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The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jul 2017Mycoplasma genitalium is increasingly appreciated as a common cause of sexually transmitted disease syndromes, including urethritis in men and cervicitis, endometritis,... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasma genitalium is increasingly appreciated as a common cause of sexually transmitted disease syndromes, including urethritis in men and cervicitis, endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and possibly preterm birth, tubal factor infertility, and ectopic pregnancy in women. Despite these disease associations, which parallel those of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the mechanisms by which this pathogen elicits inflammation, causes cellular damage, and persists in its only natural host (humans) are unique and are not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to briefly provide a historical background on the discovery, microbiology, and recognition of M. genitalium as a pathogen, and then summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and pathogenesis of this unique urogenital organism. Collectively, the basic scientific discussions herein should provide a framework for understanding the clinical and epidemiological outcomes described in the accompanying articles in this supplemental issue.
Topics: Female; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Risk Factors; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis
PubMed: 28838077
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix172 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Jan 2019
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Canada; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Moxifloxacin; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Prevalence; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial
PubMed: 30692107
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.180881 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... 2013Approximately, 15-20% of all cancers worldwide are caused by infectious agents. Understanding the role of infectious agents on cancer development might be useful for... (Review)
Review
Approximately, 15-20% of all cancers worldwide are caused by infectious agents. Understanding the role of infectious agents on cancer development might be useful for developing new approaches to its prevention. Mycoplasma genitalium is a clinically important sexually transmitted pathogen that has been associated with several human diseases. There have been a few studies suggestive of probable roles of Mycoplasma genitalium in cancer development, including prostate and ovarian cancers and lymphomas, but the role of this microorganism like other Mycoplasma species in neoplasia is still conjectural. Considering the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium infections and also the emergence of resistant strains, Mycoplasma genitalium needs more attention in the infectious agent cancer-causing research area.
Topics: Humans; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Neoplasms
PubMed: 23886122
DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3425 -
Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia :... Feb 2022Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging cause of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and has been implicated in non-gonococcal urethritis in men and cervicitis in woman....
OBJECTIVE
Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging cause of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and has been implicated in non-gonococcal urethritis in men and cervicitis in woman. The aim of this study is determinate the incidence and pathogenicity of M. genitalium within the diagnosis of STIs detected from clinical samples in a third level hospital.
METHODS
A total of 8,473 samples from endocervix, urethra, vagina, rectum and others were processed applying Allpex STI Essential Assay. More than 190 records were reviewed to determinate M. genitalium pathogenicity.
RESULTS
M. genitalium was detected in a rate 2.8%. Co-infections were detected in 20% of the patients.
CONCLUSIONS
M. genitalium is considered a STI emerging pathogen thanks to the renewal of multiplex-PCR tests although with a low incidence in our approach. Emerging from our experience and the institutional recommendations both detection of acid nucleic techniques (NAATs) and gonococcal culture might be implemented accurately and coexist to adequate prescriptions.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Prevalence; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tertiary Care Centers; Urethritis
PubMed: 34915694
DOI: 10.37201/req/091.2021 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Aug 2022Since was identified 40 years ago, much of the epidemiology has been described, diagnostic tests have been developed and approved, and recommended treatment approaches...
Since was identified 40 years ago, much of the epidemiology has been described, diagnostic tests have been developed and approved, and recommended treatment approaches have been identified. However, the natural history remains incompletely understood, and antimicrobial resistance has rapidly increased. This review summarizes evidence published since the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2015 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Data on sequelae remain insufficient, macrolide resistance is common, and fluoroquinolone resistance is increasing. Potential benefits of testing and treatment include resolving symptoms, interrupting transmission, and preventing sequelae. Potential harms include cost, patient anxiety, and increasing antimicrobial resistance.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Macrolides; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Prevalence
PubMed: 35876565
DOI: 10.3201/eid2808.220094 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Traditional drug susceptibility testing cannot be performed in clinical laboratories due to the slow-growing characteristics of when cultured . Sanger sequencing is the...
BACKGROUND
Traditional drug susceptibility testing cannot be performed in clinical laboratories due to the slow-growing characteristics of when cultured . Sanger sequencing is the standard method for detecting drug resistance-associated mutations. It has been used in some laboratories to guide the choice of macrolide antibiotics for infected patients. Furthermore, resistance to fluoroquinolone has become another emerging clinical challenge.
OBJECTIVE
Sequencing analysis can detect unknown mutations, but it is time-consuming, requires professional analytical skills and the appropriate testing equipment. The main objective of this study was to establish a nested real-time PCR method for the simultaneous detection of and genotypes in relation to the macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance.
RESULTS
105 MG-positive samples and 27 samples containing other pathogens were used for validation. The limit of the nested real-time PCR detection was 500 copies/reaction and there was no cross-reaction with , , , , , , and , but the assay cross-reacted with . Compared with sequencing results, the sensitivity of was 100% (95% CI; 93.3 -100), the specificity was 94.3% (95% CI; 79.4 - 99.0), the overall consistency was 98% (95% CI; 92.5 - 99.7) and value was 0.96 ( < 0.001); the sensitivity of was 100% (95% CI; 93.4 - 100), the specificity was 89.7% (95% CI; 71.5 - 97.3) and the overall consistency was 96.9% (95% CI; 90.7 - 99.2) with a value of 0.92 ( < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this sensitive and rapid alternative for identifying resistant genotypes of are intuitive and easy to interpret, especially for mixed MG populations. Although the relevant primers need further adjustment, this reliable method would provide an effective diagnostic tool for the selection of antibiotics in clinical practice.
Topics: Humans; Fluoroquinolones; Mycoplasma genitalium; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mutation
PubMed: 37928183
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1271392 -
Epidemiology and Infection Jun 2022(MG) and (CT) are the most common sexually transmitted pathogens, which can cause cervicitis, pelvic inflammation and infertility in female. In the present study, we...
(MG) and (CT) are the most common sexually transmitted pathogens, which can cause cervicitis, pelvic inflammation and infertility in female. In the present study, we collected the basic information, clinical results of leucorrhoea and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of patients, who were involved in both MG and CT RNA detection in West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University from January 2019 to April 2021, ranging from 18 to 50 years old. The results showed that the infection frequencies of MG and CT were 2.6% and 6.5%, respectively. The infection rate of CT in gynaecological patients was significantly higher than that of MG ( < 0.001). Moreover, patients with CT infection often had symptoms of gynaecological diseases, while patients with MG infection remain often asymptomatic. By exploring the connection between MG or CT infection and vaginal secretions, we found that the infection of MG or CT promoted to the increase of vaginal leukocytes, and CT infection exacerbated the decrease of the number of in the vagina. Further analysis suggested that independent infection and co-infection of MG or CT resulted in abnormal vaginal secretion, affecting the stability of vaginal environment, which may induce vaginal diseases. Unexpectedly, our study found no association between MG or CT infection and high-risk HPV infection. In conclusion, our study explored the infection of MG and CT among women in Southwest China for the first time, and revealed that the infection of MG or CT would affect the homeostasis of vaginal environment, which laid a foundation for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of MG and CT infection.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Papillomavirus Infections; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 35734919
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268822001066 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Jun 2023Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Mycoplasma genitalium parC contribute to fluoroquinolone treatment failure, data are limited for the homologous gene,...
BACKGROUND
Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Mycoplasma genitalium parC contribute to fluoroquinolone treatment failure, data are limited for the homologous gene, gyrA. This study investigated the prevalence of gyrA SNPs and their contribution to fluoroquinolone failure.
METHODS
Samples from 411 patients (male and female) undergoing treatment for M. genitalium infection (Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, March 2019-February 2020) were analyzed by Sanger sequencing (gyrA and parC). For patients treated with moxifloxacin (n = 194), the association between SNPs and microbiologic treatment outcome was analyzed.
RESULTS
The most common parC SNP was G248T/S83I (21.1% of samples), followed by D87N (2.3%). The most common gyrA SNP was G285A/M95I (7.1%). Dual parC/gyrA SNPs were found in 8.6% of cases. One third of infections harboring parC G248T/S83I SNP had a concurrent SNP in gyrA conferring M95I. SNPs in gyrA cooccurred with parC S83I variations. Treatment failure was higher in patients with parC S83I/gyrA dual SNPs when compared with infections with single S83I SNP alone from analysis of (1) 194 cases in this study (81.2% vs 45.8%, P = .047), and (2) pooled analysis of a larger population of 535 cases (80.6% vs 43.2%; P = .0027), indicating a strong additive effect.
CONCLUSIONS
Compared with parC S83I SNP alone, M. genitalium infections with dual mutations affecting parC/gyrA had twice the likelihood of failing moxifloxacin. Although antimicrobial resistance varies by region globally, these data indicate that gyrA should be considered as a target for future resistance assays in Australasia. We propose a strategy for the next generation of resistance-guided therapy incorporating parC and gyrA testing.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Moxifloxacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mycoplasma genitalium; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Mycoplasma Infections; Fluoroquinolones; Mutation; Macrolides
PubMed: 36722416
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad057 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jul 2017Health consequences of sexually transmitted diseases disproportionately affect women, making it important to determine whether newly emerged pathogens cause sequelae.... (Review)
Review
Health consequences of sexually transmitted diseases disproportionately affect women, making it important to determine whether newly emerged pathogens cause sequelae. Although the pathogenic role of Mycoplasma genitalium in male urethritis is clear, fewer studies have been conducted among women to determine its pathogenic role in the female reproductive tract. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an important cause of infertility and ectopic pregnancy, and Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are recognized microbial causes. Emerging data demonstrate an association between M. genitalium and PID, and limited data suggest associations with infertility and preterm birth, yet the attributable risk for female genital tract infections remains to be defined. Further investigations are needed to better define the impact of M. genitalium on women's reproductive health. Importantly, prospective studies evaluating whether screening programs and targeted treatment of M. genitalium improve reproductive outcomes in women are necessary to guide public health policy for this emerging pathogen.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Ectopic; Premature Birth; Risk Factors; Uterine Cervicitis
PubMed: 28838078
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix198 -
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Feb 2021Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with adverse reproductive problems. However, prevalence estimates from studies that screen women not seeking care are rare. Studies...
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with adverse reproductive problems. However, prevalence estimates from studies that screen women not seeking care are rare. Studies have reported co-occurrence of M. genitalium with bacterial vaginosis (BV), but no prior study of specific BV-associated bacteria has been conducted in African Americans whose reproductive tract infection burden is high.
METHODS
Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we screened vaginal swabs for M. genitalium, 9 BV-associated bacteria, and 4 Lactobacillus species from 200 participants drawn from a cohort of African Americans 23 to 35 years old. Sexual history, herpes serostatus, and Nugent score had been assessed. Prevalence of M. genitalium was computed. The associations of other vaginal bacteria with M. genitalium were examined with binomial regression.
RESULTS
M. genitalium prevalence was 18%. Detection and quantity of 2 BV-associated bacteria were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of M. genitalium (Leptotrichia/Sneathia: detection prevalence ratio (PR) of 2.9 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.1-7.7] and quantity PR of 1.2 [95% CI, 1.0-1.3]; Megasphaera phylotype 1: detection PR of 2.2 [95% CI, 1.2-4.2] and quantity PR of 1.1 [95% CI, 1.0-1.2]). Increased quantity of L. iners was also positively associated with M. genitalium (PR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.0-1.8]). Nugent ≥7, herpes serostatus, and lifetime number of sex partners were not associated with M. genitalium.
CONCLUSIONS
Specific BV-associated microbes and L. iners were associated with M. genitalium, but Nugent ≥7 was not. Studies are needed to confirm a high prevalence of M. genitalium in African Americans and to understand its interactions with other vaginal bacteria.
Topics: Adult; Black or African American; Bacteria; Female; Humans; Mycoplasma genitalium; Vagina; Vaginosis, Bacterial; Young Adult
PubMed: 32925595
DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001275