-
Scientific Reports Mar 2021Octanoic acid is a medium-chained saturated fatty acid found abundantly in the ketogenic dietary supplements containing medium chained triglycerides (MCT) along with...
Octanoic acid is a medium-chained saturated fatty acid found abundantly in the ketogenic dietary supplements containing medium chained triglycerides (MCT) along with decanoic acid. The MCT ketogenic diet is commonly consumed for weight loss but has also showcased neuroprotective potential against neurodegenerative disorders. However, recent clinical findings have reported a critical disadvantage with the long-term consumption of ketogenic diet i.e. bone loss. The following study was employed to investigate whether the two major components of MCT diet also possess bone loss potential as observed with classical ketogenic diet. Swiss albino mice aged between 10 and 12 weeks, were divided into 3 treatment groups that were administered with oral suspensions of octanoic acid, decanoic acid and a combination of both for 4 weeks. Bone specific markers, microarchitectural parameters, using micro computed tomography, and biomechanical strength were analyzed. Remarkably deleterious alterations in the trabecular bone microarchitecture, and on bone markers were observed in the octanoic acid treated groups. Our results suggest significant negative effects on bone health by octanoic acid. These findings require further investigation and validation in order to provide significant clinically relevant data to possibly modify dietary composition of the MCT ketogenic diet.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone Density; Bone Resorption; Cancellous Bone; Caprylates; Decanoic Acids; Diet, High-Protein Low-Carbohydrate; Diet, Ketogenic; Dietary Supplements; Femur; Ketone Bodies; Male; Mice; Neuroprotective Agents; Osteoclasts; Random Allocation; Tibia; Triglycerides
PubMed: 33772066
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86468-9 -
European Review For Medical and... 2013Digestion is a complex process regulated by several factors. Among these, one of the most important is the time of gastric emptying. A delayed gastric emptying time can... (Review)
Review
Digestion is a complex process regulated by several factors. Among these, one of the most important is the time of gastric emptying. A delayed gastric emptying time can be caused by several factors and can generate considerable discomfort in humans. It ranges from mild to real debilitating disorders. Until now, different tests are suggested to study the gastric emptying time. The present review presents the mayor cause and the main symptoms linked to delayed gastric emptying and will focus on the (13)C-octanoid acid breath test, as a good candidate for studying solid gastric emptying time.
Topics: Biomarkers; Breath Tests; Caprylates; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Gases; Gastric Emptying; Gastroparesis; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Time Factors
PubMed: 24443070
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Neurophysiology : Official... Jul 2018To investigate the effect of octanoic acid (OA) on the peripheral component of tremor, as well as OA's differential effects on the central and peripheral tremor... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of octanoic acid (OA) on the peripheral component of tremor, as well as OA's differential effects on the central and peripheral tremor component in essential tremor (ET) patients.
METHODS
We analyzed postural tremor accelerometry data from a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study evaluating the effect of 4 mg/kg OA in ET. The weighted condition was used to identify tremor power for both the central and peripheral tremor components. Exploratory non-parametric statistical analyses were used to describe the relation between the central and peripheral component of tremor power.
RESULTS
A peripheral tremor component was identified in 4 out of 18 subjects. Tremor power was reduced after OA administration in both the central and the peripheral tremor component. There was a positive correlation of tremor power between the central and peripheral component, both after placebo and OA.
CONCLUSIONS
When present, the peripheral component was closely related to the central tremor component. We hypothesize that the magnitude of the peripheral mechanical component of tremor is determined by that of the central component.
SIGNIFICANCE
Both central and peripheral component of tremor are reduced after OA, with the central component providing the energy driving the peripheral component.
Topics: Adult; Caprylates; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Electromyography; Essential Tremor; Female; Humans; Male; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29678370
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.03.016 -
Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2021Production of medium chain-length poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) [PHA] polymers with tightly defined compositions is an important area of research to expand the application...
Production of medium chain-length poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) [PHA] polymers with tightly defined compositions is an important area of research to expand the application and improve the properties of these promising biobased and biodegradable materials. PHA polymers with homopolymeric or defined compositions exhibit attractive material properties such as increased flexibility and elasticity relative to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [PHB]; however, these polymers are difficult to biosynthesize in native PHA-producing organisms, and there is a paucity of research toward developing high-density cultivation methods while retaining compositional control. In this study, we developed and optimized a fed-batch fermentation process in a stirred tank reactor, beginning with the biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxydecanoate) [PHD] from decanoic acid by β-oxidation deficient recombinant LSBJ using glucose as a co-substrate solely for growth. Bacteria were cultured in two stages, a biomass accumulation stage (37°C, pH 7.0) with glucose as the primary carbon source and a PHA biosynthesis stage (30°C, pH 8.0) with co-feeding of glucose and a fatty acid. Through iterative optimizations of semi-defined media composition and glucose feed rate, 6.0 g of decanoic acid was converted to PHD with an 87.5% molar yield (4.54 g L). Stepwise increases in the amount of decanoic acid fed during the fermentation correlated with an increase in PHD, resulting in a final decanoic acid feed of 25 g converted to PHD at a yield of 89.4% (20.1 g L, 0.42 g L h), at which point foaming became uncontrollable. Hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, 10-undecenoic acid, and 10-bromodecanoic acid were all individually supplemented at 20 g each and successfully polymerized with yields ranging from 66.8 to 99.0% (9.24 to 18.2 g L). Using this bioreactor strategy, co-fatty acid feeds of octanoic acid/decanoic acid and octanoic acid/10-azidodecanoic acid (8:2 mol ratio each) resulted in the production of their respective copolymers at nearly the same ratio and at high yield, demonstrating that these methods can be used to control PHA copolymer composition.
PubMed: 33718339
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.618259 -
Brain Sciences Oct 2017This review focuses on biomarkers associated with the outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, such as caspase-3; total antioxidant capacity; melatonin; S100B... (Review)
Review
This review focuses on biomarkers associated with the outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, such as caspase-3; total antioxidant capacity; melatonin; S100B protein; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); glutamate; lactate; brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); substance P; neuron-specific enolase (NSE); ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L-1 (UCH-L1); tau; decanoic acid; and octanoic acid.
PubMed: 29076989
DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7110142 -
Nutrients Mar 2023Our previous studies have found that caprylic acid (C8:0) can improve blood lipids and reduce inflammation levels and may be related to the upregulation of the...
Our previous studies have found that caprylic acid (C8:0) can improve blood lipids and reduce inflammation levels and may be related to the upregulation of the p-JAK2/p-STAT3 pathway by ABCA1. This study aims to investigate the effects of C8:0 and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on lipids, inflammatory levels, and the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in ABCA1-deficient mice (ABCA1) and ABCA1 knock-down (ABCA1-KD) RAW 264.7 cells. Twenty 6-week ABCA1 mice were randomly divided into four groups and fed a high-fat diet, or a diet of 2% C8:0, 2% palmitic acid (C16:0) or 2% EPA for 8 weeks, respectively. The RAW 264.7 cells were divided into the control or control + LPS group, and the ABCA1-KD RAW 264.7 cells were divided into ABCA1-KD with LPS (LPS group), ABCA1-KD with LPS + C8:0 (C8:0 group), and ABCA1-KD with LPS + EPA (EPA group). Serum lipid profiles and inflammatory levels were measured, and ABCA1 and JAK2/STAT3 mRNA and protein expressions were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. Our results showed that serum lipid and inflammatory levels increased in ABCA1 mice ( < 0.05). After the intervention of different fatty acids in ABCA1 mice, TG and TNF-α were significantly lower, while MCP-1 increased significantly in the C8:0 group ( < 0.05); however, LDL-C, TC, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 levels decreased significantly and IL-10 increased significantly in the EPA group ( < 0.05). In the aorta of ABCA1 mice, C8:0 significantly decreased p-STAT3 and p-JAK2 mRNA, while EPA significantly reduced TLR4 and NF-κBp65 mRNA. In the ABCA1-KD RAW 264.7 cells, TNF-α and MCP-1 were increased significantly and IL-10 and IL-1β were significantly decreased in the C8:0 group ( < 0.05). The protein expressions of ABCA1 and p-JAK2 were significantly higher, and the NF-κBp65 was significantly lower in the C8:0 and EPA groups ( < 0.05). Meanwhile, compared to the C8:0 group, the NF-κBp65 protein expression was significantly lower in the EPA group ( < 0.05). Our study showed that EPA had better effects than C8:0 on inhibiting inflammation and improving blood lipids in the absence of ABCA1. C8:0 may be involved mainly in inhibiting inflammation through upregulation of the ABCA1 and p-JAK2/p-STAT3 pathways, while EPA may be involved mainly in inhibiting inflammation through the TLR4/NF-κBp65 signaling pathway. The upregulation of the ABCA1 expression pathway by functional nutrients may provide research targets for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Interleukin-10; RAW 264.7 Cells; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Lipopolysaccharides; Caprylates; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Inflammation; RNA, Messenger; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1
PubMed: 36904298
DOI: 10.3390/nu15051296 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2021The change in phenols, polysaccharides and volatile profiles of noni juice from laboratory- and factory-scale fermentation was analyzed during a 63-day fermentation...
The change in phenols, polysaccharides and volatile profiles of noni juice from laboratory- and factory-scale fermentation was analyzed during a 63-day fermentation process. The phenol and polysaccharide contents and aroma characteristics clearly changed according to fermentation scale and time conditions. The flavonoid content in noni juice gradually increased with fermentation. Seventy-three volatile compounds were identified by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Methyl hexanoate, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, octanoic acid, hexanoic acid and 2-heptanone were found to be the main aroma components of fresh and fermented noni juice. A decrease in octanoic acid and hexanoic acid contents resulted in the less pungent aroma in noni juice from factory-scale fermentation. The results of principal component analysis of the electronic nose suggested that the difference in nitrogen oxide, alkanes, alcohols, and aromatic and sulfur compounds, contributed to the discrimination of noni juice from different fermentation times and scales.
Topics: Electronic Nose; Fermentation; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Kinetics; Morinda; Phenols; Polysaccharides; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 33946973
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092604 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Oct 2022The production of L-lactide from L-lactic acid involves a substantial formation of meso-lactide as an impurity, and, upon polymerization with the industrial catalyst tin...
The production of L-lactide from L-lactic acid involves a substantial formation of meso-lactide as an impurity, and, upon polymerization with the industrial catalyst tin octanoate, results in poly(L-lactic acid) of reduced crystallinity due to stereoerrors randomly distributed along the polymer chains. We describe a new approach wherein, instead of avoiding stereoerrors by removing the meso-lactide prior to polymerization, the stereoerrors in the polymer are tolerated, by crowding them in a stereogradient copolymer. A zirconium complex of an amine tris(phenolate) ligand is found to exhibit very high syndioselectivity in the ring opening polymerization catalysis of meso-lactide at room temperature, and gives rise to stereogradient copolymers in the polymerization of mixtures of meso-lactide/L-lactide in the melt at 180 °C. Relative to the stereo-random copolymers obtained with tin octanoate, the stereogradient copolymers exhibit enhanced crystallinities manifested in lower solubilities and higher melting temperatures and enthalpies.
Topics: Amines; Caprylates; Dioxanes; Lactic Acid; Ligands; Polyesters; Polymers; Tin; Zirconium
PubMed: 35789524
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207652 -
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2021Ketogenic diets have been utilized for many years to improve health, and as a dietary approach for the treatment of a range of diseases, where the mechanism of these low... (Review)
Review
Ketogenic diets have been utilized for many years to improve health, and as a dietary approach for the treatment of a range of diseases, where the mechanism of these low carbohydrate and high fat diets is widely considered to be through the production of metabolic products of fat breakdown, called ketones. One of these diets, the medium chain triglyceride ketogenic diet, involves high fat dietary intake in the form of medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), decanoic and octanoic acid, and is commonly used in endurance and high intensity exercises but has also demonstrated beneficial effects in the treatment of numerous pathologies including drug resistant epilepsy, cancer, and diabetes. Recent advances, using as a model, have controversially proposed several direct molecular mechanisms for decanoic acid in this diet, independent of ketone generation. Studies in this model have identified that decanoic acid reduces phosphoinositide turnover, diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) activity, and also inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). These discoveries could potentially impact the treatment of a range of disorders including epilepsy, cancer and bipolar disorder. In this review, we summarize the newly proposed mechanisms for decanoic acid, identified using , and highlight potential roles in health and disease treatment.
PubMed: 34589488
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.722066 -
Biotechnology For Biofuels 2018As a versatile platform chemical, construction of microbial catalysts for free octanoic acid production from biorenewable feedstocks is a promising alternative to...
BACKGROUND
As a versatile platform chemical, construction of microbial catalysts for free octanoic acid production from biorenewable feedstocks is a promising alternative to existing petroleum-based methods. However, the bio-production strategy has been restricted by the low capacity of inherent fatty acid biosynthesis. In this study, a combination of integrated computational and experimental approach was performed to manipulate the existing metabolic network, with the objective of improving bio-octanoic acid production.
RESULTS
First, a customized OptForce methodology was run to predict a set of four genetic interventions required for production of octanoic acid at 90% of the theoretical yield. Subsequently, all the ten candidate proteins associated with the predicted interventions were regulated individually, as well as in contrast to the combination of interventions as suggested by the OptForce strategy. Among these enzymes, increased production of 3-hydroxy-acyl-ACP dehydratase (FabZ) resulted in the highest increase (+ 45%) in octanoic acid titer. But importantly, the combinatorial application of FabZ with the other interventions as suggested by OptForce further improved octanoic acid production, resulting in a high octanoic acid-producing strain + Δ Δ Δ (TE10) (+ 61%). Optimization of expression, medium pH, and C:N ratio resulted in the identified strain producing 500 mg/L of C8 and 805 mg/L of total FAs, an 82 and 155% increase relative to wild-type MG1655 (TE10) in shake flasks. The best engineered strain produced with high selectivity (> 70%) and extracellularly (> 90%) up to 1 g/L free octanoic acid in minimal medium fed-batch culture.
CONCLUSIONS
This work demonstrates the effectiveness of integration of computational strain design and experimental characterization as a starting point in rewiring metabolism for octanoic acid production. This result in conjunction with the results of other studies using OptForce in strain design demonstrates that this strategy may be also applicable to engineering for other customized bioproducts.
PubMed: 29619083
DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1078-z