosynovitis; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 32940064
DOI: 10.1177/1558944720940064 -
Seminars in Respiratory and Critical... Jun 2018Annual prevalence estimates for pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (PNTM) disease in the contiguous United States range from 1.4 to 13.9 per 100,000 persons, while... (Review)
Review
Annual prevalence estimates for pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (PNTM) disease in the contiguous United States range from 1.4 to 13.9 per 100,000 persons, while one study found an annual prevalence of up to 44 per 100,000 persons in Hawaii. PNTM prevalence varies by region, sex, and race/ethnicity, with higher prevalence among women and persons of Asian ancestry, as well as in the Southern United States and Hawaii. Studies consistently indicate that PNTM prevalence is increasing, with estimates ranging from 2.5 to 8% per year. Most PNTM disease is associated with complex (MAC), although the proportion of disease attributed to MAC varies by region. Host factors identified as influencing disease risk include structural lung disease, immunomodulatory medication, as well as variants in connective tissue, mucociliary clearance, and immune genes. Environmental variables including measures of atmospheric moisture and concentrations of certain soil factors have also been shown to correlate with higher PNTM prevalence. Prevalence of extrapulmonary NTM disease is lower, stable, and associated with different risk factors, including primary immune deficiencies or HIV infection.
Topics: Humans; Incidence; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Population Surveillance; Risk Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; United States
PubMed: 30071547
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1651491 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2001Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and M. intracellulare are ubiquitous organisms in the environment. The reservoir of M. avium subsp. avium is generally accepted to be... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and M. intracellulare are ubiquitous organisms in the environment. The reservoir of M. avium subsp. avium is generally accepted to be environmental, in particular, water and soil are sources of the organism. In contrast to M. avium infection in wild and domestic birds, M. avium infection in mammals occurs only sporadically and is rarely transmissible. Generalised disease is usually uncommon, owing to the non-progressive, chronic character of the infection. However, some cases of disseminated disease have been reported, e.g. in captive non-domestic hoofed animals as well as in immunosuppressed dogs and cats. The majority of M. avium and M. intracellulare infections in livestock are detected at slaughter and the diagnosis is confirmed by bacteriological procedures. Condemnation of affected portions of the carcass can result in significant economic losses, although gross lesions are mostly restricted to lymph nodes close to the alimentary tract. Successful treatment with antibiotics in combination with surgery has been reported in some affected domestic cats, but is not considered to be effective or economical in other species. In the past, differentiation of M. avium bacteria from the closely related M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was based on the mycobactin dependence and prolonged incubation period of the latter. More recently, amplification of the genomic insertion sequence IS900 has proved to be a powerful tool for identification of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The potential zoonotic importance of M. avium infections has been indicated, but requires clarification.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Humans; Mammals; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Soil Microbiology; Tuberculosis; Water Microbiology; Zoonoses
PubMed: 11288512
DOI: 10.20506/rst.20.1.1272 -
Journal of the Formosan Medical... Jan 2021Mycobacterium gordonae is a ubiquitous environmental mycobacteria and has been long considered an opportunistic pathogen, causing infections only in immunocompromised...
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE
Mycobacterium gordonae is a ubiquitous environmental mycobacteria and has been long considered an opportunistic pathogen, causing infections only in immunocompromised hosts. Cases of M. gordonae related infections in immunocompetent host have rarely been reported, and the pathogenicity of M. gordonae remained uncertain.
METHODS
From January 2016 to December 2018, seven cases of M. gordonae infection were diagnosed and treated at National Taiwan University Hospital.
RESULTS
Six cases had at least one underlying disease affecting immune status, while one case had no identifiable underlying disease. The sites of infection were lung (n = 3), skin and soft tissue (n = 3), and one had disseminated disease involving the lung and bone marrow. All patients were cured after anti-mycobacterial treatment, except one patient died of refractory leukemia.
CONCLUSION
Compatible with the literature reports, we demonstrate that M. gordonae could be pathogenic and causing infection not only in the immunocompromised host, but also in the otherwise healthy population. Multi-antimicrobial combination and adequate source control could have good therapeutic effect for patients with M. gordonae infections.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Taiwan
PubMed: 32631707
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.06.029 -
Respiration; International Review of... 2016Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) include more than 160 ubiquitous, environmental, acid-fast-staining bacterial species, some of which may cause disease in humans.... (Review)
Review
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) include more than 160 ubiquitous, environmental, acid-fast-staining bacterial species, some of which may cause disease in humans. Chronic pulmonary infection is the most common clinical manifestation. Although patients suffering from chronic lung diseases are particularly susceptible to NTM pulmonary disease, many affected patients have no apparent risk factors. Host and pathogen factors leading to NTM pulmonary disease are not well understood and preventive therapies are lacking. NTM isolation and pulmonary disease are reported to rise in frequency in Europe as well as in other parts of the world. Differentiation between contamination, infection, and disease remains challenging. Treatment of NTM pulmonary disease is arduous, lengthy, and costly. Correlations between results of in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing and clinical treatment outcomes are only evident for the Mycobacterium avium complex, M. kansasii, and some rapidly growing mycobacteria. We describe the epidemiology of NTM pulmonary disease as well as emerging NTM pathogens and their geographical distribution in non-cystic fibrosis patients in Europe. We also review recent innovations for the diagnosis of NTM pulmonary disease, summarize treatment recommendations, and identify future research priorities to improve the management of patients affected by NTM pulmonary disease.
Topics: Europe; Humans; Lung; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Mycobacterium kansasii; Mycobacterium xenopi; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 27207809
DOI: 10.1159/000445906 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jun 2021The aim of the current study was to improve our understanding of the origins and transmission of Mycobacterium africanum (MAF) in Norway.
BACKGROUND
The aim of the current study was to improve our understanding of the origins and transmission of Mycobacterium africanum (MAF) in Norway.
METHODS
Whole-genome sequences (WGS) were generated for all (n = 29) available clinical isolates received at the Norwegian National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria (NRL) and identified as MAF in Norway, in the period 2010-2020. Phylogenetic analyses were performed.
RESULTS
The analyses indicated several imports of MAF lineage 6 from both East and West African countries, whereas MAF lineage 5 was restricted to patients with West African connections. We also find evidence for transmission of MAF in Norway. Finally, our analyses revealed that a group of isolates from patients originating in South Asia, identified as MAF by means of a commercial line-probe assay, in fact belonged to Mycobacterium orygis.
CONCLUSIONS
Most MAF cases in Norway are the result of import, but transmission is occurring within Norway.
Topics: Africa; Asia; Humans; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections; Norway
PubMed: 34118874
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06269-3 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Jul 2022
Topics: Clarithromycin; Discitis; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium chelonae
PubMed: 34924460
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8539-21 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Apr 2021We recently mitigated a clonal outbreak of hospital-acquired Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC), which included a large cluster of adult patients who developed...
BACKGROUND
We recently mitigated a clonal outbreak of hospital-acquired Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC), which included a large cluster of adult patients who developed invasive infection after exposure to heater-cooler units during cardiac surgery. Recent studies have detailed Mycobacterium chimaera infections acquired during cardiac surgery; however, little is known about the epidemiology and clinical courses of cardiac surgery patients with invasive MABC infection.
METHODS
We retrospectively collected clinical data on all patients who underwent cardiac surgery at our hospital and subsequently had positive cultures for MABC from 2013 through 2016. Patients with ventricular assist devices or heart transplants were excluded. We analyzed patient characteristics, antimicrobial therapy, surgical interventions, and clinical outcomes.
RESULTS
Ten cardiac surgery patients developed invasive, extrapulmonary infection from M. abscessus subspecies abscessus in an outbreak setting. Median time from presumed inoculation in the operating room to first positive culture was 53 days (interquartile range [IQR], 38-139 days). Disseminated infection was common, and the most frequent culture-positive sites were mediastinum (n = 7) and blood (n = 7). Patients received a median of 24 weeks (IQR, 5-33 weeks) of combination antimicrobial therapy that included multiple intravenous agents. Six patients required antibiotic changes due to adverse events attributed to amikacin, linezolid, or tigecycline. Eight patients underwent surgical management, and 6 patients required multiple sternal debridements. Eight patients died within 2 years of diagnosis, including 4 deaths directly attributable to MABC infection.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite aggressive medical and surgical management, invasive MABC infection after cardiac surgery caused substantial morbidity and mortality. New treatment strategies are needed, and compliance with infection prevention guidelines remains critical.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Humans; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium abscessus; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32133489
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa215 -
Dermatology Online Journal Feb 2019Mycobacterium marinum is a nontuberculous mycobacteria with worldwide distribution that lives in fresh or salt water and is responsible for infections in fish, and...
Mycobacterium marinum is a nontuberculous mycobacteria with worldwide distribution that lives in fresh or salt water and is responsible for infections in fish, and sometimes in humans. Human disease consists mainly of cutaneous nodules, but deep structure involvement may also occur. Diagnosis of M. marinum infection remains a challenge, with a considerable time delay between onset of symptoms and diagnosis. We present a 33-year-old man with no immunosuppressive history who was seen in our department with skin nodules over his hand and forearm, distributed in a sporotrichoid pattern. His hobbies included maintaining an aquarium of tropical fish. Histological examination of the patient's skin biopsy was compatible with the diagnosis of mycobacterial infection, and the Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed acid-fast bacilli. Molecular techniques confirmed the suspicion of M. marinum infection. A necropsy was performed on one of the patient's fish, more specifically, a Poecilia reticulata, and resulted in identification of M. marinum from its gut. The patient was treated with clarithromycin, ethambutol, and rifampicin for 9 months, with clearance of infection.
Topics: Adult; Forearm; Hand Dermatoses; Hobbies; Humans; Lymphadenopathy; Male; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium marinum; Skin Ulcer
PubMed: 30865411
DOI: No ID Found