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Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... Jan 2020Background is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, with large epidemics previously described to occur every 4 to 7 years.AimTo better understand the...
Background is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, with large epidemics previously described to occur every 4 to 7 years.AimTo better understand the diagnostic methods used to detect . ; to better understand testing and surveillance in use; to identify epidemics; to determine detection number per age group, age demographics for positive detections, concurrence of epidemics and annual peaks across geographical areas; and to determine the effect of geographical location on the timing of epidemics.MethodsA questionnaire was sent in May 2016 to experts with national or regional responsibility within the ESCMID Study Group for Mycoplasma and Chlamydia Infections in 17 countries across Europe and Israel, retrospectively requesting details on positive samples from January 2011 to April 2016. The Moving Epidemic Method was used to determine epidemic periods and effect of country latitude across the countries for the five periods under investigation.ResultsRepresentatives from 12 countries provided data on infections, accounting for 95,666 positive samples. Two laboratories initiated routine macrolide resistance testing since 2013. Between 2011 and 2016, three epidemics were identified: 2011/12, 2014/15 and 2015/16. The distribution of patient ages for positive samples showed three patterns. During epidemic years, an association between country latitude and calendar week when epidemic periods began was noted.ConclusionsAn association between epidemics and latitude was observed. Differences were noted in the age distribution of positive cases and detection methods used and practice. A lack of macrolide resistance monitoring was noted.
Topics: Age Distribution; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Electronic Mail; Epidemics; Europe; Female; Humans; Israel; Macrolides; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Retrospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 31964459
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.2.1900112 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Sep 2018
Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Mucositis; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 30257151
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm1614484 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jul 2020The atypical bacterial pathogen is a leading etiological agent of community-acquired pneumonia in humans; infections are often recalcitrant, recurrent and resistant to...
The atypical bacterial pathogen is a leading etiological agent of community-acquired pneumonia in humans; infections are often recalcitrant, recurrent and resistant to antibiotic treatment. These characteristics suggest a mechanism that facilitates long-term colonization in hosts. In an setting, forms biofilms that are unusual in that motility plays no more than a very limited role in their formation and development. Given the unusual nature of biofilms, open questions remain concerning phenotypes associated with persistence, such as what properties might favour the bacteria while minimizing host damage. also produces several cytotoxic molecules including community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxin, HS and HO, but how it deploys these agents during growth is unknown. Whereas several biochemical techniques for biofilm disruption were ineffective, sonication was required for disruption of biofilms to generate individual cells for comparative studies, suggesting unusual physical properties likely related to the atypical cell envelope. Nonetheless, like for other bacteria, biofilms were less susceptible to antibiotic inhibition and complement killing than dispersed cells, with resistance increasing as the biofilms matured. CARDS toxin levels and enzymatic activities associated with HS and HO production were highest during early biofilm formation and decreased over time, suggesting attenuation of virulence in connection with chronic infection. Collectively, these findings result in a model of how biofilms contribute to both the establishment and propagation of infections, and how both biofilm towers and individual cells participate in persistence and chronic disease.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Biofilms; Complement System Proteins; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Microbial Viability; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumococcal Infections; Sulfites; Virulence
PubMed: 32421492
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000928 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021and are two significant mycoplasmas that infect the urogenital and respiratory tracts of humans. Despite distinct tissue tropisms, they both have similar pathogenic... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
and are two significant mycoplasmas that infect the urogenital and respiratory tracts of humans. Despite distinct tissue tropisms, they both have similar pathogenic mechanisms and infect/invade epithelial cells in the respective regions and persist within these cells. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of these species in terms of bacterium-host interactions are poorly understood. To gain insights on this, we infected HeLa cells independently with and and assessed gene expression by whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) approach. The results revealed that HeLa cells respond to and differently by regulating various protein-coding genes. Though there is a significant overlap between the genes regulated by these species, many of the differentially expressed genes were specific to each species. KEGG pathway and signaling network analyses revealed that the genes specific to are more related to cellular processes. In contrast, the genes specific to infection are correlated with immune response and inflammation, possibly suggesting that has some inherent ability to modulate host immune pathways.
Topics: Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Regulatory Networks; HeLa Cells; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Protein Interaction Maps; RNA-Seq; Signal Transduction; Transcriptome; Exome Sequencing
PubMed: 34707609
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738431 -
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology,... Apr 2019Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common pathogen for pneumonia in children, especially in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccination era. Though self-limited disease was...
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common pathogen for pneumonia in children, especially in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccination era. Though self-limited disease was found in the majority of the patients, severe diseases occurred occasionally. The emergence of macrolide resistance was reported worldwide. It is important to delineate whether macrolide resistance or delayed treatment affects outcome.
METHODS
We retrospectively collected pediatric patients with M. pneumoniae infection confirmed by positive PCR in a tertiary medical center in Taiwan from 2010 to 2017. Patients' clinical characteristics, bacterial load, macrolide resistance and treatment outcome were analyzed.
RESULTS
Among 471 children with positive M. pneumoniae PCR, 95% were diagnosed with pneumonia. Seventeen percent of patients had extrapulmonary complications, and 1.5% had respiratory failure. Delayed treatment was associated with prolonged fever after appropriate treatment, fulminant disease, and extrapulmonary manifestations (p < 0.05). The mean rate of macrolide resistance was 24% and macrolide resistance was related to longer febrile duration, longer hospital stay, lung consolidation and impaired liver function tests (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Macrolide resistance was fairly common and might lead to delayed appropriate antibiotic treatment. Delayed appropriate antimicrobial treatment, no matter macrolide resistance or not, was associated with more severe and/or prolonged diseases. Early diagnosis of M. pneumoniae as well as the awareness of macrolide resistance make early effective antibiotic treatment possible and may improve clinical outcomes.
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Load; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Fever; Hospitals; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Macrolides; Male; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Retrospective Studies; Taiwan; Tertiary Care Centers; Time-to-Treatment; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30341022
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.09.009 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... Feb 2012
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disease Outbreaks; Europe; Genotype; History, 20th Century; Humans; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Public Health; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 22340972
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Infectious Diseases Oct 2019Increasing number of hospitalized children with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is co-detected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp). The clinical characteristics and...
BACKGROUND
Increasing number of hospitalized children with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is co-detected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp). The clinical characteristics and impact of Mp co-detected with other bacterial and/or viral pathogens remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the demographic and clinical features of CAP children with Mp mono-detection and Mp co-detection.
METHODS
A total of 4148 hospitalized children with CAP were recruited from January to December 2017 at the Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, affiliated to Hebei Medical University. A variety of respiratory viruses, bacteria and Mp were detected using multiple modalities. The demographic and clinical features of CAP children with Mp mono-detection and Mp co-detection were recorded and analyzed.
RESULTS
Among the 110 CAP children with Mp positive, 42 (38.18%) of them were co-detected with at least one other pathogen. Co-detection was more common among children aged ≤3 years. No significant differences were found in most clinical symptoms, complications, underlying conditions and disease severity parameters among various etiological groups, with the following exceptions. First, prolonged duration of fever, lack of appetite and runny nose were more prevalent among CAP children with Mp-virus co-detection. Second, Mp-virus (excluding HRV) co-detected patients were more likely to present with prolonged duration of fever. Third, patients co-detected with Mp-bacteria were more likely to have abnormal blood gases. Additionally, CAP children with Mp-HRV co-detection were significantly more likely to report severe runny nose compared to those with Mp mono-detection.
CONCLUSION
Mp co-detection with viral and/or bacterial pathogens is common in clinical practice. However, there are no apparent differences between Mp mono-detection and Mp co-detections in terms of clinical features and disease severity.
Topics: Bacteria; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Child; Child, Hospitalized; Child, Preschool; Community-Acquired Infections; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Viruses
PubMed: 31601192
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4426-0 -
International Journal of Infectious... Aug 2024The prevalence of respiratory infectious diseases has changed in the post-COVID-19 epidemic era, and mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection in children has attracted wide...
OBJECTIVES
The prevalence of respiratory infectious diseases has changed in the post-COVID-19 epidemic era, and mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection in children has attracted wide attention.
METHODS
Children hospitalized for pneumonia in Wuhan, China, in 2023 were enrolled. Respiratory secretions were obtained for the targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) including mutation of MP. Pulmonary inflammation was divided into bronchopneumonia and pulmonary consolidation/atelectasis according to lung computed tomography imaging.
RESULTS
Of the 667 pediatric pneumonia, 478 were MP positive (72%). The positive rate of MP detected by tNGS increased from April, and MP had become the primary pathogen of pneumonia in children in 2023. The 23S rRNA mutations were all A2063G, accounting for 85% of detected MP. The clinical symptoms of the mutant and wild-type strains were similar, with half of them experiencing atelectasis and lung consolidation. Early bronchoscopic lavage combined with azithromycin in pediatric pulmonary consolidation was an effective therapy strategy, which could be an alternative selection to MP pneumonia treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
A2063G mutant strain MP was the primary pathogen of mycoplasma pneumoniae in children recently, which was often complicated by extra-pulmonary symptoms and complications.
Topics: Humans; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; China; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Female; Child; Male; Child, Preschool; Mutation; Infant; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; COVID-19; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Adolescent
PubMed: 38734057
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107074 -
Nature Communications Oct 2020Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a bacterial human pathogen that causes primary atypical pneumonia. M. pneumoniae motility and infectivity are mediated by the immunodominant...
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a bacterial human pathogen that causes primary atypical pneumonia. M. pneumoniae motility and infectivity are mediated by the immunodominant proteins P1 and P40/P90, which form a transmembrane adhesion complex. Here we report the structure of P1, determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, and the X-ray structure of P40/P90. Contrary to what had been suggested, the binding site for sialic acid was found in P40/P90 and not in P1. Genetic and clinical variability concentrates on the N-terminal domain surfaces of P1 and P40/P90. Polyclonal antibodies generated against the mostly conserved C-terminal domain of P1 inhibited adhesion of M. pneumoniae, and serology assays with sera from infected patients were positive when tested against this C-terminal domain. P40/P90 also showed strong reactivity against human infected sera. The architectural elements determined for P1 and P40/P90 open new possibilities in vaccine development against M. pneumoniae infections.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Bacterial Adhesion; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Crystallography, X-Ray; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Protein Domains
PubMed: 33057023
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18777-y -
Pathogens and Disease Jan 2021The contribution of intracellular and fastidious bacteria in Cystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary exacerbations, and progressive lung function decline remains unknown. This...
OBJECTIVES
The contribution of intracellular and fastidious bacteria in Cystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary exacerbations, and progressive lung function decline remains unknown. This project aimed to explore their impact on bacterial microbiota diversity over time in CF children.
METHODS
Sixty-one children enrolled in the MUCOVIB multicentre prospective cohort provided 746 samples, mostly nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs and sputa which were analysed using culture, specific real-time qPCRs and 16S rRNA amplicon metagenomics.
RESULTS
Chlamydia pneumoniae (n = 3) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 1) were prospectively documented in 6.6% of CF children. Microbiota alpha-diversity in children with a documented C. pneumoniae was highly variable, similarly to children infected with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The transition from routine follow-up visits to pulmonary exacerbation (n = 17) yielded variable changes in diversity indexes with some extreme loss of diversity.
CONCLUSIONS
The high rate of C. pneumoniae detection supports the need for regular screenings in CF patients. A minor impact of C. pneumoniae on the microbial community structure was documented. Although detected in a single patient, M. pneumoniae should also be considered as a possible aetiology of lung infection in CF subjects.
Topics: Biodiversity; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlamydophila Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Cystic Fibrosis; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Metagenomics; Microbiota; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Prospective Studies; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Respiratory System; Sputum
PubMed: 33247928
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa074