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The Canadian Journal of Infectious... Sep 2003Nontuberculous mycobacteria are human opportunistic pathogens whose source of infection is the environment. These include both slow-growing (eg, Mycobacterium kansasii...
Nontuberculous mycobacteria are human opportunistic pathogens whose source of infection is the environment. These include both slow-growing (eg, Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium avium) and rapid-growing (eg, Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium fortuitum) species. Transmission is through ingestion or inhalation of water, particulate matter or aerosols, or through trauma. The historic presentation of pulmonary disease in older individuals with predisposing lung conditions and in children has been changing. Pulmonary disease in elderly individuals who lack the classic predisposing lung conditions is increasing. Pulmonary disease and hypersensitivity pneumonitis have been linked with occupational or home exposures to nontuberculous mycobacteria. There has been a shift from Mycobacterium scrofulaceum to M avium in children with cervical lymphadenitis. Further, individuals who are immunosuppressed due to therapy or HIV-infection are at a greatly increased risk for nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. The changing pattern of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease is due in part to the ability of these pathogens to survive and proliferate in habitats that they share with humans, such as drinking water. The advent of an aging population and an increase in the proportion of immunosuppressed individuals suggest that the prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease will increase.
PubMed: 18159470
DOI: 10.1155/2003/323058 -
Tubercle and Lung Disease : the... Feb 1994Jizan region, Saudi Arabia. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
SETTING
Jizan region, Saudi Arabia.
OBJECTIVE
To test methodology for studies of tuberculin sensitivity and effectiveness of BCG vaccination programme.
DESIGN
School children (n = 315) aged 6-12 years simultaneously tested intradermally with PPD tuberculin RT23, 2TU and 0.1 microgram Mycobacterium avium or M. scrofulaceum sensitin. Presence of BCG scar as evidence of previous BCG vaccination. Cervical lymph nodes palpated.
RESULTS
BCG coverage was 75%. The prevalences of positive reactions (induration > or = 6 mm) were higher among children with than without scar. Prevalences of positive reactions to PPD and M. scrofulaceum sensitin were higher among girls than boys. In children with scar, the mean size of positive reactions to PPD was larger among girls than boys, and the prevalence of positive reactions was smaller in this group among children with than without palpable cervical lymph nodes. The sizes of reactions both to M. avium and to M. scrofulaceum sensitin were correlated to the size of the tuberculin reactions. Previous admission to hospital was reported less often by children with than without scar.
CONCLUSIONS
The technique applied and training of staff was satisfactory. In further studies, however, we will apply three simultaneous tests to each person.
Topics: Age Factors; Antigens; Antigens, Bacterial; BCG Vaccine; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium scrofulaceum; Pilot Projects; Sex Factors; Skin Tests; Tuberculin Test
PubMed: 8161763
DOI: 10.1016/0962-8479(94)90100-7 -
Veterinary Sciences Nov 2020: non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infect humans and animals and have a critical confounding effect on the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. The Official Mexican...
: non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infect humans and animals and have a critical confounding effect on the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. The Official Mexican Standard (Norma Oficial Mexicana, NOM-ZOO-031-1995) for food safety regulates in cattle, but not the NTM species. The study's objective was to isolate and identify the NTM present in condemned bovine lymph nodes in a slaughterhouse, characterize the histological lesions, and correlate bacteriological and microscopic findings with the antemortem tuberculin skin test. : from 528 cattle, one or two pooled samples of lymph nodes from each animal were cultured for spp. and processed for histopathology. : mycobacteria were isolated from 54/528 (10.2%) of the condemned lymph nodes; 25/54 (46.2%) of these isolates were NTM; 4 bacteriological cultures with fungal contamination were discarded. Granulomatous and pyogranulomatous inflammation were present in 6/21 (28.6%) and 7/21 (33.3%) of the NTM-positive lymph nodes, respectively. The species of NTM associated with granulomatous lymphadenitis were , , , and , while those causing pyogranulomatous lesions were , , , and . : the NTM infections can cause false-positive results in the tuberculin test because of cross immune reactivity and interference with the postmortem identification of M. bovis in cattle.
PubMed: 33182568
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040172 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Jan 1984Because of the widespread distribution of Mycobacterium intracellulare and M. scrofulaceum in southeastern U.S. waters, the susceptibility of members of these species to...
Because of the widespread distribution of Mycobacterium intracellulare and M. scrofulaceum in southeastern U.S. waters, the susceptibility of members of these species to heavy-metal salts and oxyanions was investigated. Isolates with abnormally high tolerance to mercuric chloride or cadmium chloride were identified.
Topics: Cadmium; Cadmium Chloride; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Mercuric Chloride; Mercury; Metals; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium avium; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 6230989
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.25.1.137 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jan 2010Although commercially available DNA probes for identification of mycobacteria have been investigated with large numbers of strains, nothing is known about the ability of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Although commercially available DNA probes for identification of mycobacteria have been investigated with large numbers of strains, nothing is known about the ability of these probes to identify less frequently encountered species. We analyzed, with INNO LiPA MYCOBACTERIA (Innogenetics) and with GenoType Mycobacterium (Hein), 317 strains, belonging to 136 species, 61 of which had never been assayed before. INNO LiPA misidentified 20 taxa, the majority of which cross-reacted with the probes specific for Mycobacterium fortuitum and the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum group. GenoType misidentified 28 taxa, most of which cross-reacted with M. intracellulare and M. fortuitum probes; furthermore, eight species were not recognized as members of the genus Mycobacterium. Among 54 strains investigated with AccuProbe (Gen-Probe), cross-reactions were detected for nine species, with the probes aiming at the M. avium complex being most involved in cross-reactions.
Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Cross Reactions; DNA Probes; DNA, Bacterial; Diagnostic Errors; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 19906898
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01536-09 -
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2016Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging as important pathogens. Their treatment also differs from that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In India, any datum on them...
BACKGROUND
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging as important pathogens. Their treatment also differs from that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In India, any datum on them is scarce as species identification and drug susceptibility are not performed in most laboratories. Susceptibility also differs from one geographic area to another, and in our country, there are no data even to guide the clinicians to start treatment empirically.
METHODOLOGY
The present study endeavours to generate drug susceptibility data on NTM isolated from sputum samples collected and stored from 6445 symptomatics for pulmonary tuberculosis during a prevalence survey and from specimens received from the hospital. Isolates were not necessarily associated with the disease. Species were identified and antibiotic susceptibility was performed using micro-broth dilution technique as per the standard Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.
RESULTS
A total of 65 NTM with 11 species were identified, of which 27 belonged to Mycobacterium fortuitum complex, 14 Mycobacterium gordonae, 9 Mycobacterium avium, 7 Mycobacterium flavescens, 4 Mycobacterium scrofulaceum and one each of others. Sensitivity to amikacin for M. fortuitum was 95.22% (20 out of 21), followed by ciprofloxacin (76.19%) and clarithromycin (71.42%). All the 9 M. avium isolates, 11 of M. gordonae (78.57%), 5 of M. flavescens and 2 of M. scrofulaceum were sensitive to clarithromycin. All NTM were resistant to first-line antitubercular drugs except 8, which were sensitive to streptomycin.
CONCLUSIONS
Drug sensitivity of NTM varies from species to species. While amikacin was the best for rapidly growing mycobacteria, clarithromycin was the most active drug against M. avium and other slow growers.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; India; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 27934821
DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.195375 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Apr 1985Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays which are based on species- or type-specific glycolipids antigens and in which rabbit antisera are prepared with homologous strains...
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays which are based on species- or type-specific glycolipids antigens and in which rabbit antisera are prepared with homologous strains are capable of distinguishing among serological variants of the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum complex, Mycobacterium chelonei subspecies chelonei and abscessus, Mycobacterium simiae I and II, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium szulgai, Mycobacterium xenopi, and Mycobacterium fortuitum biovariant peregrinum. The immunoreactive glycolipids can be divided into two classes. Those resistant to alkali, the C-mycoside glycopeptidolipids, are present in the M. avium-M. intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum, the M. chelonei subspecies chelonei and abscessus, and the M. simiae I and II complexes and in M. fortuitum biovariant peregrinum. The alkali-labile glycolipid antigens, the lipooligosaccharides, are present in M. kansasii, M. szulgai, and M. xenopi. In one study, the combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and alkaline susceptibility was compared with seroagglutination in the identification of 60 clinical isolates of nontuberculous mycobacteria: 45 showed perfect concordance, 9 could be narrowed to one, two, or three possibilities, and the rest did not correspond. In a second study involving 43 clinical isolates that were untypable by seroagglutination or were autoagglutinable, the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and thin-layer chromatography of glycolipid antigens were compared: 21 showed clear concordance. The results demonstrate that enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is particularly useful in assessing the antigenicity of lipids, and sensitivity, ease, and rapidity recommend it as an adjunct to seroagglutination and thin-layer chromatography for the identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Cross Reactions; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Glycolipids; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Mycobacterium; Rabbits
PubMed: 3886692
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.21.4.569-574.1985 -
Microbiology and Immunology 1983Numerical classification of 280 strains of slowly growing mycobacteria was carried out by testing each strain for 76 characters. The following fourteen clusters were...
Numerical classification of 280 strains of slowly growing mycobacteria. Proposal of Mycobacterium tuberculosis series, Mycobacterium avium series, and Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum series.
Numerical classification of 280 strains of slowly growing mycobacteria was carried out by testing each strain for 76 characters. The following fourteen clusters were observed: 1. M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti; 2. M. haemophilum; 3. M. ulcerans; 4. M. xenopi; 5. M. kansasii; 6. M. szulgai; 7. M. gordonae; 8. M gastri; 9. M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. scrofulaceum, and M. asiaticum; 10. M. marinum; 11. M. simiae; 12. M. nonchromogenicum, "M. novum," M. terrae, and M. triviale; 13 M. malmoense; 14. M. shimoidei. The clusters composed of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti, of M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. scrofulaceum, and M. asiaticum, and of M. nonchromogenicum, "M. novum," M. terrae, and M. triviale appeared to be reduced to a single species each. The names having priority for each species should be M. tuberculosis, M. avium, and M nonchromogenicum, respectively. However, the clusters may, in practice, be called the M. tuberculosis series (complex), the M. avium series (complex), and the M. nonchromogenicum series (complex). The type species of these series are M. tuberculosis, M. avium, and M. nonchromogenicum, respectively. These series were characterized in this study.
Topics: Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Serotyping; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 6412041
DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1983.tb00591.x -
The European Respiratory Journal Feb 2010The aim of the present study was to determine the role of previous non-tuberculous mycobacteria sensitisation in children as a factor of discordant results between...
The aim of the present study was to determine the role of previous non-tuberculous mycobacteria sensitisation in children as a factor of discordant results between tuberculin skin test (TST) and an in vitro T-cell based assay (T-SPOT.TB; Oxford Immunotec, Oxford, UK). We enrolled 21 non-bacille Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated paediatric patients for suspicious of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). These patients yielded a positive TST and a negative T-SPOT.TB. Cells were stimulated with Mycobacterium avium sensitin (having cross-reaction with Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum) and the presence of reactive T-cells was determined by an ex vivo ELISPOT. From the 21 patients, in 10 cases (47.6%), we obtained a positive ELISPOT result after stimulation with M. avium sensitin, in six (28.6%) cases, the result was negative and in the remaining five (23.8%) cases, the result was indeterminate. In conclusion, previous non-tuberculous mycobacteria sensitisation induces false-positive results in the TST for diagnosing LTBI and the use of gamma-interferon tests could avoid unnecessary chemoprophylaxis treatment among a child population.
Topics: Adolescent; Bacterial Infections; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Latent Tuberculosis; Male; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium avium; Retrospective Studies; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 20123845
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00196608 -
Journal of Pathogens 2016In Nigeria, one of the highest tuberculosis (TB) burdened nations, sputum smear microscopy is routinely employed for TB diagnosis at Directly Observed Treatment...
In Nigeria, one of the highest tuberculosis (TB) burdened nations, sputum smear microscopy is routinely employed for TB diagnosis at Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS) Centers. This diagnostic algorithm does not differentiate Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) from nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Between December 2008 and January 2009, consecutive patients diagnosed with TB were screened for inclusion at 10 DOTS centers in Ibadan, Nigeria. To verify Mycobacterium species in patients diagnosed, we cultured and identified mycobacterial isolates using PCR, line probe assay, and spoligotyping techniques. From 48 patients screened, 23 met the inclusion criteria for the study. All the 23 study patients had a positive culture. Overall, we identified 11/23 patients (48%) with MTC only, 9/23 (39%) with NTM only, and 3/23 (13%) with evidence of both MTC and NTM. Strains of MTC identified were Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) genotype (n = 12), M. africanum (n = 1), and the genotype family T (n = 1). Four M. avium-intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum complexes, one M. chelonae complex, one M. abscessus, and one M. intracellulare were identified. Our findings underscore the need to incorporate molecular techniques for more precise diagnosis of TB at DOTS centers to improve clinical outcomes and safe guard public health, particularly in TB endemic countries.
PubMed: 27099795
DOI: 10.1155/2016/6547363