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IEEE Transactions on Biomedical... Oct 2021The application of closed-loop approaches in systems neuroscience and therapeutic stimulation holds great promise for revolutionizing our understanding of the brain and... (Review)
Review
The application of closed-loop approaches in systems neuroscience and therapeutic stimulation holds great promise for revolutionizing our understanding of the brain and for developing novel neuromodulation therapies to restore lost functions. Neural prostheses capable of multi-channel neural recording, on-site signal processing, rapid symptom detection, and closed-loop stimulation are critical to enabling such novel treatments. However, the existing closed-loop neuromodulation devices are too simplistic and lack sufficient on-chip processing and intelligence. In this paper, we first discuss both commercial and investigational closed-loop neuromodulation devices for brain disorders. Next, we review state-of-the-art neural prostheses with on-chip machine learning, focusing on application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC). System requirements, performance and hardware comparisons, design trade-offs, and hardware optimization techniques are discussed. To facilitate a fair comparison and guide design choices among various on-chip classifiers, we propose a new energy-area (E-A) efficiency figure of merit that evaluates hardware efficiency and multi-channel scalability. Finally, we present several techniques to improve the key design metrics of tree-based on-chip classifiers, both in the context of ensemble methods and oblique structures. A novel Depth-Variant Tree Ensemble (DVTE) is proposed to reduce processing latency (e.g., by 2.5× on seizure detection task). We further develop a cost-aware learning approach to jointly optimize the power and latency metrics. We show that algorithm-hardware co-design enables the energy- and memory-optimized design of tree-based models, while preserving a high accuracy and low latency. Furthermore, we show that our proposed tree-based models feature a highly interpretable decision process that is essential for safety-critical applications such as closed-loop stimulation.
Topics: Brain; Intelligence; Machine Learning; Neural Prostheses; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 34529573
DOI: 10.1109/TBCAS.2021.3112756 -
Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America Dec 2015Cochlear implantation and cochlear implants (CIs) have a long history filled with innovations that have resulted in the high-performing device's currently available.... (Review)
Review
Cochlear implantation and cochlear implants (CIs) have a long history filled with innovations that have resulted in the high-performing device's currently available. Several promising technologies have been reviewed in this article, which hold the promise to drive performance even higher. Remote CI programming, totally implanted devices, improved neural health and survival through targeted drug therapy and delivery, intraneural electrode placement, electroacoustical stimulation and hybrid CIs, and methods to enhance the neural-prosthesis interface are evolving areas of innovation reviewed in this article.
Topics: Cochlea; Cochlear Implantation; Cochlear Implants; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Prosthesis Design
PubMed: 26443490
DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2015.07.009 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Aug 2021
Topics: Amputation, Surgical; Amputees; Artificial Limbs; Humans; Lower Extremity; Neural Prostheses; Neurofeedback; Neurological Rehabilitation; Peripheral Nervous System; Robotics
PubMed: 34353946
DOI: 10.1126/science.abj5259 -
Trends in Hearing 2024
Topics: Humans; Cochlear Implants; Music; Cochlear Implantation; Auditory Perception
PubMed: 38361376
DOI: 10.1177/23312165241231685 -
IEEE Transactions on Bio-medical... May 2014Retinal prosthesis has been translated from the laboratory to the clinic over the past two decades. Currently, two devices have regulatory approval for the treatment of... (Review)
Review
Retinal prosthesis has been translated from the laboratory to the clinic over the past two decades. Currently, two devices have regulatory approval for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. These devices provide partial sight restoration and patients use this improved vision in their everyday lives. Improved mobility and object detection are some of the more notable findings from the clinical trials. However, significant vision restoration will require both better technology and improved understanding of the interaction between electrical stimulation and the retina. This paper reviews the recent clinical trials and highlights technology breakthroughs that will contribute to next generation of retinal prostheses.
Topics: Animals; Blindness; Humans; Neural Prostheses; Prosthesis Implantation; Retina; Visual Prosthesis
PubMed: 24710817
DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2014.2314733 -
IEEE Transactions on Bio-medical... Jul 2011Neural prosthetic systems aim to help disabled patients by translating neural signals from the brain into control signals for guiding computer cursors, prosthetic arms,... (Review)
Review
Neural prosthetic systems aim to help disabled patients by translating neural signals from the brain into control signals for guiding computer cursors, prosthetic arms, and other assistive devices. Intracortical electrode arrays measure action potentials and local field potentials from individual neurons, or small populations of neurons, in the motor cortices and can provide considerable information for controlling prostheses. Despite several compelling proof-of-concept laboratory animal experiments and an initial human clinical trial, at least three key challenges remain which, if left unaddressed, may hamper the translation of these systems into widespread clinical use. We review these challenges: achieving able-bodied levels of performance across tasks and across environments, achieving robustness across multiple decades, and restoring able-bodied quality proprioception and somatosensation. We also describe some emerging opportunities for meeting these challenges. If these challenges can be largely or fully met, intracortically based neural prostheses may achieve true clinical viability and help increasing numbers of disabled patients.
Topics: Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Equipment Design; Humans; Man-Machine Systems; Neural Prostheses; User-Computer Interface
PubMed: 21257365
DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2107553 -
Current Biology : CB Aug 2013
Topics: Audiology; Cochlear Implants; England; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; United States
PubMed: 24137711
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.003 -
Journal of Neuroscience Methods Dec 2019The purpose of this review article is to describe the underlying methodology for successfully translating novel interfaces for electrical modulation of the peripheral... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this review article is to describe the underlying methodology for successfully translating novel interfaces for electrical modulation of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) from basic design concepts to clinical applications and chronic human use. Despite advances in technologies to communicate directly with the nervous system, the pathway to clinical translation for most neural interfaces is not clear. FDA guidelines provide information on necessary evidence which should be generated and submitted to allow the agency evaluate safety and efficacy of a new medical device. However, a knowledge gap exists on translating neural interfaces from pre-clinical studies into the clinical domain. Our article is intended to inform the field on some of the key considerations for such a transition process specific to neural interfaces that may not be already covered by FDA guidances. This framework focuses on non-penetrating peripheral nerve stimulating electrodes that have been proven effective for motor and sensory neural prostheses and successfully transitioned from pre-clinical through first-in-human and chronic clinical deployment. We discuss the challenges of moving these neural interfaces along the translational continuum and ultimately through FDA approval for human feasibility studies. Specifically, we describe a translational process involving: quantitative human anatomy, neural modeling and simulation, acute intraoperative testing and verification, clinical demonstration with temporary percutaneous access, and finally chronic clinical deployment and functional performance. To clarify and demonstrate the importance of each step of this translational framework, we present case studies from electrodes developed at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), specifically the spiral cuff, the Flat Interface Nerve Electrode (FINE), and the Composite FINE (C-FINE). In addition, we demonstrate that success along this translational pathway can be further expedited by: appropriate selection of well-characterized materials, validation of fabrication and sterilization protocols, well-implemented quality control measures, and quantification of impact on neural structure, health, and function. The issues and approaches identified in this review for the peripheral nervous system may also serve to accelerate the dissemination of any new neural interface into clinical practice, and consequently advance the performance, utility, and clinical value of new neural prostheses or neuromodulation systems.
Topics: Electric Stimulation; Electrodes; Humans; Neural Prostheses; Neurosciences; Peripheral Nervous System; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 31472187
DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108414 -
Current Opinion in Neurology Feb 2012Auditory prostheses use electric currents on multiple electrodes to stimulate auditory neurons and recreate auditory sensations in deaf people. Cochlear implants have... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Auditory prostheses use electric currents on multiple electrodes to stimulate auditory neurons and recreate auditory sensations in deaf people. Cochlear implants have restored hearing in more than 200 000 deaf adults and children to a level that allows most to understand speech. Here we review the reasons underlying these results and describe new directions in restoring hearing to additional patient populations and the design of new devices.
RECENT FINDINGS
From their early development about 50 years ago, cochlear implants have been well received and beneficial to people who had lost their hearing. Although those first implants did not allow high levels of speech understanding, they provided auditory information that worked synergistically with lip reading to improve communication. Present day cochlear implants provide excellent speech understanding in children and in postlingually deafened adults. Research is focused on improved signal processing and new electrode designs. Electric stimulation of the auditory brainstem can also produce excellent hearing in some children and adults.
SUMMARY
Auditory prostheses, both at the level of the sensory nerve and at the brainstem, can restore patterns of neural activation that are sufficient for high levels of speech understanding. These prostheses are not only clinically successful but also important tools for understanding sensory processing in the brain.
Topics: Cochlear Implantation; Cochlear Implants; Deafness; Electric Stimulation; Hearing; Humans
PubMed: 22157109
DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e32834ef878 -
Journal of Neuroengineering and... Sep 2017We summarize content from the opening thematic session of the 20th anniversary meeting for Biomechanics and Neural Control of Movement (BANCOM). Scientific discoveries... (Review)
Review
We summarize content from the opening thematic session of the 20th anniversary meeting for Biomechanics and Neural Control of Movement (BANCOM). Scientific discoveries from the past 20 years of research are covered, highlighting the impacts of rapid technological, computational, and financial growth on motor control research. We discuss spinal-level communication mechanisms, relationships between muscle structure and function, and direct cortical movement representations that can be decoded in the control of neuroprostheses. In addition to summarizing the rich scientific ideas shared during the session, we reflect on research infrastructure and capacity that contributed to progress in the field, and outline unresolved issues and remaining open questions.
Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Humans; Locomotion; Motor Skills; Movement; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Neural Prostheses; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 28893279
DOI: 10.1186/s12984-017-0298-y