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Journal of Thoracic Disease Mar 2014Pulmonary infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly recognized worldwide. Although over 150 different species of NTM have been described,... (Review)
Review
Pulmonary infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly recognized worldwide. Although over 150 different species of NTM have been described, pulmonary infections are most commonly due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium abscessus. The identification of these organisms in pulmonary specimens does not always equate with active infection; supportive radiographic and clinical findings are needed to establish the diagnosis. It is difficult to eradicate NTM infections. A prolonged course of therapy with a combination of drugs is required. Unfortunately, recurrent infection with new strains of mycobacteria or a relapse of infection caused by the original organism is not uncommon. Surgical resection is appropriate in selected cases of localized disease or in cases in which the infecting organism is resistant to medical therapy. Additionally, surgery may be required for infections complicated by hemoptysis or abscess formation. This review will summarize the practical aspects of the diagnosis and management of NTM thoracic infections, with emphasis on the indications for surgery and the results of surgical intervention. The management of NTM disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections is beyond the scope of this article and, unless otherwise noted, comments apply to hosts without HIV infection.
PubMed: 24624285
DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.24 -
Cureus Jan 2022is a nontuberculous mycobacterium that causes pulmonary symptoms, commonly associated with underlying conditions, including malignancy, prior transplant, and HIV....
is a nontuberculous mycobacterium that causes pulmonary symptoms, commonly associated with underlying conditions, including malignancy, prior transplant, and HIV. However, rarely does present with pleural effusion. We present a case of a 56-year-old female who presented with dyspnea and chest pain, and sputum culture was positive for acid-fast bacilli. A CT scan revealed a left-sided pleural effusion. Based on a thorough review of the literature using Embase and PubMed, we found that only 22 cases of a pleural effusion have been reported. We provide a discussion on maintaining a broad differential in the treatment of immunocompromised individuals with infection.
PubMed: 35186562
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21300 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Nov 2020
Topics: Mycobacterium kansasii
PubMed: 33399804
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182020000500563 -
Journal of the Formosan Medical... Jun 2020As a cause of lung disease (LD), Mycobacterium kansasii is regarded as a highly virulent species among nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Both the frequency of M.... (Review)
Review
As a cause of lung disease (LD), Mycobacterium kansasii is regarded as a highly virulent species among nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Both the frequency of M. kansasii isolates and global prevalence of M. kansasii-LD have increased gradually over recent decades. Treatment of M. kansasii-LD is recommended because of the disease's poor prognosis and fatal outcome. The decision on the optimal time point for treatment initiation should be based on both the benefits and risks posed by multiple antimicrobial agents. For treatment-naïve patients with M. kansasii-LD, rifampin-containing multiple antimicrobial regimens for ≥12 months after culture negative conversion are effective. However, some challenges remain, such as determining the precise length of treatment duration as well as addressing intolerable adverse effects, the uncertain effectiveness of isoniazid and ethambutol in treatment, the uncertain correlation between in vitro drug susceptibility testing and clinical outcomes, and the increasing prevalence of clarithromycin-resistant M. kansasii isolates. Short-course and effective therapies must be developed. New candidate drugs, such as tedizoid and clofazimine, exhibit excellent antimycobacterial activity against M. kansasii in vitro, but in vivo studies of their clinical applications are lacking. This paper reviews the treatment, outcomes and future directions in patients with M. kansasii-LD.
Topics: Humans; Lung Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium kansasii; Mycobacterium tuberculosis
PubMed: 32505588
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.018 -
Respiratory Medicine Jun 2018Studies concerning sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory features of Mycobacterium kansasii pulmonary disease are few and based on small patient cohorts. The...
BACKGROUND
Studies concerning sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory features of Mycobacterium kansasii pulmonary disease are few and based on small patient cohorts. The objective of the study was to evaluate characteristics of patients from whom M. kansasii respiratory isolates were recovered and to provide a detailed description of M. kansasii disease.
BASIC PROCEDURES
Retrospective review of electronic medical records of all patients for whom at least one positive M. kansasii culture was obtained at the Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology and Allergology of the Warsaw Medical University between the year 2000 and 2015. Patients were categorized as having mycobacterial disease or as isolation cases based on the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA) diagnostic criteria.
MAIN FINDINGS
The study comprised of 105 patients (63 females, 42 males, mean age 64.6 ± 17.8 years). Of these, 86 (81.9%) were diagnosed as having M. kansasii disease. The proportion of positive smear microscopy was significantly higher in patients with M. kansasii disease compared to M. kansasii isolation (P < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between M. kansasii disease and isolation cases in terms of clinical symptoms or comorbidities. Patients with M. kansasii disease presented most commonly (43/86, 50%) fibro-cavitary disease upon radiology. Lesion distribution usually showed bilateral upper lobe involvement. Among the 191 isolates genotyped, all were identified as M. kansasii type I.
PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS
The findings from this study support the relaxation of the diagnostic criteria for the definition of M. kansasii disease, set forth by ATS/IDSA. Molecular typing did not differentiate isolates from patients with true disease from those with isolation only; the role of bacterial virulence factors thus remains elusive.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium kansasii; Retrospective Studies; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; X-Rays
PubMed: 29858008
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.05.007 -
Annals of Thoracic Medicine 2021With the introduction of newer molecular diagnostic tools to identify , an increasing number of nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) is being identified. However, the drug...
OBJECTIVES
With the introduction of newer molecular diagnostic tools to identify , an increasing number of nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) is being identified. However, the drug resistance pattern of the NTM species identified is less explored. The objective of this study is to study the drug resistance patterns of species isolated in a tuberculosis-endemic setting at South India.
METHODS
A wide profile of NTM species were reported earlier from a prospective cohort of adults during 2017-2020. Out of this profile, a total of 22 species were subjected to drug susceptibility testing by two different methods: proportion sensitivity testing method and Sensititre testing method.
RESULTS
Out of the 18 strains of subjected to Sensititre method of testing, the resistance pattern was demonstrated to be high for doxycycline (13) followed by rifampicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (7). Out of the 22 strains subjected to proportion sensitivity testing method, 20 and 10 were resistant to isoniazid and ethambutol, respectively.
CONCLUSION
There was a poor correlation between the treatment outcome and the resistance pattern of the antibiotics tested. With increasing numbers of NTM being reported, early and correct identification of NTM species is essential for the prompt initiation of appropriate treatment to achieve better outcome.
PubMed: 34820019
DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_45_21 -
Annals of the American Thoracic Society Dec 2016Mycobacterium kansasii usually causes chronic pulmonary infections in immunocompetent patients. In contrast, disseminated M. kansasii disease is commonly associated with...
RATIONALE
Mycobacterium kansasii usually causes chronic pulmonary infections in immunocompetent patients. In contrast, disseminated M. kansasii disease is commonly associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection, but is reported infrequently in other immunocompromised patients.
OBJECTIVES
To identify common clinical manifestations and potential risk factors for M. kansasii infection in patients with GATA2 deficiency.
METHODS
We reviewed M. kansasii disease associated with GATA2 deficiency at one institution and disease associated with primary and other immunodeficiencies reported in the literature.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Nine patients with GATA2 deficiency developed M. kansasii infections. Six patients developed disseminated disease. All patients presented with significant mediastinal lymphadenopathy or abscesses. Seven patients had pulmonary risk factors, including six smokers. The majority of patients had low numbers of neutrophils, monocytes, B cells, CD4 T cells, and natural killer cells. Other conditions associated with disseminated M. kansasii disease were thymic disorders and IFN-γ/IL-12 defects.
CONCLUSIONS
Disseminated M. kansasii disease involving mediastinal lymph nodes is surprisingly common in GATA2 deficiency, but also occurs in defects of IFN-γ synthesis and response. Disseminated M. kansasii should be considered a marker indicating a need to evaluate for immunodeficiency syndromes.
Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Female; GATA2 Transcription Factor; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Interleukin-12; Lung; Lymph Nodes; Lymphadenopathy; Male; Mediastinum; Middle Aged; Mutation; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium kansasii; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 27607353
DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201603-207BC -
Frontiers in Public Health 2015Smooth tubercle bacilli (STB) including "Mycobacterium canettii" are members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), which cause non-contagious tuberculosis in... (Review)
Review
Smooth tubercle bacilli (STB) including "Mycobacterium canettii" are members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), which cause non-contagious tuberculosis in human. This group comprises <100 isolates characterized by smooth colonies and cordless organisms. Most STB isolates have been obtained from patients exposed to the Republic of Djibouti but seven isolates, including the three seminal ones obtained by Georges Canetti between 1968 and 1970, were recovered from patients in France, Madagascar, Sub-Sahara East Africa, and French Polynesia. STB form a genetically heterogeneous group of MTBC organisms with large 4.48 ± 0.05 Mb genomes, which may link Mycobacterium kansasii to MTBC organisms. Lack of inter-human transmission suggested a yet unknown environmental reservoir. Clinical data indicate a respiratory tract route of contamination and the digestive tract as an alternative route of contamination. Further epidemiological and clinical studies are warranted to elucidate areas of uncertainty regarding these unusual mycobacteria and the tuberculosis they cause.
PubMed: 26793699
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00283 -
International Microbiology : the... Jan 2021Mycobacterium kansasii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes both intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary infections. The symptoms of the pulmonary diseases caused by M....
Mycobacterium kansasii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes both intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary infections. The symptoms of the pulmonary diseases caused by M. kansasii closely resemble Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rapid and accurate differentiation of M. kansasii from M. tuberculosis, as well as other mycobacteria, is crucial for developing effective therapeutics and disease treatment. In this study, we combined loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with lateral flow biosensors (LFB) to detect M. kansasii, by targeting the species-specific sequence of rpoB, a gene which encodes the β subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. The assay was validated to ensure that it was highly selective by testing M. kansasii, M. tuberculosis, other species of respiratory bacteria, and other nontuberculous mycobacteria. The detection limit of the assay was 1 fg/μL of DNA and 50 CFU of bacilli in sputum. The M. kansasii-LAMP-LFB assay is a fast, cheap, and accurate method for detecting M. kansasii by constant temperature amplification and simple interpretation.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Biosensing Techniques; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium kansasii; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 32880033
DOI: 10.1007/s10123-020-00143-z -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jul 1998Viable cells of Micrococcus luteus secrete a factor, which promotes the resuscitation and growth of dormant, nongrowing cells of the same organism. The...
Viable cells of Micrococcus luteus secrete a factor, which promotes the resuscitation and growth of dormant, nongrowing cells of the same organism. The resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf) is a protein, which has been purified to homogeneity. In picomolar concentrations, it increases the viable cell count of dormant M. luteus cultures at least 100-fold and can also stimulate the growth of viable cells. Rpf also stimulates the growth of several other high G+C Gram-positive organisms, including Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Similar genes are widely distributed among high G+C Gram-positive bacteria; genome sequencing has uncovered examples in Mycobacterium leprae and Mb. tuberculosis and others have been detected by hybridization in Mb. smegmatis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Streptomyces spp. The mycobacterial gene products may provide different targets for the detection and control of these important pathogens. This report is thus a description of a proteinaceous autocrine or paracrine bacterial growth factor or cytokine.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Base Sequence; Cytokines; DNA Primers; Genes, Bacterial; Micrococcus luteus; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycobacterium; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
PubMed: 9671779
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8916