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Nutrition & Diabetes May 2023Fatty acids (FAs) play a major role in regulating insulin sensitivity. However, owing to dietary quantitative tools, it has been challenging to study the dietary FAs in...
BACKGROUND
Fatty acids (FAs) play a major role in regulating insulin sensitivity. However, owing to dietary quantitative tools, it has been challenging to study the dietary FAs in previous studies. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the associations between dietary FAs and the risk of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
METHODS
Dietary FAs, adjustment of variables including age, sex, race, educational level, poverty to income ratio, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, physical activity, and diabetes data were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2016. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the associations between FA intake and the risk of IGT and T2DM.
RESULTS
This serial cross-sectional study included 9082 samples. After adjusting all the variables, a negative correlation was observed between total saturated FA and the risk of IGT (OR = 0.991, 95% (CI): 0.985-0.998, P = 0.024). Total FA at quintile 4 was negatively correlated with T2DM (OR = 0.714, 95% CI: 0.532-0.959, P = 0.025) compared with quintile 1. Factor analysis identified four factors of which F4 was negatively associated with the risk of T2DM (OR = 0.824, 95% CI: 0.715-0.949, P = 0.029). Based on this factor, we identified an unsaturated FA signature (n = 4 FAs, including octadecenoic acid (18:1), octadecadienoic acid (18:2), octadecatrienoic acid (18:3), and eicosenoic acid (20:1)).
CONCLUSIONS
Several unsaturated FAs with high proportions in natural oils may reduce the risk of T2DM.
Topics: Adult; Humans; United States; Fatty Acids; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose Intolerance; Nutrition Surveys; Cross-Sectional Studies
PubMed: 37127641
DOI: 10.1038/s41387-023-00236-4 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2023Water deficit affects agricultural systems negatively globally. This research objective was to mitigate drought's detrimental effects on plants metabolite profiling by...
Water deficit affects agricultural systems negatively globally. This research objective was to mitigate drought's detrimental effects on plants metabolite profiling by utilizing biofertilizers and mineral nutrition. The carbohydrate content and fatty acid profile of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) were assessed under Silicon (Si) nutrition, Claroiedoglomus etunicatum inoculation (F), and drought stress (100, 80, 60, 40, and 20% of field capacity (FC)). Results showed that Si application increased total sugar content under severe drought levels (20 and 40% FC) and made it reach 12.41 and 12.63 g/100 g , respectively. Sucrose, as the predominant sugar of licorice, was at its highest level (13.1 g/100 g ) in response to integrated values of F and Si (60% FC). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the majority of fatty acid components in plants were 9-Octadecenoic acid (8.72-71.27%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (0.1-56.43%), Hexadecanoic acid (12.84-30.59%), Octadecanoic acid (6.9-15.3%), Docosanoic acid (0.57-2.77%), Eicosanoic acid (1.07-2.64%), and 7-Hexadecenoic acid (0.26-2.62%). Since a lower omega6/omega3 ratio represents a healthier product, the lowest ratio (0.25%) was observed in well-watered inoculated plants. Also, severe drought-treated plants under integrated Si and F applications showed a low omega6/omega3 ratio (1.88%). In conclusion, Si and F improved synergistically the carbohydrate content and fatty acid profile in plants, despite the drought stress.
Topics: Acclimatization; Fatty Acids; Dietary Carbohydrates; Glycyrrhiza; Sugars
PubMed: 36721012
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28807-6 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2023Diets high in glucose or fat contribute to an increased prevalence of the diseases. Therefore, the objective of the current research was to observe and evaluate the...
OBJECTIVE
Diets high in glucose or fat contribute to an increased prevalence of the diseases. Therefore, the objective of the current research was to observe and evaluate the impact of dietary components on different metabolomic profiles in primary tissues of mice.
METHODS
For 8 weeks, diet with high-glucose or-fat was given to C57BL/6 J mice. The levels of metabolites in the primary tissues of mice were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and analyzed using multivariate statistics.
RESULTS
By comparing the metabolic profiles between the two diet groups and control group in mice main tissues, our study revealed 32 metabolites in the high-glucose diet (HGD) group and 28 metabolites in the high-fat diet (HFD) group. The most significantly altered metabolites were amino acids (AAs; L-alanine, L-valine, glycine, L-aspartic acid, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-threonine, L-glutamic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, serine, proline, and lysine), fatty acids (FAs; propanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexanoic acid, and myristic acid), and organic compounds (succinic acid, malic acid, citric acid, L-(+)-lactic acid, myo-inositol, and urea). These metabolites are implicated in many metabolic pathways related to energy, AAs, and lipids metabolism.
CONCLUSION
We systematically analyzed the metabolic changes underlying high-glucose or high-fat diet. The two divergent diets induced patent changes in AA and lipid metabolism in the main tissues, and helped identify metabolic pathways in a mouse model.
PubMed: 37492592
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1171806 -
Journal of Experimental Botany May 2022KODA (9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid) is a plant oxylipin involved in recovery from stress. As an agrichemical, KODA helps maintain crop production...
KODA (9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid) is a plant oxylipin involved in recovery from stress. As an agrichemical, KODA helps maintain crop production under various environmental stresses. In plants, KODA is synthesized from α-linolenic acids via 9-lipoxygenase (9-LOX) and allene oxide synthase (AOS), although the amount is usually low, except in the free-floating aquatic plant Lemna paucicostata. To improve KODA biosynthetic yield in other plants such as Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana, we developed a system to overproduce KODA in vivo via ectopic expression of L. paucicostata 9-LOX and AOS. The transient expression in N. benthamiana showed that the expression of these two genes is sufficient to produce KODA in leaves. However, stable expression of 9-LOX and AOS (with consequent KODA production) in Arabidopsis plants succeeded only when the two proteins were targeted to plastids or the endoplasmic reticulum/lipid droplets. Although only small amounts of KODA could be detected in crude leaf extracts of transgenic Nicotiana or Arabidopsis plants, subsequent incubation of the extracts increased KODA abundance over time. Therefore, KODA production in transgenic plants stably expressing 9-LOX and AOS requires specific sub-cellular localization of these two enzymes and incubation of crude leaf extracts, which liberates α-linolenic acid via breakdown of endogenous lipids.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Lipoxygenase; Oxylipins; Plant Extracts; Nicotiana; alpha-Linolenic Acid
PubMed: 35560188
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab557 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 202113-lipoxygenases (13-LOX) catalyze the dioxygenation of various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), of which α-linolenic acid (LeA) is converted to...
13-lipoxygenases (13-LOX) catalyze the dioxygenation of various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), of which α-linolenic acid (LeA) is converted to 13-S-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9, 11, 15-trienoic acid (13-HPOT), the precursor for the prostaglandin-like plant hormones cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid (12-OPDA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ). This study aimed for characterizing the four annotated 13-LOX enzymes (LOX2, LOX3, LOX4, and LOX6) focusing on synthesis of 12-OPDA and 4Z,7Z,10Z)-12-[[-(1S,5S)-4-oxo-5-(2Z)-pent-2-en-1yl] cyclopent-2-en-1yl] dodeca-4,7,10-trienoic acid (OCPD). In addition, we performed interaction studies of 13-LOXs with ions and molecules to advance our understanding of 13-LOX. Cell imaging indicated plastid targeting of fluorescent proteins fused to 13-LOXs-N-terminal extensions, supporting the prediction of 13-LOX localization to plastids. The apparent maximal velocity (V ) values for LOX-catalyzed LeA oxidation were highest for LOX4 (128 nmol·s·mg protein), with a K value of 5.8 µM. 13-LOXs, in cascade with 12-OPDA pathway enzymes, synthesized 12-OPDA and OCPD from LeA and docosahexaenoic acid, previously shown only for LOX6. The activities of the four isoforms were differently affected by physiologically relevant chemicals, such as Mg, Ca, Cu and Cd, and by 12-OPDA and MJ. As demonstrated for LOX4, 12-OPDA inhibited enzymatic LeA hydroperoxidation, with half-maximal enzyme inhibition at 48 µM. Biochemical interactions, such as the sensitivity of LOX toward thiol-reactive agents belonging to cyclopentenone prostaglandins, are suggested to occur in human LOX homologs. Furthermore, we conclude that 13-LOXs are isoforms with rather specific functional and regulatory enzymatic features.
Topics: Acetates; Amino Acid Sequence; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Cyclopentanes; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Linoleic Acids; Lipoxygenase; Oxylipins
PubMed: 34638573
DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910237 -
International Journal of Genomics 2019Tibetan pigs from the Tibetan Plateau are characterized with a significant phenotypic difference relative to lowland pigs. In this study, a significant difference of the...
Tibetan pigs from the Tibetan Plateau are characterized with a significant phenotypic difference relative to lowland pigs. In this study, a significant difference of the fatness and fatty acid composition traits was observed between the Tibetan and Yorkshire pigs. To uncover the involved mechanism, the expression profile of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and genes was compared between them. After serial filtered steps, 1,964 lncRNAs were obtained through our computational pipeline. In total, 63 and 715 lncRNAs and genes were identified to be differentially expressed. Evidence from and targeting analysis of lncRNAs demonstrated that some lncRNAs, such as and , played important roles in the fatness and fatty acid composition traits. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that many candidate genes were responsible for the two traits. Of these, , , , , , , , and were identified, which functioned in regulating the level of hexadecanoic acid, hexadecenoic acid, octadecenoic acid, and monounsaturated fatty acid. And , , , and were associated with the content of stearic acid, octadecadienoic acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid. Candidate genes, which were responsible for fatness trait, consisted of , , , , , , , , , and . In addition, association analysis also revealed that 34 and 57 genes significantly correlated to the fatness and fatty acid composition trait, respectively. Working out the mechanism caused by these lncRNAs and candidate genes is proven to be complicated but is invaluable to our understanding of fatness and fatty acid composition traits.
PubMed: 31281828
DOI: 10.1155/2019/5070975 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Jul 2014Bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAMs) include 13- and 9-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE + 9-HODE) and have been linked to oxidative stress,...
Bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAMs) include 13- and 9-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE + 9-HODE) and have been linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and numerous pathological and physiological states. The purpose of this study was to measure changes in plasma 13-HODE + 9-HODE following a 75-km cycling bout and identify potential linkages to linoleate metabolism and established biomarkers of oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes) and inflammation (cytokines) using a metabolomics approach. Trained male cyclists (N = 19, age 38.0 ± 1.6 yr, wattsmax 304 ± 10.5) engaged in a 75-km cycling time trial on their own bicycles using electromagnetically braked cycling ergometers (2.71 ± 0.07 h). Blood samples were collected preexercise, immediately post-, 1.5 h post-, and 21 h postexercise, and analyzed for plasma cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor), F2-isoprostanes, and shifts in metabolites using global metabolomics procedures with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). 13-HODE + 9-HODE increased 3.1-fold and 1.7-fold immediately post- and 1.5 h postexercise (both P < 0.001) and returned to preexercise levels by 21-h postexercise. Post-75-km cycling plasma levels of 13-HODE + 9-HODE were not significantly correlated with increases in plasma cytokines but were positively correlated with postexercise F2-isoprostanes (r = 0.75, P < 0.001), linoleate (r = 0.54, P = 0.016), arachidate (r = 0.77, P < 0.001), 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoate (12,13-DiHOME) (r = 0.60, P = 0.006), dihomo-linolenate (r = 0.57, P = 0.011), and adrenate (r = 0.56, P = 0.013). These findings indicate that prolonged and intensive exercise caused a transient, 3.1-fold increase in the stable linoleic acid oxidation product 13-HODE + 9-HODE and was related to increases in F2-isoprostanes, linoleate, and fatty acids in the linoleate conversion pathway. These data support the use of 13-HODE + 9-HODE as an oxidative stress biomarker in acute exercise investigations.
Topics: Adult; Bicycling; Biomarkers; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cytokines; Energy Metabolism; F2-Isoprostanes; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Linoleic Acids; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Male; Metabolomics; Middle Aged; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Physical Exertion; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Time Factors
PubMed: 24760997
DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00092.2014 -
European Journal of Biochemistry Dec 1987We have identified and characterized a fatty acid, (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) as a regulator of adenylate cyclase activity of human...
We have identified and characterized a fatty acid, (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) as a regulator of adenylate cyclase activity of human platelet membranes. This fatty acid was isolated from a methanolic extract of the plant Glechoma hederacea L. Labiatae (commonly known as 'lierre terrestre', 'ground ivy' or 'creeping Charlie'; it was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. This compound increased basal adenylate cyclase activity in platelet membranes about threefold and had an EC50 of 10-20 microM. This increase in adenylate cyclase activity occurred without a temporal lag, was reversible, and represented an increase in Vmax without a substantial change in Km for ATP, Mg2+ or Mn2+. In addition, 9-HODE additively or synergistically increased platelet adenylate cyclase activity in response to guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate and forskolin, but the fatty acid failed to alter inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity mediated by epinephrine (alpha 2-adrenergic receptor). Studies of the interaction of 9-HODE with activation of platelet adenylate cyclase activity mediated by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) indicated that this fatty acid produced a parallel shift in the concentration/response curve of PGE1 and PGD2 without altering maximal response, which was substantially greater than that observed with 9-HODE alone. From these results, we conclude that 9-HODE appears to be a partial agonist at PGE1 and PGD2 receptors on human platelets. We believe that this is a novel example of a plant-derived fatty acid which acts on cells to regulate adenylate cyclase via prostaglandin receptors.
Topics: Adenylyl Cyclases; Blood Platelets; Humans; Kinetics; Linoleic Acids; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Plants; Platelet Aggregation
PubMed: 3691528
DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13712.x -
Neurochemistry International Mar 2023Linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) is an essential nutrient for optimal infant growth and brain development. The effects of LA in the brain are thought to be mediated by...
Linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) is an essential nutrient for optimal infant growth and brain development. The effects of LA in the brain are thought to be mediated by oxygenated metabolites of LA known as oxidized LA metabolites (OXLAMs), but evidence is lacking to directly support this hypothesis. This study investigated whether OXLAMs modulate key neurodevelopmental processes including axon outgrowth, dendritic arborization, cell viability and synaptic connectivity. Primary cortical neuron-glia co-cultures from postnatal day 0-1 male and female rats were exposed for 48h to the following OXLAMs: 1) 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE); 2) 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE); 3) 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (9,10-DiHOME); 4) 12(13)-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12(13)-EpOME); 5) 9,10,13-trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (9,10,13-TriHOME); 6) 9-oxo-octadecadienoic acid (9-OxoODE); and 7) 12,13-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-DiHOME). Axonal outgrowth, evaluated by Tau-1 immunostaining, was increased by 9-HODE, but decreased by 12,13-DiHOME in male but not female neurons. Dendrite arborization, evaluated by MAP2B-eGFP expression, was affected by 9-HODE, 9-OxoODE, and 12(13)-EpOME in male neurons and, by 12(13)-EpOME in female neurons. Neither cell viability nor synaptic connectivity were significantly altered by OXLAMs. Overall, this study shows select OXLAMs modulate neuron morphology in a sex-dependent manner, with male neurons being more susceptible.
Topics: Male; Rats; Animals; Linoleic Acid; Neurons; Neuroglia
PubMed: 36758902
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105506 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) Apr 2022, of which Japanese vernacular name is Echigoshirayukidake, is a local speciality mushroom found and cultivated in Japan that has been distributed as a precious cuisine...
, of which Japanese vernacular name is Echigoshirayukidake, is a local speciality mushroom found and cultivated in Japan that has been distributed as a precious cuisine material or as a functional food with medicinal properties. Antioxidant activity-guided isolation of major ingredients in revealed the presence of ergosterol, -10,-12-octadecadienoic acid (a conjugated linolenic acid, 10(E),12(Z)-CLA) and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl‑4‑pyran-4-one (DDMP). Approximately 21% of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazino radical (DPPH) scavenging activities in the methanolic extract were related to 10(E),12(Z)-CLA, while approximately 6.2% of the activity was related to ergosterol. DDMP was present in both methanolic and water extracts, and the activity related to DDMP was conspicuously detected in water extracts. Moreover, uridine and adenosine were identified as major components of . The ingredients identified in are expected to be involved in biological functions observed in this mushroom, which is an attractive functional food resource.
Topics: Agaricales; Antioxidants; Ergosterol; Free Radical Scavengers; Water
PubMed: 35730451
DOI: 10.31083/j.fbe1402010