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BMC Infectious Diseases Feb 2015The role of Mycoplasma hominis and M. genitalium in urogenital tract infections remains unknown. Furthermore these mollicutes present a complex relationship with the...
BACKGROUND
The role of Mycoplasma hominis and M. genitalium in urogenital tract infections remains unknown. Furthermore these mollicutes present a complex relationship with the host immune response. The role of inflammatory cytokines in infections also makes them good candidates to investigate bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasma genital infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect the above-mentioned mollicutes by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) methodologies in vaginal swabs and dosage of cytokines.
METHODS
Vaginal swabs and peripheral blood were collected from 302 women, including healthy individuals. The molecular findings were correlated with some individual behavioral variables, clinical and demographic characteristics, presence of other important microorganisms in vaginal swabs, and levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6.
RESULTS
M. hominis and M. genitalium were detected in 31.8% and 28.1% of samples, respectively. The qPCR results were associated with clinical signs and symptoms of the infections studied. The frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis was 3.0%, 21.5%, 42.4%, and 1.7% respectively. Increased levels of IL-1β were associated with the presence of M. hominis and signs and/or symptoms of the genital infection of women studied.
CONCLUSION
IL-1β production was associated with the detection of M. hominis by qPCR. The sexual behavior of women studied was associated with the detection of mycoplasma and other agents of genital infections.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brazil; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Coinfection; Female; Female Urogenital Diseases; Gardnerella vaginalis; Humans; Middle Aged; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Prevalence; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Trichomonas vaginalis; Urinary Tract Infections; Urogenital System; Vaginosis, Bacterial; Young Adult
PubMed: 25886914
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0792-4 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Feb 2019Antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium is rising globally with resultant clinical treatment failure. We investigated the prevalence of mutations in the...
BACKGROUND
Antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium is rising globally with resultant clinical treatment failure. We investigated the prevalence of mutations in the macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-determining regions of M. genitalium in Johannesburg, South Africa, and ascertained their association with HIV serostatus.
METHODS
Stored M. genitalium positive specimens, collected from STI and HIV patients enrolled in the Gauteng STI National Microbiological Surveillance programme (2007-2014) and a large HIV outpatient clinic-based study (2007) in Johannesburg, were tested for antimicrobial resistance.
RESULTS
We determined the prevalence of 23S rRNA gene mutations conferring macrolide resistance and mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of the gyrA and parC genes in 266 M. genitalium positive DNA extracts. No macrolide resistance-associated mutations were detected in any of the specimens analysed. QRDR mutations with known M. genitalium-associated fluoroquinolone resistance were not detected in gyrA, however, one specimen (0.4%) contained a D87Y amino acid alteration in parC, which has been linked to fluoroquinolone treatment failure. The most common parC amino acid change detected, of unknown clinical significance, was P62S (18.8%). We found no significant association between QRDR mutations in M. genitalium and HIV-infection.
CONCLUSIONS
Ongoing antimicrobial resistance surveillance in M. genitalium is essential, as macrolide resistance may emerge given the recent incorporation of azithromycin into the 2015 South African national STI syndromic management guidelines.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; DNA Gyrase; DNA Topoisomerase IV; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Fluoroquinolones; HIV Infections; Humans; Macrolides; Male; Mutation; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Prevalence; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; South Africa; Treatment Failure
PubMed: 30760230
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3797-6 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy May 2022Prevalence, trends, and treatment outcome estimates were generated for variants in macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium. Among 539 cases, the most common amino...
Prevalence, trends, and treatment outcome estimates were generated for variants in macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium. Among 539 cases, the most common amino acid change was S83I, which increased from 13% in 2012 to 2013, to 23% in 2019 to 2020 ( = 0.046). From 381 moxifloxacin treatments, failure occurred in 58.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 46.7 to 69.9) of cases with S83I. Other changes affecting S83 or D87 were uncommon and minor contributors to failure. The absence of S83I was highly predictive of moxifloxacin cure (96.4%; 95% CI, 93.7 to 98.2), highlighting diagnostic potential.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Macrolides; Moxifloxacin; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium
PubMed: 35475636
DOI: 10.1128/aac.00278-22 -
BMC Public Health Feb 2014Although Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI), very little information regarding the prevalence of MG among MSM (men who have sex...
BACKGROUND
Although Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI), very little information regarding the prevalence of MG among MSM (men who have sex with men) is available in China. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of MG among MSM in the city of Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, and to identify the potential risk factors associated with MG infection in this population.
METHODS
Between January and May 2010, a total of 409 MSM were recruited in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. An anonymous questionnaire was used to collect information regarding their sociological and sexual behaviors. In addition, their first-void urine (FVU) samples and rectal swabs were collected for PCR-based MG testing.
RESULTS
Among the 406 FVU and 405 rectal swab samples were collected from 409 MSM, the overall MG prevalence was 8.1% (33/406, 95% CI 5.7%-10.6%), with a FVU positivity of 3.4% (95% CI 1.7%-5.4%) and a rectal positivity of 5.4% (95% CI 3.5%-7.7%). Using both univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses, urethral MG infection was significantly associated with having more heterosexual behaviors (AOR 7.16, 95% CI 1.89-27.13), and with having unprotected anal intercourse in the past six months (AOR 4.80, 95% CI 1.40-16.47). Rectal MG infection was significantly associated with HIV infection based on univariate logistic regression analysis (OR = 4.49, 95% CI 1.18-17.12).
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we investigated the prevalence of MG infection in the population of interest, as determined from both urethral and rectal specimen. We showed that MG was more prevalent in MSM who had bisexual behaviors compared to those who engaged only in homosexual behaviors. Further work is needed to establish the mode of MG transmission and to identify its role in HIV transmission. Meanwhile, more attention should be paid to MG infection among MSMs, and especially bisexual MSMs, which might have critical implications for effective HIV/STD control in China.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Prevalence; Rectum; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Surveys and Questionnaires; Urethra
PubMed: 24559387
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-195 -
Sexually Transmitted Infections Feb 2023
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Macrolides; Mycoplasma genitalium; Pregnant Women; Papua New Guinea; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Mycoplasma Infections; Prevalence
PubMed: 35926999
DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2022-055552 -
International Journal of Gynaecology... Oct 2013To determine the prepartum prevalence of cervical Mycoplasma genitalium colonization and evaluate prospectively whether colonization is associated with preterm delivery...
OBJECTIVE
To determine the prepartum prevalence of cervical Mycoplasma genitalium colonization and evaluate prospectively whether colonization is associated with preterm delivery among women from a racial/ethnic minority background with a high risk of delivering a low birth weight newborn and a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections.
METHODS
In a prospective cohort study at an urban community health center in Roxbury, MA, USA, 100 women receiving routine prenatal care for singleton pregnancies were enrolled between August 2010 and December 2011. Endocervical samples were tested for M. genitalium, and delivery data were collected.
RESULTS
The prevalence of M. genitalium colonization at the first prenatal visit was 8.4%. The incidence of low birth weight was 16.7%. The incidence of preterm delivery among women who were known to have a live birth was 16.7%. The incidence of preterm delivery did not differ with respect to M. genitalium colonization. The crude odds ratio for preterm delivery among women with M. genitalium colonization versus those without was 1.27 (95% confidence interval, 0.02-14.78).
CONCLUSION
M. genitalium colonization was not associated with preterm delivery among women with a high incidence of low birth weight newborns and preterm delivery, and a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections.
Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Community Health Services; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Massachusetts; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Premature Birth; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Urban Health Services; Young Adult
PubMed: 23834822
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.06.005 -
AIDS (London, England) Nov 2019Many sexually transmitted infections increase risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, but the effect of Mycoplasma genitalium is not known. We hypothesized... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
Many sexually transmitted infections increase risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, but the effect of Mycoplasma genitalium is not known. We hypothesized that M. genitalium infection would be common among HIV-infected pregnant women and could be associated with in-utero and intrapartum MTCT.
DESIGN
Observational case-cohort study.
METHODS
The current study used specimens from a Kenyan perinatal MTCT cohort (1999-2005) involving HIV-infected women and their infants, who received short-course zidovudine for prevention of MTCT. Vaginal swabs collected at 32 weeks gestation were tested for M. genitalium using a transcription-mediated amplification assay. Infant perinatal HIV infection was determined at birth and 4 weeks of age by DNA PCR. Using a case-cohort design, a random sample was generated with 3 : 1 control : case ratio; prevalence and correlates of M. genitalium were assessed with chi-squared and t tests; predictors of infant outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression.
RESULTS
Among 220 HIV-infected pregnant women evaluated, 47 women (21.4%) had M. genitalium. Antenatal M. genitalium infection was associated with higher HIV RNA in plasma (5.0 vs. 4.6 log10 copies/ml in M. genitalium-positive vs. M. genitalium-negative women, P = 0.02) at 32 weeks. Women with M. genitalium were less likely to report prior sexually transmitted infections and genital ulcers (both P = 0.05). There was no association found between exposure to M. genitalium and perinatal MTCT (odds ratio = 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.35, 1.51, P = 0.39).
CONCLUSION
Vaginal M. genitalium infection was frequently detected among Kenyan HIV-infected pregnant women and was associated with higher plasma HIV levels, but was not associated with perinatal transmission of HIV.
Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Kenya; Logistic Models; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Young Adult; Zidovudine
PubMed: 31385863
DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002335 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Oct 2021Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted bacterium associated with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men and cervicitis, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory...
Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted bacterium associated with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men and cervicitis, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease in women. Effective treatment is challenging due to the inherent, and increasingly acquired, antibiotic resistance in this pathogen. In our treatment trial conducted from 2007 to 2011 in Seattle, WA, we demonstrated poor efficacy of azithromycin (AZM) and doxycycline (DOX) against M. genitalium among men with NGU. In the present study, we cultured M. genitalium from 74 of 80 (92.5%) PCR-positive men at enrollment (V-1) and defined the MICs of AZM ( = 56 isolates) of DOX ( = 62 isolates). Susceptibility to AZM was bimodal; MICs were >8 μg/ml (44.6%) and <0.004 μg/ml (55.4%) for these isolates. The association of MIC with treatment efficacy was determined for men initially treated with either AZM ( = 30) or DOX ( = 24). Men treated with AZM were more likely to experience microbiologic treatment failure ( < 0.001) if infected with isolates that had AZM MICs of >8 μg/ml (18/18 men) than those with isolates that had AZM MICs of <0.004 μg/ml (1/12 men). Clinical treatment failure also was more likely to occur ( = 0.002) with AZM MICs of >8 μg/ml (12/18 men) than with AZM MICs of <0.004 μg/ml (1/12 men). In contrast, DOX MICs ranged from <0.125 to 2 μg/ml and were not correlated with microbiologic ( = 0.71) or clinical treatment ( = 0.41) failure, demonstrating no relationship between DOX MICs and treatment efficacy. Given the rapid spread of AZM resistance and the emergence of quinolone resistance, the current second-line therapy, monitoring MICs and evaluating other potential treatments for M. genitalium will be critical.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Treatment Outcome; Urethritis
PubMed: 34406799
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00819-21 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology May 2020(MG) infections are a growing concern within the field of sexually transmitted infections. However, diagnostic assays for have been limited in the United States. As...
(MG) infections are a growing concern within the field of sexually transmitted infections. However, diagnostic assays for have been limited in the United States. As most infections are asymptomatic, individuals can unknowingly pass the infection on, and the prevalence is likely to be underestimated. Diagnosis of infection is recommended using a nucleic acid test. This multicenter study assessed the performance of the cobas (TV)/MG assay (cobas) for the detection of , using 22,150 urogenital specimens from both symptomatic and asymptomatic men and women collected at geographically diverse sites across the United States. The performance was compared to a reference standard of three laboratory-developed tests (LDTs). The specificity of the cobas assay for ranged from 96.0% to 99.8% across symptomatic and asymptomatic men and women. The sensitivities in female vaginal swabs and urine samples were 96.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88.5 to 99.1%) and 86.4% (95% CI, 75.5 to 93.0%), respectively. The sensitivities in male urine and meatal swab samples were 100% (95% CI, 94.0 to 100%) and 85.0% (95% CI, 73.9 to 91.9%), respectively. This study demonstrated that the cobas assay was highly sensitive and specific in all relevant clinical samples for the detection of .
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Prevalence; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Specimen Handling; Urogenital System
PubMed: 32213558
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02124-19 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Aug 2019is a sexually transmitted bacterium linked to adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes in women and men. is difficult to culture, and in the absence of...
is a sexually transmitted bacterium linked to adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes in women and men. is difficult to culture, and in the absence of validated amplified molecular methods for diagnosis of infection, there is no reference standard available for use as a comparator for the validation of new diagnostic tests. We evaluated the analytical and clinical performance of three transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) tests for , each targeting unique rRNA sequences, for use as a composite comparator for clinical validation of the Aptima (AMG) assay, an diagnostic (IVD) TMA test that targets 16 s rRNA of Analytical sensitivity, specificity, and strain inclusivity of all four TMA tests were determined using nine laboratory strains of and 56 nontarget bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Analytical sensitivity of the tests for ranged from 0.017 to 0.040 genome equivalents/ml. None of the nontarget organisms evaluated cross-reacted with any test. A composite comparator reference standard consisting of the 3 alternate (Alt) TMA tests was used to evaluate the clinical performance of the AMG assay by testing residual vaginal swab, female urine, and male urine specimens obtained from 1,400 adult subjects from three U.S. clinical sites. Using this reference standard to establish infected specimen status, the sensitivity, specificity, and overall agreement of the AMG IVD assay were 100%, 99.9%, and 99.9%, respectively. These results demonstrate the utility of molecular composite reference standard methodology for the clinical validation of future IVD tests for this organism.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Penis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling; Transcription, Genetic; Vagina
PubMed: 31018983
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00264-19