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Epidemiology and Infection Apr 2024This paper retrospectively analysed the prevalence of macrolide-resistant (MRMP) in some parts of China. Between January 2013 and December 2019, we collected 4,145...
This paper retrospectively analysed the prevalence of macrolide-resistant (MRMP) in some parts of China. Between January 2013 and December 2019, we collected 4,145 respiratory samples, including pharyngeal swabs and alveolar lavage fluid. The highest PCR-positive rate of M. pneumoniae was 74.5% in Beijing, the highest resistance rate was 100% in Shanghai, and Gansu was the lowest with 20%. The highest PCR-positive rate of was 74.5% in 2013, and the highest MRMP was 97.4% in 2019; the PCR-positive rate of for adults in Beijing was 17.9% and the MRMP was 10.48%. Among the children diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), the PCR-positive and macrolide-resistant rates of were both higher in the severe ones. A2063G in domain V of 23S rRNA was the major macrolide-resistant mutation, accounting for more than 90%. The MIC values of all MRMP to erythromycin and azithromycin were ≥ 64 μg/ml, and the MICs of tetracycline and levofloxacin were ≤ 0.5 μg/ml and ≤ 1 μg/ml, respectively. The macrolide resistance varied in different regions and years. Among inpatients, the macrolide-resistant rate was higher in severe pneumonia. A2063G was the common mutation, and we found no resistance to tetracycline and levofloxacin.
Topics: Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Humans; China; Macrolides; Retrospective Studies; Child; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Child, Preschool; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Male; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Middle Aged; Young Adult; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Aged; Infant; Prevalence; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Aged, 80 and over
PubMed: 38634450
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824000323 -
PloS One 2015A duplex real-time PCR assay was designed for simultaneous detection and genotyping of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae). The detection/typing performance of this...
A duplex real-time PCR assay was designed for simultaneous detection and genotyping of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae). The detection/typing performance of this duplex PCR method, targeting specific genes for M. pneumoniae type 1 (mpn 459) and type 2 (mpna 5864), was compared to that of the previously published MpP1 real-time PCR assay and the genotyping method for the adhesin P1 gene (mpn 141). A total of 1,344 throat swab specimens collected from patients in Beijing, China were tested for M. pneumoniae by bacterial culture, MpP1 real-time PCR assay, and our duplex PCR assay, and positive detection rates of 26.9%, 34.4%, and 33.7%, respectively, were obtained. The duplex PCR method demonstrated high sensitivity and accuracy for detecting and genotyping M. pneumoniae, and significant differences in genotyping ability were observed when compared to the conventional P1 gene-based method. M. pneumoniae type 1 was the predominate genotype from 2008 to 2012 in Beijing, and a shift from type 1 to type 2 began to occur in 2013. To our knowledge, this is the first reported incidence of a type shift phenomenon of M. pneumoniae clinical isolates in China. These genotyping results provide important information for understanding recent changes in epidemiological characteristics of M. pneumoniae in Beijing.
Topics: Beijing; Genotype; Humans; Molecular Typing; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 26509651
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141702 -
International Journal of Infectious... Jan 2018The aim of this study was to describe the genotypes and the main characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in hospitalized...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to describe the genotypes and the main characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in hospitalized children in Medellín and neighboring municipalities during the period 2011-2012.
METHODS
The M. pneumoniae genotype was determined by PCR and sequencing of the p1 and 23S rRNA genes from induced sputum samples and nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS). Samples were obtained from children with CAP who were hospitalized in 13 healthcare centers. In addition, a spatio-temporal analysis was performed to identify the potential risk areas and clustering of the cases over time.
RESULTS
A variant of type 2 was the dominant genotype in the induced sputum (96.1%) and NPS (89.3%) samples; the type 1 variant was identified in 3.9% and 10.7% of these samples, respectively. No strains with mutations in the 23S rRNA gene associated with macrolide resistance were found. The cases in Medellín were mainly concentrated in the northeastern areas and western districts. However, no temporal relationship was found among these cases.
CONCLUSIONS
A variant of type 2 of M. pneumoniae prevailed among children with CAP during the study period. No strains with mutations associated with macrolide resistance were found.
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Colombia; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Genotype; Humans; Macrolides; Male; Molecular Typing; Mutation; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Spatio-Temporal Analysis
PubMed: 29155089
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.11.019 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Aug 2021Mycoplasma pneumoniae is currently the most commonly detected bacterial cause of childhood community-acquired pneumonia in several countries. Of note, clonal expansion...
OBJECTIVES
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is currently the most commonly detected bacterial cause of childhood community-acquired pneumonia in several countries. Of note, clonal expansion of macrolide-resistant ST3 occurred in Japan and South Korea. An alarming surge in macrolide resistance complicates the treatment of pneumonia. We aimed to evaluate the clinical manifestation and clonal relatedness of M. pneumoniae circulating among children in Taiwan.
METHODS
We prospectively enrolled 626 children with radiologically confirmed pneumonia between 2017 and 2019. An M. pneumoniae infection was suspected on clinical grounds, and tested by real-time PCR and oropharyngeal swab cultures. We used multilocus sequence typing and whole-genome sequencing to characterize the genetic features of M. pneumoniae.
RESULTS
A total of 226 children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia were enrolled. Macrolide resistance was found in 77% (174/226) of patients. Multi-locus sequence typing revealed that ST3 (n = 93) and its single-locus variant ST17 (n = 84) were the predominant clones among macrolide-resistant strains. ST17 presented clinical characteristics comparable to its ancestor ST3. On multivariate analysis, macrolide resistance (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.4-8.5; p 0.007) was independently associated with fever >72 hours after macrolide treatment. By whole-genome sequencing, prediction analysis of recombination sites revealed one recombination site in ST3 and ST17 compared with M29 (a macrolide-sensitive ST3 strain isolated from China in 2005) containing cytadhesin MgpC-like protein, RepMP4 and RepMP5. ST17 had another recombination site containing an adhesin and RepMP2/3.
CONCLUSIONS
In addition to macrolide resistance, ST3 and its ST17 variant might evolve through recombination between repetitive sequences and non-P1 cytadhesins for persistent circulation in Taiwan.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Macrolides; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Recombination, Genetic; Taiwan
PubMed: 33010445
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.035 -
PloS One 2017Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae are atypical pathogens responsible for pneumonia and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in low income countries....
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae are atypical pathogens responsible for pneumonia and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in low income countries. The study objective is to determine the prevalence of this pathogens in Peruvian children with acute respiratory infections.
METHODS
A consecutive cross-sectional study was conducted in Lima, Peru from May 2009 to September 2010. A total of 675 children admitted with clinical diagnoses of acute respiratory infections were tested for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and clinical symptoms were registered by the attending physician.
RESULTS
Mycoplasma pneumonia was detected in 25.19% (170/675) of nasopharyngeal samples and Chlamydia pneumonia in 10.52% (71/675). The most common symptoms in patients with these atypical pathogens were rhinorrhea, cough and fever. A higher prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae cases were registered in summer, between December 2009 and March 2010.
CONCLUSIONS
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumonia are a significant cause of morbidity in Peruvian children with acute respiratory infections (ARI). Further studies should evaluate the use of reliable techniques such as PCR in Peru in order to avoid underdiagnoses of these atypical pathogens.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlamydial Pneumonia; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Peru; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 28129377
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170787 -
PloS One 2012This investigation evaluated the distributions of airborne adenovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in public areas in the pediatric department of Children's Hospital in...
This investigation evaluated the distributions of airborne adenovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in public areas in the pediatric department of Children's Hospital in northern Taiwan. The airborne viral and bacterial concentrations were evaluated twice a week for a year using filter sampling with an airflow rate of 12 liters per minute for eight hours in the pediatric outpatient department and 24 hours in the pediatric emergency room. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were conducted for analysis. Approximately 18% of the air samples from the pediatric emergency room were found to contain adenovirus. Approximately forty-six percent of the air samples from the pediatric outpatient department contained Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA products. High detection rates of airborne adenovirus DNA were obtained in July and August in the pediatric public areas. Airborne Mycoplasma pneumoniae was detected only in July in the pediatric emergency room and the peak levels were found from August to January in the pediatric outpatient department. Airborne particles that contained adenovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were the most prevalent in the pediatric public areas. The potential relationship between these airborne viral/bacterial particles and human infection should be examined further.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Air Microbiology; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Viral; Emergency Service, Hospital; Hospitals, Pediatric; Humans; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Seasons
PubMed: 22470502
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033974 -
Current Microbiology Aug 2015Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes chronic respiratory disease in humans. Factors thought to be important for colonization include the ability of the mycoplasma to form a...
Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes chronic respiratory disease in humans. Factors thought to be important for colonization include the ability of the mycoplasma to form a biofilm on epithelial surfaces and the production of hydrogen peroxide to damage host tissue. Almost all of the mycoplasmas, including M. pneumoniae, lack superoxide dismutase and catalase and a balance should exist between peroxide production and growth. We show here that the addition of catalase to cultures enhanced the formation of biofilms and altered the structure. The incorporation of catalase in agar increased the number of colony-forming units detected and hence could improve the clinical diagnosis of mycoplasmal diseases.
Topics: Biofilms; Catalase; Culture Media; Hydrogen Peroxide; Mycoplasma pneumoniae
PubMed: 25894997
DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0822-x -
European Journal of Clinical... Oct 2019This study characterizes a large Mycoplasma pneumoniae outbreak observed in Kymenlaakso in Southeastern Finland during August 2017-January 2018. The first part of the...
This study characterizes a large Mycoplasma pneumoniae outbreak observed in Kymenlaakso in Southeastern Finland during August 2017-January 2018. The first part of the investigation included 327 patients, who sought healthcare consultation at local GPs or hospitals due to clinical symptoms, and were tested for M. pneumoniae antibodies (Patient cohort). The second part of the investigation, conducted approximately 4 weeks after the peak of the outbreak, consisted of school screening of pupils (N = 239) in three different school buildings by PCR on respiratory specimens and questionnaires (Screening cohort). PCR positive respiratory specimens were subsequently utilized for molecular typing. The outbreak peaked in late October 2017. Of the Patient cohort, 9/106 (8.5%) respiratory specimens were PCR positive. In contrast, 3/182 (1.6%) of the Screening cohort were PCR positive. Asymptomatic carriage was observed. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) identified two distinct MLVA types. All typed M. pneumoniae strains belonged to P1 type 1. No mutations leading to macrolide resistance were observed. In total, 61/327 (19%) of the Patient cohort had a serological indication of recent infection. The IgM test reactivity at the time of a negative PCR test result varied from a completely non-reactive value up to very strong reactivity, highlighting the difficulty in a single specimen serodiagnosis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Child; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Cohort Studies; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Finland; Humans; Immunoassay; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Molecular Epidemiology; Molecular Typing; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Young Adult
PubMed: 31263967
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03619-7 -
Implication of glycerol and phospholipid transporters in Mycoplasma pneumoniae growth and virulence.Infection and Immunity Mar 2013Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the causative agent of atypical pneumonia, is one of the bacteria with the smallest genomes that are nonetheless capable of independent life....
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the causative agent of atypical pneumonia, is one of the bacteria with the smallest genomes that are nonetheless capable of independent life. Because of their longstanding close association with their human host, the bacteria have undergone reductive evolution and lost most biosynthetic abilities. Therefore, they depend on nutrients provided by the host that have to be taken up by the cell. Indeed, M. pneumoniae has a large set of hitherto unexplored transporters and lipoproteins that may be implicated in transport processes. Together, these proteins account for about 17% of the protein complement of M. pneumoniae. In the natural habitat of M. pneumoniae, human lung epithelial surfaces, phospholipids are the major available carbon source. Thus, the uptake and utilization of glycerol and glycerophosphodiesters that are generated by the activity of lipases are important for the nutrition of M. pneumoniae in its common habitat. In this study, we have investigated the roles of several potential transport proteins and lipoproteins in the utilization of glycerol and glycerophosphodiesters. On the basis of experiments with the corresponding mutant strains, our results demonstrate that the newly identified GlpU transport protein (MPN421) is responsible for the uptake of the glycerophosphodiester glycerophosphocholine, which is then intracellularly cleaved to glycerol-3-phosphate and choline. In addition, the proteins MPN076 and MPN077 are accessory factors in glycerophosphocholine uptake. Moreover, the lipoproteins MPN133 and MPN284 are essential for the uptake of glycerol. Our data suggest that they may act as binding proteins for glycerol and deliver glycerol molecules to the glycerol facilitator GlpF.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Glycerol; HeLa Cells; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Phospholipid Transfer Proteins; RNA, Messenger; Time Factors; Virulence
PubMed: 23297388
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.01212-12 -
PLoS Genetics 2013In the bacterial world, methylation is most commonly associated with restriction-modification systems that provide a defense mechanism against invading foreign genomes....
In the bacterial world, methylation is most commonly associated with restriction-modification systems that provide a defense mechanism against invading foreign genomes. In addition, it is known that methylation plays functionally important roles, including timing of DNA replication, chromosome partitioning, DNA repair, and regulation of gene expression. However, full DNA methylome analyses are scarce due to a lack of a simple methodology for rapid and sensitive detection of common epigenetic marks (ie N(6)-methyladenine (6 mA) and N(4)-methylcytosine (4 mC)), in these organisms. Here, we use Single-Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) sequencing to determine the methylomes of two related human pathogen species, Mycoplasma genitalium G-37 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae M129, with single-base resolution. Our analysis identified two new methylation motifs not previously described in bacteria: a widespread 6 mA methylation motif common to both bacteria (5'-CTAT-3'), as well as a more complex Type I m6A sequence motif in M. pneumoniae (5'-GAN(7)TAY-3'/3'-CTN(7)ATR-5'). We identify the methyltransferase responsible for the common motif and suggest the one involved in M. pneumoniae only. Analysis of the distribution of methylation sites across the genome of M. pneumoniae suggests a potential role for methylation in regulating the cell cycle, as well as in regulation of gene expression. To our knowledge, this is one of the first direct methylome profiling studies with single-base resolution from a bacterial organism.
Topics: DNA Methylation; Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Methyltransferases; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Nucleotide Motifs
PubMed: 23300489
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003191